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Mehmet Akın Abdülkadiroğlu

210602045

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Altay Can Özsan, 220602023

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-Salih Özcan Cıbır

220602016

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ARDA ÖZTÜRK

200602038

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Umut Amal 210602040

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General linguistics, also known as theoretical linguistics or theoretical grammar, is a field of study that aims to understand the nature of human language and its underlying structures.

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Sociolinguists use a variety of methods, including quantitative analysis, fieldwork, and discourse analysis, to explore how language reflects and shapes social dynamics within communities.

1. Quantitative Analysis: Using numbers to study language variation and change across different social groups.

2. Fieldwork: Directly observing and interacting with language users in their natural environment.

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◦ Language Diversity

◦ Sign Language

◦ Language and Culture

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Language Production

Pre-speech Processes

Syntax and Meaning

Phonetics and Phonology

Motor Planning and Speech Production

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◦ Brain Structure and Function

◦ Language Lateralization

◦ Language Disorders

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◦ Attention and Memory

◦ Thinking and Reasoning

◦ Problem Solving

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◦ Word Recognition

◦ Sentence Processing

◦ Understanding Meaning

◦ Pragmatic Processing

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Language Lateralization: Functions of the left and right brain, language lateralization

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Language Lateralization: Functions of the left and right brain, language lateralization

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Language Disorders:

Aphasia,caused by brain injury and effects language and communication.

Dyslexia,difficulty in reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and how they relate to letters or words.

Language delay,is when the child doesn't learn language in expected age range.

Early Language Development:

Baby's sounds, first words,grammar development.

Second Language Acquisition:

Process of acquiring a second language, factors,difficulties.

Attention and Memory: Role of attention and memory in language processing.

Thinking and Reasoning: Relationship between language and thinking.

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Problem Solving: Role of language in problem solving

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Problem Solving: Role of language in problem solving

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Language Diversity: Diversity of languages,language families,language changes.

Sign Language: Linguistic features of sign language, use of sign language.

Language and Culture: Relationship between language and culture,language and identity.

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Syntax and Meaning: Sentence structure, grammar rules, semantic relationships.

Phonetics and Phonology: Sounds, phonetic units, sound systems.

Motor Planning and Speech Production: Coordination of speech muscles, timing, sound production.

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Offender profiling

The use of linguistic features to arrange offender profiles and identify suspect.

Language use in interrogations

Examination of language use during interrogation procedures.

Impact of court language

The relationship between the comprehensibility of legal language and the right to a fair trial.

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Interpretation of oral and written evidence

Analyzing oral and written evidence to extract meaning and implications for legal proceedings.

Linguistic analysis of laws

Examining the language and structure of legal documents, statutes, and regulations to understand their implications and applications.

Expert testimony

Providing expert opinions and insights based on linguistic analysis in legal proceedings to assist judges, juries, and legal professionals.

Translation and linguistic equivalence

Ensuring accurate translation of legal documents and testimony while maintaining linguistic equivalence and fidelity across languages and cultures.

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Text and speech analysis

Examination of both written and spoken language to uncover patterns, themes, and linguistic features for investigative or evidential purposes.

Authorship and speaker identification

Determination of the author or speaker of a text or speech based on linguistic cues, writing style, and speech patterns.

Text comparison

Comparison of texts to identify similarities, differences, and patterns, often used to detect plagiarism, verify authenticity, or establish relationships between documents.

Forgery and plagiarism detection

Detection of forged documents or instances of plagiarism through linguistic analysis, identifying inconsistencies, anomalies, or similarities with known sources.

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Studying speech sounds and patterns in legal contexts to identify speakers, analyze audio evidence, and provide expert testimony in legal proceedings.

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Systematic examination of written documents to unveil linguistic patterns and contextual clues, aiding criminal investigations, document verification, and legal proceedings.

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Examining spoken or written language in legal settings to understand how people communicate, helping with evidence interpretation, assessing speaker credibility, and understanding legal language.

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This area connects sociolinguistics with forensic linguistics. It studies how language changes based on social factors and uses this knowledge to analyze language evidence in legal cases, helping understand communication behaviors and evidence authenticity.

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Computer Science and Forensic Linguistics: 

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Computer Science and Forensic Linguistics: 

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This field combines computer science with forensic linguistics. It uses computers to analyze language evidence, like emails or texts, to help solve crimes.

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Definition

Corpus linguistics is a branch of linguistics, focused on analyzing large collections of texts which are called "corpora".

Corpora can consist of written texts, transcribed speech, or a combination of both.

This field employs large, structured sets of texts (corpora) to analyze language usage and patterns, providing empirical evidence that supports various linguistic theories and applications.

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Corpus linguists use computer software to analyze corpora, extracting linguistic features such as word frequencies, collocations, and grammatical patterns.

By studying these patterns, corpus linguists gain insights into how language is used in various contexts, including different genres, registers, dialects, and time periods.

Corpus linguistics has applications in language teaching and learning, lexicography, translation studies, computational linguistics, discourse analysis, and sociolinguistics.

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Originating in the 1960s, primarily attributed to the work of linguist Zellig Harris.

The term "corpus linguistics" was coined by Harris in 1954.

Early developments were influenced by the advent of computers, which allowed for the storage and analysis of large collections of texts.

The Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English (or the Brown Corpus), compiled in the 1960s, was one of the first major corpora used in corpus linguistics.

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Articulatory Phonetics: This branch focuses on the physical production of speech sounds.

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Inflection, derivation, compounding

Un-" is a prefix that carries the meaning of negation or reversal.

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1. Word order and arrangement:

2. Hierarchical structure:

3. Grammatical roles and functions:

4. Sentence formation rules:

5. Sentence complexity and variation:

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Phonology focuses on the systematic organization of sounds in languages.

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Semantics is concerned with the study of meaning in language.

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Pragmatics focuses on the study of language use in context.

1. Implicature

2. Indirectness

3. Contextual Inference

4. Shared Knowledge

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1. Cultural Insight: Sociolinguistics provides understanding into how language reflects cultural diversity and societal norms.

2. Policy Influence: It plays a crucial role in shaping language policies, from education to language rights, based on societal needs.

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1. Generalization Risks: Sociolinguistics may oversimplify language patterns, leading to misconceptions about specific communities.

2. Ethical Concerns: Research raises ethical dilemmas, including privacy and representation issues.

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1. Language and Society Relationship: Sociolinguistics examines the role and interaction of language within society.

2. Language Diversity: It explores the usage and diversity of languages among different societies and groups.

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1.Understanding Language Structure

2.Cross-Linguistic Comparison

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1- Scope is too broad:

2- Lack of specialization:

3- Difficulty with application:

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Corpus linguistics is essential for compiling dictionaries. Lexicographers use corpora to find authentic examples of word usage, track changes in meaning, and identify new words and phrases.

Educators use corpora to develop teaching materials and curricula that reflect real language use. This includes identifying common collocations, idiomatic expressions, and contextual usages which can enhance language instruction.

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1. General Corpora

Used for general linguistic analysis and comparison.

2. Specialized Corpora

Useful for domain-specific language studies.

3. Learner Corpora

Helps in studying language acquisition and common learner errors.

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1. Data Quality and Reliability

Ensuring the corpus is representative and balanced.

2. Representativeness

Ensuring the corpus accurately reflects the diversity of the language or population studied.

3. Technological Limitations

Dealing with limitations of software and tools for corpus analysis.

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Language Policy and Planning:

Language policies may reflect efforts to promote national unity, cultural preservation, linguistic diversity, or social inclusion.

Language and Globalization:

The sociology of language explores how globalization processes influence language use, language attitudes, and language policies worldwide.

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Language Variation and Change:

Sociolinguistics examines how language varies and changes within social groups and across different contexts. Factors such as social networks, cultural norms, and contact with other languages contribute to linguistic variation and evolution.

Social Identity:

Language plays a important role in shaping individual and group identities. The way people speak often reflects their social backgrounds, including factors such as region, social class, ethnicity, gender, and age.

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The history of sociolinguistics can be traced back to the early 20th century, but it gained momentum as a distinct field of study in the mid-20th century.

1. Labov's Sociolinguistic Studies: William Labov's research in the 1960s revolutionized sociolinguistics by demonstrating how social factors influence language variation and change, as seen in his study on the pronunciation of postvocalic /r/ in New York City.

2. Variationist Sociolinguistics: Labov's work laid the groundwork for variationist sociolinguistics, which systematically examines how linguistic variables vary across different social groups, leading to a deeper understanding of language variation and change.

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Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society, including factors such as culture, social class, ethnicity, gender, and identity.

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Berkin Boran Düzgün

210602019

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The roots of applied linguistics can be traced back to the 19th century when scholars started to explore the practical applications of linguistic research.

The early 20th century saw a significant expansion of language teaching methodologies, largely influenced by applied linguistic research.

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Applied linguistics is a field of study that applies insights, methods, and theories from linguistics to real-world language-related issues and problems. It involves the practical application of linguistic knowledge and research to address a wide range of concerns in areas such as language teaching

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1. Interdisciplinary Nature: Applied linguistics draws from various disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, anthropology, sociology, education, and computer science to address language-related issues.

2. Practical Application: It focuses on the practical application of linguistic theories, methods, and findings to real-world language problems and situations.

3. Language Teaching and Learning: Applied linguistics plays a central role in language teaching and learning, including the development of language teaching methodologies, materials, and assessment tools.

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Connections of Applied Linguistics with other branches

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Connections of Applied Linguistics with other branches

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1. Linguistics: Applied linguistics draws heavily from theoretical linguistics, utilizing linguistic frameworks

2. Psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics investigates the cognitive processes involved in language comprehension, production, and acquisition

3. Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society, including language variation, language attitudes, language policy, and language planning

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1. Scope and Objectives:

2. Core Domains:

3. Theoretical Perspectives:

4. Language Universals:

5. Interdisciplinary Connections:

6. Methodological Approaches:

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In the history of linguistics, various approaches have been developed, such as comparative and historical linguistics in the 19th century, generative grammar and transformational linguistics in the mid-20th century, and cognitive and functional approaches in the late 20th and 21st centuries.

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1. Descriptive Analysis:

2. Comparative and Historical Approaches:

3. Experimental Methods:

4. Corpus Linguistics:

5. Computational Modeling:

6. Fieldwork and Language Documentation:

7. Typological Approaches:

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1. Practical Application: Applied linguistics provides practical solutions to real-world language-related issues

2. Interdisciplinary Approach: It draws from various disciplines, including linguistics, psychology, sociology

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1. Complexity and Specialization: Applied linguistics encompasses a wide range of subfields and topics,

2. Limited Generalizability: Findings in applied linguistics research may not always be easily generalizable across contexts due to the complexity of language use

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1. Quantitative Research Methods: Applied linguists often use quantitative research methods to collect and analyze numerical data.

2. Qualitative Research Methods: Qualitative research methods are used to gather and analyze non-numerical data, focusing on understanding meanings, interpretations, and experiences.

3. Mixed-Methods Approaches: Mixed-methods approaches combine quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of language-related phenomena. Applied linguists may use mixed-methods designs to triangulate findings, validate results, or explore research questions from multiple perspectives.