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One of the major catalysts for the War of 1812 occurred when the British warship HMS Leopard attacked the American frigate USS Chesapeake. The British demanded to search for deserters, and when refused, they opened fire, killing three Americans. This incident outraged the American public and severely strained U.S.-British relations.

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Congress replaced the failed Embargo Act with the Non-Intercourse Act, which prohibited trade only with Britain and France. This attempt to protect American neutral rights and shipping proved ineffective, as both European powers continued to harass American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars.

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President James Madison signed a declaration of war against Great Britain, marking the official start of the War of 1812. The main causes included British interference with American trade, the impressment of American sailors, and British support of Native American resistance to American expansion.

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August 24, 1814: Burning of Washington D.C.

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August 24, 1814: Burning of Washington D.C.

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In one of the most devastating events of the war, British forces captured Washington D.C. and burned several government buildings, including the White House and the Capitol. First Lady Dolley Madison famously saved important national treasures, including a portrait of George Washington, before fleeing the capital.

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General Andrew Jackson led American forces to a decisive victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans. Ironically, this famous battle occurred after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed (but before news reached America). The victory became a symbol of American pride and helped launch Jackson's political career.

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As part of the post-war peace process, the United States and Britain signed the Rush-Bagot Treaty, which demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, establishing the world's longest undefended border. This agreement marked the beginning of a lasting peace between the U.S. and Britain and set the stage for improved diplomatic relations.