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Electric voltage(Regions of a positive or negative charge, such as those at the terminals of a battery) force electrons through a conductor. Electrons that have negative charges can be moved around a circuit.
Originally, the current was thought to flow from positive to negative. This is the so-called 'conventional current.' In reality, the electrons move with a negative charge and towards a positive.

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Electric Current, Conductor, Insulator - JavaLab

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Electric voltage(Regions of a positive or negative charge, such as those at the terminals of a battery) force electrons through a conductor. Electrons that have negative charges can be moved around a circuit. Originally, the current was thought to flow from positive to negative. This is the so-called 'conventional current.'

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TEST INSTRUMENTS

V. Ryan © 2002 - 2022

PDF FILE - CLICK HERE FOR PRINTABLE WORKSHEET

CLICK HERE FOR POWERPOINT VERSION OF WORKSHEET

Voltage, current and resistance can easily be measured by using a multimeter. However, an ammeter measures current, a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and an ohmmeter measures resistance. However, a multimeter measures all these. There are two types, analogue and digital. The multimeter is the most important electronic test instrument. Two wires are normally used along with the multimeter (called probes) and they are colour coded - black and red.

A DIGITAL Multimeter is highly accurate and easier to read than an analogue type. It is best used for finding the precise value of a voltage, current or resistance.

AnANALOGUE Multimeter is less expensive and less precise than a digital type. Often it will be used for measuring a slowly changing voltage, current or resistance.

The probes (seen with the digital metre) are connected to the meter. They can be disconnected and so it is important to ensure that they are attached to the correct sockets when in use. Also, some meters have four possible sockets which means you must follow the manufacturers instructions carefully when attaching the two probes.

Either meter has a variety of settings depending on whether you need to measure resistance, current or voltage. Normally the function selector has a setting for each of these and there is also a setting for the range that you are trying to read.
For example you may need to measure the value of a resistor in ohms when a colour chart is not be available.

In order to do this you would follow these steps:
1. Set the function selector to ohms and to the range where you expect to find a reading. There may be a range for zero to 1K OR 1K and over etc....
2. Ensure that the probes are attached correctly and touch them across the component you are measuring, in this case a resistor.
3. The results can be read on the scale. If there is no reading, try another range setting.

To measure DC voltage follow these steps:
1. Set the function selector to one of the DCV positions.
2. Connect the test probes to the circuit and read the voltage on the scale.

QUESTIONS:

1. Draw simplified diagrams of both types of meters.

2. Explain how digital and analogue meters differ.

CLICK HERE FOR ELECTRONICS INDEX PAGE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
TEST INSTRUMENTS V. Ryan © 2002 - 2022 PDF FILE - CLICK HERE FOR PRINTABLE WORKSHEET CLICK HERE FOR POWERPOINT VERSION OF WORKSHEET Voltage, current and resistance can easily be measured by using a multimeter. However, an ammeter measures current, a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and an ohmmeter measures resistance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
TEST INSTRUMENTS

V. Ryan © 2002 - 2022

PDF FILE - CLICK HERE FOR PRINTABLE WORKSHEET

CLICK HERE FOR POWERPOINT VERSION OF WORKSHEET

Voltage, current and resistance can easily be measured by using a multimeter. However, an ammeter measures current, a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and an ohmmeter measures resistance. However, a multimeter measures all these. There are two types, analogue and digital. The multimeter is the most important electronic test instrument. Two wires are normally used along with the multimeter (called probes) and they are colour coded - black and red.

A DIGITAL Multimeter is highly accurate and easier to read than an analogue type. It is best used for finding the precise value of a voltage, current or resistance.

AnANALOGUE Multimeter is less expensive and less precise than a digital type. Often it will be used for measuring a slowly changing voltage, current or resistance.

The probes (seen with the digital metre) are connected to the meter. They can be disconnected and so it is important to ensure that they are attached to the correct sockets when in use. Also, some meters have four possible sockets which means you must follow the manufacturers instructions carefully when attaching the two probes.

Either meter has a variety of settings depending on whether you need to measure resistance, current or voltage. Normally the function selector has a setting for each of these and there is also a setting for the range that you are trying to read.
For example you may need to measure the value of a resistor in ohms when a colour chart is not be available.

In order to do this you would follow these steps:
1. Set the function selector to ohms and to the range where you expect to find a reading. There may be a range for zero to 1K OR 1K and over etc....
2. Ensure that the probes are attached correctly and touch them across the component you are measuring, in this case a resistor.
3. The results can be read on the scale. If there is no reading, try another range setting.

To measure DC voltage follow these steps:
1. Set the function selector to one of the DCV positions.
2. Connect the test probes to the circuit and read the voltage on the scale.

QUESTIONS:

1. Draw simplified diagrams of both types of meters.

2. Explain how digital and analogue meters differ.

CLICK HERE FOR ELECTRONICS INDEX PAGE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
TEST INSTRUMENTS V. Ryan © 2002 - 2022 PDF FILE - CLICK HERE FOR PRINTABLE WORKSHEET CLICK HERE FOR POWERPOINT VERSION OF WORKSHEET Voltage, current and resistance can easily be measured by using a multimeter. However, an ammeter measures current, a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and an ohmmeter measures resistance.

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MULTIMETER | Simulation | Interactive Free flash animation to understand the multimeter and its three functions : voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter to measure respectively the voltage, current and resistance. Physics and Chemistry by a Clear Learning in High School, Middle School, Upper School, Secondary School and Academy. PCCL

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MULTIMETER | Simulation | Interactive Free flash animation to understand the multimeter and its three functions : voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter to measure respectively the voltage, current and resistance. Physics and Chemistry by a Clear Learning in High School, Middle School, Upper School, Second…

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Multimeter

A multimeter is a measuring device that combines various measurement functions such as voltage, current, and resistance.
Multimeters are classified into analog and digital multimeters according to how they operate. Analog multimeters were used a lot in the past, with a moving needle pointing to the scale, but now they are rarely used. Most multimeters currently in use are digital.

Terminals in multimeter

The terminals are where you connect the lead wires for measurement. The lead wire's red color represents the (+) pole, and the black color represents the (-) pole.

1. COM : It means a common ground terminal. Connect the black lead wire.

2. 10A : It is used to measure the current in the range of 0 to 10A. Connect the red lead wire.

3. V*Ω : Used to measure voltage and resistance. Connect the red lead wire.

4. VΩmA : You can measure voltage, resistance, and current in milliamps(mA). Connect the red lead wire.

Resistance measurement

The resistance can be measured by turning the rotary switch to the 'Ω' zone. The resistance value is measured by touching the lead wire to the resistance.

When measuring resistance, pay attention to the range. For example, if you measure a small value resistance in a large range, the measurement result will be '0'. Conversely, infinity (a '1' in the left corner) is displayed when the multimeter's measuring range is exceeded. Therefore, it is better to choose a range slightly larger than the expected resistance value. For example, if you measure a 10Ω resistance, it is appropriate to put the rotary switch range at 200.

Voltage measurement

Since DC voltage (DCV) and AC voltage (ACV) have different measurement mechanisms, it is necessary to turn the rotary switch well.

1. ACV : AC voltage measurement

2. DCV : DC voltage measurement

3. 20 : Measure DC voltage from 0 to 20V

4. V- : DC voltage measurement

5. V~ : AC voltage measurement

DC current measurement

Current is a physical quantity different from voltage and refers to the amount of electric charge flowing through the wire per hour. Therefore, to measure the current, you must cut the wire to be measured. Some devices measure without cutting the wire.

There is one thing to be aware of when measuring current. During the current measurement, the resistance inside the multimeter becomes almost '0'. This is because the multimeter must not interfere with the flow of current. At this time, be careful because measuring the voltage of the battery or the like may cause overcurrent to flow and damage the multimeter. Some high-end multimeters have a protection circuit.

Transistor hFE measurement

The 'hFE' of a transistor is the collector (C) current ratio to the base (B) current. When the base current is '1', it tells how many times the collector current is amplified. hFE is also known as the 'current amplification factor.' When the transistor's three terminals are inserted, a number between about 50 and 200 is output. The output value is slightly different for each transistor.

Continuity test

This is a function to check whether the wires are connected. If the middle of the wire is not cut, a 'beep~' sound is output.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A multimeter is a measuring device that combines various measurement functions such as voltage, current, and resistance. Multimeters are classified into analog and digital multimeters according to how they operate. Analog multimeters were used a lot in the past, with a moving needle pointing to the scale, but now they are rarely used.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
OHM'S LAW | CHARACTERISTIC CURVE of a RESISTOR | 4 ACTIVITIES | SIMULATION | Interactive free flash animation to understand the influence of a ohmic conductor on a circuit and draw its characteristic curve. Physics and Chemistry by a Clear Learning in High School, Middle School, Upper School, Secondary School and Academy. PCCL | jean pierre fournat

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OHM'S LAW | CHARACTERISTIC CURVE of a RESISTOR | 4 ACTIVITIES | SIMULATION | Interactive free flash animation to understand the influence of a ohmic conductor on a circuit and draw its characteristic curve. PCCL | jean pierre fournat

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Ammeter

The strength of the current in the electrical circuit is measured using an ammeter.

There is a rotor with a coil wound inside the ammeter. When the current flows through the ammeter, the coil and the rotor will have the properties of a magnet. The higher the current flow, the stronger the magnetic field of the coil and the rotor. The needle is stopped at the balance point where the spring's elastic force and the magnetic force.

Very low resistance is connected between the ammeter terminals. Most of the current entering the ammeter pass-through this resistance and immediately exits the ammeter.
This will lower the total resistance of the ammeter and minimize the ammeter's impact on the circuit.

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The strength of the current in the electrical circuit is measured using an ammeter. There is a rotor with a coil wound inside the ammeter. When the current flows through the ammeter, the coil and the rotor will have the properties of a magnet.

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Description: A simple circuit - Concept of a single loop circuit - The video allows you to discover the basic vocabulary such as battery, generator, banana plugs, crocodile clips, switch, terminal, connection wire ...

Definition
Electrical circuit: An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical components (e.g., batteries, resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches, transistors) or a model of such an interconnection, consisting of electrical elements (e.g., voltage sources, current sources, resistances, inductances, capacitances). An electrical circuit is a network consisting of a closed loop, giving a return path for the current.

flash animation

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Simple circuit - Loop - Electricity - SIMULATION | Interactive flash animation to learn vocabulary like connecting wires, interruptor or electrical switch, bulb, baterry... Physics. PCCL

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Description: A simple circuit - Concept of a single loop circuit - The video allows you to discover the basic vocabulary such as battery, generator, banana plugs, crocodile clips, switch, terminal, connection wire ...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Multimeter

A multimeter is a measuring device that combines various measurement functions such as voltage, current, and resistance.
Multimeters are classified into analog and digital multimeters according to how they operate. Analog multimeters were used a lot in the past, with a moving needle pointing to the scale, but now they are rarely used. Most multimeters currently in use are digital.

Terminals in multimeter

The terminals are where you connect the lead wires for measurement. The lead wire's red color represents the (+) pole, and the black color represents the (-) pole.

1. COM : It means a common ground terminal. Connect the black lead wire.

2. 10A : It is used to measure the current in the range of 0 to 10A. Connect the red lead wire.

3. V*Ω : Used to measure voltage and resistance. Connect the red lead wire.

4. VΩmA : You can measure voltage, resistance, and current in milliamps(mA). Connect the red lead wire.

Resistance measurement

The resistance can be measured by turning the rotary switch to the 'Ω' zone. The resistance value is measured by touching the lead wire to the resistance.

When measuring resistance, pay attention to the range. For example, if you measure a small value resistance in a large range, the measurement result will be '0'. Conversely, infinity (a '1' in the left corner) is displayed when the multimeter's measuring range is exceeded. Therefore, it is better to choose a range slightly larger than the expected resistance value. For example, if you measure a 10Ω resistance, it is appropriate to put the rotary switch range at 200.

Voltage measurement

Since DC voltage (DCV) and AC voltage (ACV) have different measurement mechanisms, it is necessary to turn the rotary switch well.

1. ACV : AC voltage measurement

2. DCV : DC voltage measurement

3. 20 : Measure DC voltage from 0 to 20V

4. V- : DC voltage measurement

5. V~ : AC voltage measurement

DC current measurement

Current is a physical quantity different from voltage and refers to the amount of electric charge flowing through the wire per hour. Therefore, to measure the current, you must cut the wire to be measured. Some devices measure without cutting the wire.

There is one thing to be aware of when measuring current. During the current measurement, the resistance inside the multimeter becomes almost '0'. This is because the multimeter must not interfere with the flow of current. At this time, be careful because measuring the voltage of the battery or the like may cause overcurrent to flow and damage the multimeter. Some high-end multimeters have a protection circuit.

Transistor hFE measurement

The 'hFE' of a transistor is the collector (C) current ratio to the base (B) current. When the base current is '1', it tells how many times the collector current is amplified. hFE is also known as the 'current amplification factor.' When the transistor's three terminals are inserted, a number between about 50 and 200 is output. The output value is slightly different for each transistor.

Continuity test

This is a function to check whether the wires are connected. If the middle of the wire is not cut, a 'beep~' sound is output.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A multimeter is a measuring device that combines various measurement functions such as voltage, current, and resistance. Multimeters are classified into analog and digital multimeters according to how they operate. Analog multimeters were used a lot in the past, with a moving needle pointing to the scale, but now they are rarely used.

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The ratio of voltage to current is called the resistance

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The ratio of voltage to current is called the resistance

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Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.

# data[].attributes.subject
Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
OHM’S LAW | CHARACTERISTIC CURVE of a RESISTOR | 4 ACTIVITIES | SIMULATION | Interactive free flash animation to understand the influence of a ohmic conductor on a circuit and draw its characteristic curve. Physics and Chemistry by a Clear Learning in High School, Middle School, Upper School, Secondary School and Academy. PCCL | jean pierre fournat

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
OHM’S LAW | CHARACTERISTIC CURVE of a RESISTOR | 4 ACTIVITIES | SIMULATION | Interactive free flash animation to understand the influence of a ohmic conductor on a circuit and draw its characteristic curve. PCCL | jean pierre fournat

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Multimeter

A multimeter is a measuring device that combines various measurement functions such as voltage, current, and resistance.
Multimeters are classified into analog and digital multimeters according to how they operate. Analog multimeters were used a lot in the past, with a moving needle pointing to the scale, but now they are rarely used. Most multimeters currently in use are digital.

Terminals in multimeter

The terminals are where you connect the lead wires for measurement. The lead wire's red color represents the (+) pole, and the black color represents the (-) pole.

1. COM : It means a common ground terminal. Connect the black lead wire.

2. 10A : It is used to measure the current in the range of 0 to 10A. Connect the red lead wire.

3. V*Ω : Used to measure voltage and resistance. Connect the red lead wire.

4. VΩmA : You can measure voltage, resistance, and current in milliamps(mA). Connect the red lead wire.

Resistance measurement

The resistance can be measured by turning the rotary switch to the 'Ω' zone. The resistance value is measured by touching the lead wire to the resistance.

When measuring resistance, pay attention to the range. For example, if you measure a small value resistance in a large range, the measurement result will be '0'. Conversely, infinity (a '1' in the left corner) is displayed when the multimeter's measuring range is exceeded. Therefore, it is better to choose a range slightly larger than the expected resistance value. For example, if you measure a 10Ω resistance, it is appropriate to put the rotary switch range at 200.

Voltage measurement

Since DC voltage (DCV) and AC voltage (ACV) have different measurement mechanisms, it is necessary to turn the rotary switch well.

1. ACV : AC voltage measurement

2. DCV : DC voltage measurement

3. 20 : Measure DC voltage from 0 to 20V

4. V- : DC voltage measurement

5. V~ : AC voltage measurement

DC current measurement

Current is a physical quantity different from voltage and refers to the amount of electric charge flowing through the wire per hour. Therefore, to measure the current, you must cut the wire to be measured. Some devices measure without cutting the wire.

There is one thing to be aware of when measuring current. During the current measurement, the resistance inside the multimeter becomes almost '0'. This is because the multimeter must not interfere with the flow of current. At this time, be careful because measuring the voltage of the battery or the like may cause overcurrent to flow and damage the multimeter. Some high-end multimeters have a protection circuit.

Transistor hFE measurement

The 'hFE' of a transistor is the collector (C) current ratio to the base (B) current. When the base current is '1', it tells how many times the collector current is amplified. hFE is also known as the 'current amplification factor.' When the transistor's three terminals are inserted, a number between about 50 and 200 is output. The output value is slightly different for each transistor.

Continuity test

This is a function to check whether the wires are connected. If the middle of the wire is not cut, a 'beep~' sound is output.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A multimeter is a measuring device that combines various measurement functions such as voltage, current, and resistance. Multimeters are classified into analog and digital multimeters according to how they operate. Analog multimeters were used a lot in the past, with a moving needle pointing to the scale, but now they are rarely used.

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Electricity Explained | Simulations, animations and videos to teach electricity

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Measuring potential difference using a voltmeter — Electricity Explained | Simulations, animations and videos to teach electricity

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How to teach the meaning of potential difference visually using the Electricity Explained circuit simulation

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Electricity Explained | Simulations, animations and videos to teach electricity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Measuring potential difference quiz — Electricity Explained | Simulations, animations and videos to teach electricity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Multiple-choice quiz on how potential difference can be visualised, and measured using a voltmeter using the Electricity Explained circuit simulation

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Electric energy - consumption, waste, household energy savings, cost, price. Interactive flash animation. PCCL

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Electric energy - consumption, waste, household energy savings, cost, price. Interactive flash animation. PCCL

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
MULTIMETER | Simulation | Interactive Free flash animation to understand the multimeter and its three functions : voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter to measure respectively the voltage, current and resistance. Physics and Chemistry by a Clear Learning in High School, Middle School, Upper School, Secondary School and Academy. PCCL

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
MULTIMETER | Simulation | Interactive Free flash animation to understand the multimeter and its three functions : voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter to measure respectively the voltage, current and resistance. Physics and Chemistry by a Clear Learning in High School, Middle School, Upper School, Second…

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Electricity Explained | Simulations, animations and videos to teach electricity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
cr vis current and thickness — Electricity Explained | Simulations, animations and videos to teach electricity

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The same current in different thicknesses of wire. For a given current, the thinner the wire, the faster the charges. BUT you can’t swap thicknesses without changing the current.

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Electric energy - consumption, waste, household energy savings, cost, price. Interactive flash animation. PCCL

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Electric energy - consumption, waste, household energy savings, cost, price. Interactive flash animation. PCCL