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Fluency is the ability to read text accurately, quickly, and with expression. Fluent readers do not have to stop and decode every word, they recognize words automatically and group them into meaningful phrases. This frees up their attention for comprehension.

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Increase accuracy (reading words correctly).

Build rate/automaticity (appropriate speed without rushing).

Develop prosody (expression, phrasing, attention to punctuation).

Support comprehension (understanding what is read).

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Repeated reading of passages.

Choral, echo, and partner reading.

Practice with high-frequency and multisyllabic words.

Using phrasing practice with short passages.

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The ability to read with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression.

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Reading words correctly without guessing or skipping.

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The speed of reading, measured by how many words a student can read correctly in one minute.

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Reading with expression, phrasing, and attention to punctuation (making it sound like natural speech).

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The ability to recognize words quickly and effortlessly.

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Grouping words together in meaningful chunks instead of reading word by word.

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Practicing the same passage multiple times to build accuracy, speed, and confidence.

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Teacher reads a sentence or phrase first, then the student repeats it, mimicking fluency.

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Group reading together at the same time to practice fluency.

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Fluency bridges decoding and comprehension.

Once decoding is automatic, the brain can focus on meaning.

Fluent readers recognize words quickly, use phrasing, and read with expression.

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WCPM is a common way to measure rate and track progress.

Accuracy should be 95% or higher for independent reading.

Rate is important, but fluency is not about reading fast—it’s about reading smoothly and with understanding.

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Instruction should include modeling, guided practice, and independent practice.

Effective activities include:

Choral reading

Echo reading

Partner/Repeated reading

Practice should involve high-frequency and multisyllabic words.

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Struggling readers may need explicit word study support.

Accuracy should be prioritized before speed.

Provide multiple opportunities to practice in small chunks.