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This image shows the armory building where John Brown and his followers made their last stand against U.S. soldiers.

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October 16, 1859. John Brown’s Fort at Harpers Ferry

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October 16, 1859. John Brown’s Fort at Harpers Ferry

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The significance of John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry lay in its demonstrated of the wild of the struggle against slavery. It's social because southerners were frightened because they thought there would be additional slave revolts. I think this event is political because it led the South to assume that the North intended to abolish slavery through force. By becoming a martyr, John Brown increased tensions between the North and South and drove the country closer to war.

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This painting shows the first session of the united states' Senate. which met in federal hall, New York city in 1789. The Senate was created by the U.S. Constitution to represent the states equally within the fed. government.

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March 4, 1789 The United States Senate, A.D. 

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March 4, 1789 The United States Senate, A.D. 

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I chose this event because it marked the beginning of the U.S. government as we know it today. The Senate plays a role in making laws, approving treaties, and checking the power of the president. It was an important step in creating a balanced and fair democracy. The creation of the United states Senate was significant because it established one of the two houses of Congress, ensuring the equal representation for all states, protecting state interests in the new federal system. I think this event is intellectual because it reflects enlightenment ideas about checks and balances to prevent tyranny. I also think this event is politically because it was the compromise between large and small states that protects the states interests in the new fed. systems.

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This image is from U.S. government printing office in 1854. This map shows the territories of Kansas and Nebraska that were opened to settlers after Kansas-Nebraska act.

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May 30th, 1854 Map of the Kansas and Nebraska.

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May 30th, 1854 Map of the Kansas and Nebraska.

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I chose this event because it directly caused violent conflicts and made the divisions in the country clear. It replaced earlier compromises and showed that the question of slavery couldn't be solved peacefully anymore. "Bleeding Kansas" became a preview of the civil war. It was significance because it allowed settlers in new territories to decide the issue of slavery for themselves through "popular sovereignty" I think this event is politically because it let to the violence clashes know as "Bleeding Kansas," where slavery groups fought each other. I think this event is economic because the act affected settlers moving west and the future of new states. This event showed that compromise was failing and the nation was leading towards the war.

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This image was created from Alexander Gardner, photographer and was born in 1862. It shows the aftermath of the battle of Antietam and it was one of the first war photos to show the true horrors of battle shocking the American public.

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I chose this event because it was one of the most important and deadly battles in American history. it showed how really brutal the civil war really was and how much both sides were willing to sacrifice. It also helped change the course of the war in favor of the Unions. It was significant because it was the bloodiest single day in the U.S. history with over 23,000 casualties. I think this event is technological because it shows the destructive power of modern weapons like rifles and artillery. I also think this event is social because it reminded the nation of the terrible cost of war and strengthened northern resolve to end slavery.

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This printed broadside of the Emancipation proclamation announced president Lincoln's order freeing enslaved people in confederate- controlled areas. Copies like this were distributed throughout the north during the civil war.

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January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation 

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January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation 

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I chose this event because it changed the meaning of the civil war from just preserving that the union to also fighting for freedom. It also gave a purpose to the war and hope to millions of enslaved people. This document showed how powerful words can be in shaping history. This is significant because it declared that all enslaved people in confederate states were free. It's political because it turned the civil war into a fighter for human rights, discouraging foreign nations from helping the south. I think this event is intellectually and social because it inspired African Americans to join the union army and fight for their own freedom. But, it showed Lincoln's moral and political leadership, redefining america's values of liberty and equality.

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This painting is from Thure de thusltrup artist. It depicts intense fighting during the Battle in Pennsylvania. The union's victory here was one of the most important turning points in the Civil war. 

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I chose the event because it was the turning point that helped decide the outcome of the civil war. it was one of the largest and deadliest battles ever fought on American soil. The union victory gave new hope that the United States could be reunited. It was significant because it ended in general lee's attempt to invade the North and weakened the confederate army. I think it's social because it honored the brave soldiers and redefined national unity. I also think it's technologically because it showed how deadly the war had become by making the major turning point toward union victory.

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The creator of this image is from  Thomas Kelly, lithographer. This lithograph celebrates the ratification of the 15th amendment, which granted African American men the right to vote. 

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I chose this event because these three amendments finally brought freedom citizenship and voting rights to millions of African Americans. They changed the constitution to protect civil rights and equality for the first time. Together, they showed how the U.S. tried to rebuild a fair society after the Civil war. They were significant because they ended slavery, granted citizenship, and protected the right to vote regardless of race. I think think event is politically, because they expanded democracy and gave the fed. government power to protect civil rights. This event is also social because they began to reshape American society towards equality.

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This drawing is from Alfred r. Waud artist for Harper's weekly. It shows a freedmen's bureau agent helping protect freed the people from unfair treatment by southern whites. It provided food, education and legal aid to former slaves after the civil war. 

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I chose this event because it shows how the government tried to help formerly enslaved people adjust to freedom. The bureau built schools, provided medical care and helped African Americans find work and land. The freedmen's bureau significant because it provided food, and protection for millions of freed African Americans during reconstruction. It's socially because it helped build schools and promote literacy among former slaves. This event is political because it represents the government's attempt to enforce civil rights in the south. Even though the bureau was underfunded and short-lived it left a lasting legacy for education and equality.

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This painting was created from Harper's weekly illustration and the southern black codes, which restricted the rights of freed African Americans. The laws tried to control black labor and limit their new freedoms after the civil war. 

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I chose this event because it showed that even after slavery ended, many people in the south still resisted equality. The black codes were unfair laws that forced African Americans to work under harsh conditions. It reminds us that freedom did not mean equality right away. The Black Codes were significant because they limited the rights and freedoms of African Americans in the South after the Civil War.This event is Socially, they created new systems of racial inequality. It's also economically, they forced Black workers into low-paying labor contracts, continuing the struggles that slavery had started. These codes led directly to the rise of the Civil Rights Movement decades later.

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This image shows the election that led to the compromise of 1877. the agreement Rutherford b. Hayes the presidency in exchange for removing federal troops from the south, ending reconstruction. 

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March 2, 1877. Compromise of 1877 (end of reconstruction) 

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March 2, 1877. Compromise of 1877 (end of reconstruction) 

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I chose this event because it officially ended the Reconstruction Era. The Compromise of 1877 showed how political deals can shape history and affect millions of people. It marked the moment when the government stopped protecting the rights of African Americans in the South. It was significant because it ended Reconstruction and allowed white-controlled governments to return to power in the South. I think this event is politically, it resolved the disputed presidential election but abandoned the federal protection of Black citizens. I also think this event is socially, it led to decades of racial segregation and discrimination under Jim Crow laws. This event marked a turning point where the progress made during Reconstruction was largely undone.