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Nicolaus Copernicus was a scientist who did research about the center of the universe and came to the conclusion that the Earth was in the center of the universe. Nicolaus lived from 1473-1543, The theory was named "The Heliocentric Theory" and this belief went against the catholic churches "Geocentric theory" where the Sun was not in the center of the universe but instead Earth was in the center of the universe. He didn't publish his findings until after his death (He had his family post his findings) because he was afraid of what the catholic church would do to him for the theory he had. After the findings were published the catholic church couldn't punish him due to him already passing so they tried to stop the spread of the theory.

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Johannes Kepler lived from 1571-1630 and he researched the orbit of planets and discovered that planets actually travel in "ellipses" or stretched out circles/ovals.

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Galileo-Galilei lived from 1561-1642, He used telescopes to research planet orbit to support Copernicus's theory about the Heliocentric theory. Something he did different from many scientists during this time is posting their findings while they are alive. Galileo wrote a book about his findings (He found out that we orbit the sun, jupiter has multiple moons, the sun has dark spots and that the moon has uneven surfaces.) and word got to the catholic church that galileo was going to post his research, so the church threatened him but he still posted his book called "Starry Messenger". After he published his book he was summoned to rome for his inquisiton under the accusation of heresy and then later pleaded that his findings were false in order to leave with his life and lived his days under house arrest.

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William Harvey lived from 1578-1657 and did testing and research about how blood circulates our bodies. unlike the other times when scientists published their findings the church did not challenge him.

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Sir Issac Newton lived from 1612-1727 and while sleeping under an apple tree an apple fell and hit him on the head which led him to do research and propose that a force attracted objects to one another (Gravity).

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Francis Bacon lived from 1561-1626 and created the scientific method. This method involves a hypothesis which is supported by experiments to observe and draw conclusions.