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1. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

2. Land-based sources of sediment and pollution pose a significant threat to the health of coral reefs in the Virgin Islands. Human activities and modifications to the landscape contribute to reef decline, affecting coral reef ecosystems' protection and restoration efforts.

3. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) utilized NOAA Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP) land cover data and coral survey data to analyze the relationship between landscape and coral reef condition in St. Croix watersheds. They applied a landscape development intensity (LDI) coefficient to land cover data, highlighting watersheds with elevated levels of human disturbance. This approach helps in identifying areas where human activities are impacting coral reef health.

4. While the study found that high human land-use activity correlates with poor coral condition and that LDI maps are effective predictors of coral reef condition, ongoing challenges include implementing effective management strategies based on this data. It requires collaboration among various stakeholders and ongoing monitoring to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation efforts.

5. How do local communities and stakeholders in St. Croix participate in or contribute to the efforts aimed at reducing land-based sources of pollution and protecting coral reef ecosystems?

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1) Salinas, Puerto Rico

2) Puerto Rico has been experiencing a severe drought with rainfall levels being below-normal. Due to limited recharge and rapid water extractions, Salinas water level dropped below 34.1 feet below land surface. With low water levels it allowed salt concentration levels to rise, being at more then the recommended amount in drinking water. Salinas community was experiencing drought and needed to rationalize their water supplies.

3) Came up with a plan called aquifer storage and recovery. This plan was to divert water from different locations and store it in the aquifer. A canal system would be needed to transport the water to be recharged and restored. This strategy would enhance water availability for agriculture and other users.

4) Grants involved are FEMA Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) allowing states, U.S. territories, federally recognized tribes, and communities to implement sustainable mitigation projects to reduce risks in future events. By reducing risks it means less reliance on federal recovery funding. The project is expected to recharge volume with twice as much water in Salinas.

5) Has this project inspired different communities experiencing droughts to try the Aquifer Storage and Recovery? If they had the money would they try the first plan of constructing a new water filtration plant and pipeline?

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Alaina Lasrado - Sediment Strategy Seeks to Save Salt Marsh Species    (_/ o_o)_/ 

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Alaina Lasrado - Sediment Strategy Seeks to Save Salt Marsh Species    (_/ o_o)_/ 

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1. Location: Seal Beach Wildlife Refuge, Orange County, CA

2. Problem: Rising sea levels are destroying salt marshes and other wetland habitats. This affects the marine life and endangered birds that reside in these locations. In this situation, it could mean the destruction of one of Southern California's few remaining Tidal Marshes.

3. Solution: Since the development of an adjacent waterway was underway and they had no place to put the sediment, the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the workers reached a consensus where the sediment would be used for the betterment of the salt marshes.

4. What is still being done / challenges: Challenge-- the new sediment may not be useful to the plants residing in this habitat.

5. One question: How much has the effort helped the ecosystem over the years? Have they achieved good results?

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1) The case study I chose takes place in Mandeville Louisiana.

2) The problem in Mandeville Louisiana would be the intense flooding and a repeated repair damage cycle. As buildings such as offices or homes were getting ruined or damaged. Making those unhoused individuals or those susceptible to flooding more in danger.

3) The solution:

The City of Mandeville implemented strict building regulations, including a requirement to elevate homes and businesses at risk of flooding. These measures, aimed at mitigating flood damage, involve elevating structures above the Base Flood Elevation by at least 2 feet. This proactive approach has significantly reduced flood damage.

4)Despite these mitigation efforts, Mandeville continues to face challenges, particularly in ensuring that all historic and existing structures comply with the elevated standards.

5) One Question: How does the City of Mandeville plan to address and support the elevation of historic buildings?

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1): Orange County, California.

2): One of the last few remaining salt wetlands in Southern California is being threatened by rising sea levels. The destroying of this one salt wetlands is expected to cause a chain reaction, razing any endangered species of birds. This could then lead to absolute destruction of surrounding ecosystems and loss of the green sea turtle.

3): Since the wildlife refuge was surrounded by urban development, most of the sediments the salt wetland is receiving is being lost. However, when country officials were making plans to drain the sediments to maintain depth of a nearby waterway, they needed to find a place to put the sediment. The county's drained sediments could be used to build up the refuge's salt marshes.

4): While this plan is expected to work, it is impossible to tell if it is guaranteed as there have been no efforts to put such a plan into affect, and there is no evidence of it working in such an area. However, it will still be very hard to find a constant natural source of sediment.

5): What other efforts are being put into place to ensure that the lives of the endangered bird and turtle species won't end? Are we fully dependent on this natural resource, or are there other manmade refuges in store in case worst comes to worst?

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1. Castine, Maine

2. Problem: Historically challenged to meet to meet sharp water demands, which would increase due to incoming academy student population. Additionally a water break in 2015 caused numerous line breaks, requiring flushing that resulted in the loss of over a million gallons of water.

3. Solution: Implemented a mandatory water use restriction on the residents and businesses. They would purchase/haul water from Bucksport (17 miles away). Additionally, the construction of a horizontal well collection and filtration system was built to capture surface water runoff.

4. Challenges: A problem that they continue to face is their lack of water, as they have to travel to have water (Bucksworth). As well as the need for funding to implement new and improved water conservation systems.

5. What other water conservation systems can be implemented to save water more efficiently?

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1) Maui, HI

2) The problem discussed in this case study mentions the warming waters of the reef, ocean pollution, and unsustainable fishing practices that endanger the the health of reefs in Maui and around the world. The decline of coral cover as well as the growth of excessive macro algae caught the attention of marine managers.

3) One potential strategy to solve this problem is to change a few fishing rules to protect the fish and urchins that feed on the algae. In addition, the Department of Land and Natural Resources is publicizing the news and have already reached 800 of the states residents by creating events and presentations to spread awareness.

4) In the long term perspective, a challenge is the excessive nutrient loads from agriculture, sewage injection wells, and other resources continue to stream into the waters of Maui.

5) I wonder when the coral reefs will potentially be fully recovered? If awareness was spread to not just the island of Maui, how would things be different?

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1) Chicago's Urban Forest

2) The percentage of ground covered by tree branches and leaves in the area is lower than many other cities in that region. There has also been a loss of 13 million ash trees due to an insect infestation, the emerald ash borer, which has further reduced the canopy. Because of this, the Chicago region is experiencing rising temperatures, heavy rainfall, and local flooding.

3) Climate change specialists, like Leslie Brandt, are confronting the decline in urban trees. Their goal is to assess the vulnerability of each region's trees to climate change and other factors. Some of the ways they are working towards a solution are by using habitat sustainability modeling, projecting changes in heat, and assessing tree species' adaptive capacity. This led to their five-step adaptation project to incorporate climate change considerations into real-world projects and planning efforts, which included planting resilient trees.

4) Currently, the Chicago Region Trees Initiative is integrating climate change-related goals into a regional tree master plan. Communities in Chicago are also working towards incorporating vulnerability information and adaptation strategies in their work.

5) How might similar solutions and ideas be implemented in other locations facing similar issues?

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An Inland City Prepares for a Changing Climate 

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1) The location of the study is Blacksburg, Virginia

2) The problem is that non-coastal communities like Blacksburg, Virginia face challenges in finding the right tools and strategies to address climate vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience.

3) The solution involved tools like the Climate Explorer and the Temperate tool, along with forming a diverse advisory team to conduct a formal assessment of Blacksburg's climate vulnerability.

4) Currently, the 2020 Climate Vulnerability Assessment for Blacksburg is being integrated into the town's policy documents for future action.

5) How effectively are the strategies/policies being communicated to besides the towns major key decisions makers?

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Michael Soliman: Recognizing and Responding to Drought on Pacific Islands

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Michael Soliman: Recognizing and Responding to Drought on Pacific Islands

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1. Republic of Marshall Islands

2. There was an extremely dry period and drought on the islands with much less rainwater than expected.

3. Meteorologists utilize advanced technology like a portable satellite transmission device, to communicate with outer islands and gather crucial data and observations from residents. Then the government alongside groups and organizations provided emergency supplies to the land.

4. There are still dry eras and droughts in the area as one emerging in 2016. Many efforts are being made to improve drought recognition and response efficiently.

5. Are there any measures to be taken regarding the underlying issues that contribute to drought possibility, such as climate change

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1. Galveston Island, Texas.

2. The problem was that in 2008, Hurricane Ike caused a lot of damage to the UTMB campus. It cost almost $1 billion and shut down hospital services for months. This was a big issue because UTMB is the only healthcare provider on the island, so people needed its services.

3. The solution was to rebuild the campus to make it stronger against future storms. They fixed the damaged buildings, improved them to serve people better, and made them more resistant to damage from future storms. They also tried to get as much money as they could from FEMA and insurance to help pay for the repairs.

4. Even though they made the campus stronger, UTMB still relies on utilities from outside the campus. They're also working on expanding services on the mainland while trying to make the Galveston campus safer.

5. What are they doing to make sure the campus stays strong and safe for a long time, especially with climate change and the possibility of more storms in the future?

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1) Hawai'i, West Maui Coral Reefs

2) The problem is that there is an overabundance of algae, which threatens the livelihood of the coral reefs. In fact, coral covers at Maui's Ka‘anapali Beach have decreased by 40%, between the years 1994 and 2006. The underlying issue is that we humans are fostering environments that are beneficial to harmful algae growth, but dangerous to the wellbeing of the coral reefs. We allow for algae to grow in dangerous numbers, but haven't allowed algae-limiting factors, such as urchins, to be present to hopefully balance out the ecosystem.

3) The main solution proposed by Hawai'i's Department of Land and Natural Resources, is to change the fishing rules, in hopes of preserving the lives of sea organisms that feed on algae. In doing so, the ecosystem would balance itself out, with little to no human intervention, other than changing the rules and regulations for fishers, to prevent them from altering the biodiversity of the coral reefs.

4) Some challenges with this solution are making sure the ratio of algae-feeding herbivores to actual algae production will be equal. We humans are constantly pumping out pollution into the ocean, in turn fostering algae growth, at a much higher rate than what would've occurred naturally. As a result, the number of herbivores to actual algae may not be enough to allow coral covers to grow back.

5) Will Hawai'i's Department of Land and Natural Resources begin importing algae-feeding organisms from elsewhere (not invasive) to help with the cause?

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1) Maui, Hawaii

2) The problem occurring in Maui's beaches is the health of the coral reefs. While coral reef habitats are declining there is also excessive algae growth that is caused by pollution from sewage and fertilizers on the land.

3) One solution that they were able to think of was the implementation of a few fishing rules that limit how many fish they can fish. This would increase the amount of fish and urchins that feed on the macroalgae.

4) The department chose to test out the plan in the KHFMA(Kahekili Herbivores Fisheries Management Area). The proposed rule was to restrict the extraction of herbivorous fish and invertebrates from the reefs, leading to a healthier living coral reef ecosystem. A challenge that they face are the effects of land-use practices. This includes excessive nutrient loads from agriculture and landscape fertilizers, sewage injection wells, and other sources that still stream into Maui’s nearshore waters.

5) One question I have for the case study is: How long until we see the full recovery effects of the coral reef? What will take place if it does not work?

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Daniel Georges: Battling Blazes Across Borders

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Daniel Georges: Battling Blazes Across Borders

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1. The case study takes place at various locations in North America, including Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

2. The issue that is highlighted in this case study is that a strong hurricane named El Niño had brought warm, dry, and windy conditions to North America. Over 1.8 million acres of land were burned in parts of Canada, leading to the evacuation of over 13,000 individuals for their safety. After fighting the wildfires, national fire-fighting resources were drained.

3. To solve this problem, Canada requested assistance from other North American countries. However, this was not a straightforward solution as fire-fighting is managed differently in these countries.

4. International fire management agencies are currently working to address this issue as wildfires in Canada are rated on different scales than in other countries, and they use different products and metric systems. To help combat this obstacle, these agencies have integrated their fire management planning and created ways to prepare and respond to these fires.

5. How are hurricanes like El Niño able to cause wildfires?

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1. Missouri, United States

2. Thousands of structures have been destroyed from the impact of a tornado, one of those structures had been a hospital.

3. Architects have designed a new building, better fit to withstand further extreme whether events. The newer designs include windows that are resistant to 250 mile-per-hour winds, a stronger reinforced building core, as well as improved interior and utility conditions.

4. One challenge is the transformation of more structures in different areas to a similar architectural structure to withstand future events.

5. How might the new design of structures struggle with catastrophic events?

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1) Utah

2) Climate change has affected how much rain and snow crops receive as well as how much can be used to sustain livestock. Farmers need to know how much will fall in order to properly distribute enough for their farms.

3) A farmer set up a Soil Climate Analysis network to have access to hourly updates on precipitation.

4) The NRCS National Water and Climate Center and National Soil Survey Center is getting farmers to install SCAN towers on their farms to collect more data.

5) How can they predict the amount of rain that will fall?

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Anthony Gomez: After Record-Breaking Rains, a Major Medical Center's Hazard Mitigation Plan Improves Resilience

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Anthony Gomez: After Record-Breaking Rains, a Major Medical Center's Hazard Mitigation Plan Improves Resilience

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Location: Houston, Texas

Problem: Due to climate change affecting rainfall patterns in all of the U.S., some areas are vulnerable to an increase flooding. In 2001 Houston, Texas, faced an historic Tropical Storm Allison, leading to a flood. Allison left 22 people dead and caused $5 billion in damages in Harris County.

Solution: The Texas Medical Center organization designed a long-term hazard plan that would reduce the affect and impact of future extreme weather events.

Still being done: The Texas Medical Center organization is still improving and implementing a stormwater management plan which improves water absorption with its new developments.

Question: Would other counties/areas with similar extreme weather events also start to implement stormwater management developments?

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1. Miami, Oklahoma

2. It is prone to flooding from heavy rainfall events that occur locally, as well as upstream from the city. The area is also frequently affected by drought, winter storms, and severe thunderstorms.

3. After discussing the climate projections, participants brainstormed ideas for an immediately actionable local project to build awareness about the dangers of current weather events, enhance preparedness, and increase resilience to future hazards.

4. The city is seeking additional funding with which to provide more weather radios to residents, incentivize the creation of safe rooms, and conduct additional outreach about severe weather events.

5. What do they plan to do about the drought?

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1) Southeast Coast (Miami)

2)The Nicklaus Children's Hospital in Miami serves as the region's only speciality hospital for children. When a study was conducted in 2000, it was found that as the intensity of tropical storms and hurricanes increase, the hospital's exterior construction was unsafe. This assessment served as a call to action.

3)Hospital administrators started construction in ease after receiving a large grant. They were able to wrap themselves in a hurricane resistant shell: pre-molded panels of glass fiber-reinforced concrete. This panel system was able to anchor the building's existing structure and serve as a protective cocoon.

4) In 2005, the hospital hosted medical evacuees and families who were displaced by Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma. This proved to be a major contribution to the region's resilience.

5) How does glass fiber work, and how does it provide so much strength?

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A Town with a Plan: Community, Climate, and Conversations

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A Town with a Plan: Community, Climate, and Conversations

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Oholiab Ermias

Case Study: Homer, Alaska

Problem: Homer, Alaska is a town that relies on fishing and tourism. Climate change threatens both the economic and ecological strength .

Solution: The city created a Climate Action Plan to lower greenhouse gas emissions and increase sustainability.

educate about climate change

Recommend for energy efficiency upgrades

Investment in renewable energy sources such as solar panels

Comunity is preparing for the effects of climate change that are already happening.

To work on the town's economy such as supporting local food production.

Challenges:

more snowless winters than usual,

will need to adapt to economic and cultural changes

What are some of the unexpected opportunities that climate change could bring to this town?

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Location: San Diego, California

Problem: A species of butterfly (Laguna Mountain Skipper) is locally extinct from the Laguna Mountain area, this can be due to the rareness of the host plant the Horkelia clevelandii, the plants are rare due to temperature and water during the time as it was rare.

Solution: There is no clear solution stated for the recovery in the species for their natural habitat, but there are statistics and experiments in place to help guide future projects in finding a solution, such as experiments of temperature and actions like stopping cattle grazing in the Laguna mountain area.

What is still being done: Anderson is now using the Basin Characterization Model to identify other possible reintroduction sites where the host plant grows.

Question: When is an estimated time when they will be reintroduced?

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Katarina Espinosa: In the Dark of Monday Morning: Waves Inundate a Pacific Island Community

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Katarina Espinosa: In the Dark of Monday Morning: Waves Inundate a Pacific Island Community

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1. Republic of the Marshall Islands

2. costal flooding

3. a weather forecast that analyzes the tides and helps predict potential floods

4. previous damage to homes

5. How will the new forecasting tools help them avoid damages? What will they do when they get warnings?

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Shreya Patel: How Vulnerable Are Salmon to a Changing Climate?

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Shreya Patel: How Vulnerable Are Salmon to a Changing Climate?

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1. Location: Washington's South Fork Nooksack River

2. Problem: The population of salmon has declined by a large amount due to habitat degradation. For example, commercial forestry, intensive agriculture, the introduction of flood control, and transportation infrastructure.

3. Solution: Take action by executing strategies such as removing barriers to upstream migration, floodplain reconnection, restoring stream flow regimes, increasing cold-water refuges, reducing erosion and sediment delivery to the river, restoring riparian functions, and increasing riparian forest cover along the river and tributaries.

4. Challenges: Challenges that are still being faced include having to monitor all responses of the salmon as well as finding the funds in order to execute the previously mention strategies.

5. Question: How would the government come into play with the amount of strategies that have been put forth?

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1. The case takes place in the City of Hays and City of Russell, Kansas.

2. In the years of 2011 & 2012, there was a massive drought that caused the surface water sources for Russell to stop flowing and become unreliable; As for Hays, alluvial aquifers (unconsolidated material deposited by running water) for Hays depleted below normal levels.

3. The cities are starting customer rebate programs for water-saving fixtures, having school education programs on water conservation, requested release of emergency water supply, and partnering together to purchase land with water rights to establish a long-term water supply.

4. A challenge that they are facing is that there isn't a lot of the land they are looking to buy for backup water supply. One of the closest water sources is the Arkansas river, which they would have to go through request of emergency water supply to obtain. This process might take many years, far after the prime effects of the drought.

5. As of October 23, 2023, Kansas state has not approved of Hays and Russell cities' request for emergency water supply. Kansas overall is a state with very low water sources and a high drought rate. What is the US government doing about this, and what is the Kansas state government planning to do?

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1. Asheville, North Carolina

2. Asheville faces climate-related threats including wildfires and severe flooding, exacerbated by its vulnerability to extreme weather events.

3. The city is developing a climate resilience plan, leveraging local expertise and the U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit's Steps to Resilience framework. This involves assessing hazards, vulnerabilities, and options for mitigation.

4. Finalizing and implementing the prioritized actions remains a work in progress, with the need for continued cross-jurisdictional collaboration and innovative solutions.

5. How will Asheville's climate resilience plan address the potential for increased migration to the area as a result of its efforts to become more climate-resilient?

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Sorataro Suzuki: Developing and Using an Index to Guide Water Supply Decisions

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Sorataro Suzuki: Developing and Using an Index to Guide Water Supply Decisions

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Location: southwest Florida

Problem: River is rainfall dependent, and the region has high seasonal flows, making the water supply company rely on its storage during dry seasons, and knowing when to start using water from the storage (ASR wells) and not the river.

Solution: ASR recovery initiation index, which considers ten different factors for when to initiate ASR recovery for optimal use of the storage.

They are adapting the index as the time goes on, changing factors if they need.

I wonder how long it took to come up with this?

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Kaylyn Park: Anticipating and Preventing the Spread of Invasive Plants

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Kaylyn Park: Anticipating and Preventing the Spread of Invasive Plants

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1. The location is in the Klamath region of Northern California.

2. The problem is that invasive plants are becoming an even bigger threat with the possibility of invasive plants being established in new areas first, keeping native plants from gaining footholds in newly suitable locations.

3. The solution is that Joshua Smith, who serves as a Restoration Program Manager, partnered with the non-profit California Invasive Plant Council to assess which invasive plant species might be a threat to the area under future climate conditions. By mapping current invasive plant populations and considering which plants are most likely to spread, they can set priorities for controlling the populations that presented the biggest threats.

4. Smith and others in the Klamath region continue to refine their priorities by training volunteers to serve as citizen scientists, who can identify and report key invasive plants that they may come across while out on the land. These stewardship efforts will also continue into the future as a part of a commitment to support the regions resiliency.

5. How or where they find the volunteers who are willing to serve as citizen scientists?

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1)The Republic of the Marshall lands

2) The Republic of the Marshall Islands is experiencing a severe drought, resulting in significant water shortages across the nation. This situation has led to concerns about access to clean water for drinking, sanitation, and agriculture, posing serious challenges to the well-being of the population.

3) Efforts to combat the drought in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include enhancing water storage, conservation, and exploring alternative sources like desalination plants. International aid is also being sought for emergency relief and long-term sustainability projects.

4)Challenges hindering these solutions in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include limited financial resources, technical expertise, and infrastructure, as well as the vulnerability of the islands to climate change impacts such as rising sea levels and extreme weather events. Additionally, logistical difficulties and geopolitical factors may impede the implementation of large-scale initiatives.

5) Has any other country tried to help RM with their life threatening issue?

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Article: Looking to the Future on Alaska’s North Slope

1) North Slope of Alaska

2)Problem: conflicting goals of resource development/climate resilience in the Arctic region, where increasing accessibility has led to interest from developers but also poses risks to ecosystems due to climate change.

3)Solution: NSSI forming an inter-governmental forum for science collaboration to develop detailed scenarios and science-based guidance for safe and sustainable resource development in the region.

4) Right now, the NSSI is studying scenario stories and connecting them with data to help stakeholders understand the pros and cons of development. They're also checking if current environmental monitoring is enough for the region. Ex. with Caribou

5) How effectively are the stakeholders, including local communities and indigenous groups, being engaged throughout the process to ensure their views & concerns are being considered?

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1) Oahu, Hawaii

2)The Pacific Islands Climate Storybook addresses challenges caused by climate change. Lessons from past events, like droughts and floods, show the need for monitoring climate data and community preparedness. The Storybook helps communities predict, prepare for, and adapt to climate changes with practical strategies.

3) The Storybook has two parts: Climate Services Dialogs and Climate Stories. Dialogs bring together climate experts and communities to share information and develop solutions. Climate Stories share real-life examples of how communities are tackling climate issues. Supported by organizations like USAID, it helps communities understand and adapt to climate change.

4) Challenges may include ensuring access to the Storybook and overcoming barriers to its use. Implementing its strategies effectively and ensuring ongoing support for adaptation efforts are also constant tasks.

5) How well is the Pacific Islands Climate Storybook being used by communities, and what impact is it having on their ability to adapt to climate change?

the link to the 2021 Storybook: https://www.pacificrisa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Pacific-Islands-Climate-Storybook-2021-print.pdf

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Location: Kake, Alaska (rural, coastal village)

Problem: Climate change and pollution threaten the community's food sources (fish, shellfish) and their way of life.

Solution: Partnered research project to monitor water quality and train locals.

Ongoing efforts: Expanding monitoring and starting freshwater studies in summer 2021.

Open question: How are researchers bridging cultural gaps with Indigenous knowledge holders?

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1) Fredericktown, Missouri

2) Little St. Francis River was dammed in 1954 to form City Lake. This caused concerns over the effects of both intense precipitation and drought on their water supply.

3) Creating Resilient Water Utilities program was the solution. This framework uses models to predict future climate change in order to work around it. They evaluate their assets and vulnerabilities, focusing on the primary goal of addressing potential impacts to the water treatment plant. This helps to think of ways to increase water storage capacity and strategies for supplementing water supplies from other sources.

4) Fredericktown is currently developing a contract with the S bar F Scout Ranch for use of water from Nims Lake during dry periods. This solution can help them address short-term issues of water supply.

5) I wonder what kinds of people are in this program? Did they have to have certain certificates or degrees?