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NASA's PACE mission, launched via a Falcon 9 rocket, will study aerosols, clouds, and phytoplankton from space, offering critical insights into climate change and ocean health. Using advanced optical instruments, it will analyze carbon exchange, air quality, and global phytoplankton dynamics. This includes identifying harmful algal blooms and understanding their impact on ecosystems. PACE aims to reveal how microscopic processes shape Earth's atmosphere and oceans, contributing vital data to inform global climate strategies and safeguard the planet's future.

Question: Are we going to see how bad is the earth and we must care about the enviroment?

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Nueva misión de la NASA observará el ‘universo invisible’ en los océanos y cielos de la Tierra | CNN

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Un nuevo satélite revolucionario que proporcionará una visión sin precedentes de la vida marina microscópica de la Tierra y de las diminutas partículas atmosféricas está listo para su lanzamiento.

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Dolphins are highly intelligent marine mammals belonging to the Delphinidae family. They can live more than 30 years in captivity, measure about 3.5 meters long and swim at more than 30 km/h. They breathe by surfacing every 2 to 3 minutes. They live in groups and communicate with sounds such as whistles and clicks, which they also use to find food by locating objects underwater.

They live in tropical oceans and warm waters. They used to be hunted extensively for their meat and blubber, but now their hunting is limited. Even so, they are at risk because they can get caught in fishing nets used to catch other fish such as tuna. Their intelligence and skills continue to impress scientists.

QUESTION: How do dolphins use sounds to find food and communicate?

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Los delfines son un tipo de mamíferos cetáceos pertenecientes a la familia Delphinidae. Pueden vivir más de 30 años en cautividad y tienen una longitud de 3,5 metros aproximadamente. En la naturaleza, estos nadadores elegantes pueden alcanzar velocidades de más de 30 kilómetros por hora. Durante sus desplazamientos surgen a menudo a la superficie del mar para respirar, haciéndolo una media de dos o tres veces por minuto. V iajan en grupos sociales y se comunican entre sí por un complejo sistema de chirridos y silbidos que del mismo modo les sirve para ecolocalizar a sus presas. Pueden producir hasta 1.000 "ruidos de clic" por segundo. Estos sonidos viajan bajo el agua hasta que encuentran objetos, luego regresan a sus remitentes de delfines, revelando la ubicación, tamaño y forma de su objetivo. Se trata de animales muy inteligentes que no dejan de sorprender a los científicos pues han mostrado capacidades de aprendizaje y cognición muy superiores a las de otras especies.

Se encuentran en los océanos tropicales y otras aguas cálidas de todo el mundo. Antaño fueron cazados extensamente por su carne y grasas usadas en lámparas de aceite y para cocinar. Hoy en día, la pesca del delfín se encuentra muy limitada, no obstante los delfines siguen amenazados por la pesca comercial de otras especies como el atún, y pueden quedar mortalmente enredados en redes y otros equipos de pesca. Aquí tienes una galería fotográfica con decenas de imágenes de delfines:

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Delfines - Fichas de animales en National Geographic

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Los delfines son un tipo de mamíferos cetáceos pertenecientes a la familia Delphinidae. Pueden vivir más de 30 años en cautividad y tienen una longitud de 3,5 metros aproximadamente. En la naturaleza, estos nadadores elegantes pueden alcanzar velocidades de más de 30 kilómetros por hora.

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How active wars are affecting the rest of the world?

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How active wars are affecting the rest of the world?

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SUMMARY

The article talks about those more than 110 wars that are active at this moment in the world, as many of them are unknown for us is such a great website to look at. In it you can find information of every single conflict all over the world, like who are fithing, why, how many years ago... It also talks about how other countries help those that are in problems. Finally how this little wars can affect in a huge level our country or others, and how the economy or laws can be hamed because of this wars.

QUESTION:

- Do you think that a world without wars is posible? How could we do that?

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This website uses cookies to monitor anonymous usage and to help improve your online experience. Learn more. You can choose to accept all cookies, deny all cookies or customize your preference. You can change your cookie setting at anytime. Accept all Deny all Custom settings

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Confirmed: The time of day we eat is crucial for our health.

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Confirmed: The time of day we eat is crucial for our health.

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Summary:

This article explains that the time of day we eat affects our health, not just what we eat. Our body has a natural clock, called the circadian rhythm, which controls how it works during the day and night. Eating early in the day, during daylight hours, helps our body digest food better and use energy more efficiently. On the other hand, eating large meals late at night can cause problems like weight gain and a higher risk of diseases such as diabetes or heart issues.

The article also talks about how modern habits, like eating dinner very late or snacking at night, can harm our health because they go against our natural rhythms. Experts suggest eating your main meal earlier, avoiding late-night snacks, and following regular meal times to stay healthy.

Reflection Question:

How can we improve our eating schedules to stay healthy?

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Suscríbete a National Geographic por solo 1€ al mes durante 6 meses. ¡Por tiempo limitado!

Un reciente estudio liderado por la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC) en colaboración con la Universidad de Columbia ha puesto en evidencia un hecho que antes solo intuíamos: la hora en que consumimos nuestros alimentos puede ser tan crucial como la cantidad o calidad de lo que comemos.

Publicado en la prestigiosa revista Nutrition & Diabetes, del grupo Nature, este trabajo demuestra que ingerir más del 45% de las calorías diarias después de las 5 de la tarde altera significativamente los niveles de glucosa en sangre, lo que desencadena riesgos graves para la salud, independientemente del peso corporal o la cantidad de grasa de cada individuo.

Comer tarde: un enemigo silencioso de la salud

El estudio, realizado en el Irving Medical Center de la Universidad de Columbia en Nueva York, contó con la dirección de Diana Díaz Rizzolo, investigadora postdoctoral y experta en obesidad, diabetes y envejecimiento. Según explicó, mantener altos niveles de glucosa durante períodos prolongados puede incrementar el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2, causar daños en los vasos sanguíneos, potenciar la inflamación crónica y agravar el daño cardiovascular y metabólico.

Hasta ahora, la creencia predominante asociaba las cenas tardías principalmente al aumento de peso, vinculado a elecciones alimenticias menos saludables. Sin embargo, este nuevo hallazgo va más allá, demostrando que incluso con dietas controladas en cantidad y calidad, la hora en que se ingieren las comidas puede alterar el metabolismo de la glucosa.

Un experimento revelador

El estudio incluyó a 26 participantes entre 50 y 70 años, todos con sobrepeso u obesidad y prediabetes o diabetes tipo 2. Los niveles de tolerancia a la glucosa de los participantes fueron comparados, dividiéndolos en dos grupos: los "comedores tardíos", que comían al menos el 45% de sus calorías diarias después de las 5 de la tarde, y los "comedores tempranos", que comían la mayor parte antes de esa hora.

Díaz Rizzolo explicó que este fenómeno está profundamente ligado al ritmo circadiano. Durante la noche, nuestro organismo reduce la secreción de insulina y la sensibilidad de las células a esta hormona disminuye, lo que dificulta la metabolización de la glucosa. Este reloj interno, regulado por un "reloj maestro" en el cerebro, sincroniza los procesos metabólicos con las horas de luz y oscuridad, afectando directamente nuestra salud cardiometabólica.

En palabras de la investigadora, "hasta ahora, las decisiones alimenticias se basaban en dos preguntas clave: cuánto comemos y qué alimentos elegimos. Este estudio introduce un tercer factor igual de importante: cuándo comemos".

Recomendaciones prácticas

A partir de estos resultados, Díaz Rizzolo sugiere priorizar las comidas más calóricas durante las horas de luz, especialmente en el desayuno y el almuerzo, y evitar alimentos ultraprocesados o ricos en carbohidratos por la noche.

Aunque se requieren más investigaciones para comprender plenamente los mecanismos implicados, el estudio ya resalta una pauta clara: comer temprano no es solo un consejo tradicional, sino una necesidad respaldada por la ciencia.

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Confirmado: La hora del día en la que comemos es crucial para nuestra salud

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Un hallazgo revolucionario revela cómo la hora del día en que comemos afecta profundamente nuestra salud metabólica, más allá de las calorías o el peso.

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This newly discovered mineral reveals unknown data about the Earth's mantle

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SUMMARY:

The article explains how diamonds act as time capsules by preserving original minerals on their journey to the Earth's surface. A recent discovery, davemaoite, a calcium silicate mineral, reveals important details about the depths of the Earth. This mineral contains radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium and potassium, which are responsible for approximately one third of the heat that circulates in the Earth's lower mantle. Identifying their chemical composition allows scientists to confirm the location of these elements. Additionally, the discovery of a diamond in Botswana, containing high-pressure ice and wüstite (FeO), provided clues to the pressures at which davemaoite formed, estimated to be between 24 and 35 billion pascals. This discovery helps to better understand the conditions of the Earth's mantle, although its exact depth of formation cannot be precisely determined.

QUESTION:

How does the discovery of davemaoite contribute to our understanding of heat sources in the Earth's lower mantle?

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Four New Deep-Sea Octopus Species Discovered Near Costa Rica

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Four New Deep-Sea Octopus Species Discovered Near Costa Rica

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Summary:

They’ve discovered four new types of octopuses living 3,000 meters deep near warm water areas in the ocean off Costa Rica. These areas release hot water, which helps the octopus eggs grow faster and survive better in the tough environment of the deep sea. One of these species, called the “Dorado,” was seen carefully guarding its eggs. This finding also shows how unique and delicate these deep-sea ecosystems are, and why it’s important to protect them from harm caused by humans, like deep-sea mining.

Question:

Why is it important to protect deep-sea ecosystems like the one where these octopuses were discovered?

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Roughly two miles deep in the Pacific Ocean, on a dark and rocky outcrop near Costa Rica nicknamed El Dorado Hill, scientists from the Schmidt Ocean Institute observed the miracle of life-pinkish octopus hatchlings emerging from their warm, potato-shaped eggs.

These babies were the centerpiece of a two-part discovery announced earlier this month: Biologists found four new species of octopus, which have not yet been formally described, and examined an underwater ecosystem of hydrothermal vents, offering clues as to where more deep ocean species may be living.

"It was unexpected to find so many species of octopus in a small area, first, and second, at 3,000 meters depth," Jorge Cortés-Núñez, a researcher at the University of Costa Rica and co-chief scientist with the Schmidt Ocean Institute, tells DW News.

One part of the discovery came last June, when researchers spotted the rare hatchery for the first time. Using a remotely operated vehicle named SuBastian, they identified two hydrothermal springs, two octopus nurseries and one skate nursery in the area. The second expedition, which occurred in December, verified for the team that these octopus nurseries seem to be active year-round.

Curled up on the black seafloor, defensively wrapped in their tentacles and facing sucker-side out, the cephalopod mothers had chosen this location strategically. Octopuses do not eat while brooding their eggs-a process that can sometimes take years in the cold, deep ocean. But by brooding near the region's vast array of hydrothermal vents, which discharge water at around 54 degrees Fahrenheit, they seem to shorten the incubation period and give their offspring a better chance of survival.

For some scientists, the discovery of these hydrothermal habitats has been as exciting as finding the creatures they warmed. Only one other deep-sea octopus hatchery had ever been discovered before, off the Californian coast. The fact that cephalopods-which are usually solitary creatures-are being found congregating near vents, scientists say, could open new doors to octopus study and discovery.

"It was less than a decade ago that low-temperature hydrothermal venting was confirmed on ancient volcanoes away from mid-ocean ridges," Beth Orcutt, a scientist at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences and a lead scientist aboard Schmidt Ocean Institute's research vessel, says in a statement. "These sites are significantly difficult to find, since you cannot detect their signatures in the water column."

The new species spotted near the vents has been dubbed the "Dorado" octopus after the outcrop where it was found, making it the only one of the four to receive an unofficial nickname. Initial tests show the Dorado octopus shares many similarities with the pearl octopus ( Muusoctopus robustus)-the most common species found among the vents off the Californian coast, reports Scientific American'sAshley Balzer Vigil. The species displays short arms and small eyes.

Meanwhile, the other three species were found farther away from the vent ecosystem. Two of them also display traits indicative of the medium-sized octopuses that belong to the Muusoctopus genus, boasting two rows of suckers on their longer arms, no ink sacs and, notably, bigger eyes than the Dorado octopus.

The fourth species, however, continues to puzzle the team. Its bumpy, pale skin and single row of suckers per arm are not easy-to-place traits, as Fiorella Vásquez and Janet Voight, the two lead researchers tasked with classifying the specimens, tell Scientific American.

In all, about 310 deep-sea specimens were collected across the June and December expeditions and taken to the Museum of Zoology at the University of Costa Rica. This marks one of the first times that all specimens from an octopus discovery are remaining within the Latin American country where they were found, rather than being transported to the United States or Europe, Popular Science's Laura Baisas reports.

"The impact of the R/V Falkor (too) expeditions on understanding the deep Pacific waters of Costa Rica will last into the future and hopefully create awareness that evolves into policies to protect the deep sea of the country," says Cortés-Núñez in the statement. "I hope that the expedition serves as an inspiration for new generations. We need more international collaborations to advance knowledge of our deep-sea heritage."

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Biologists Discover Four New Octopus Species in the Deep Ocean Off Costa Rica

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One species was found brooding eggs near low-temperature hydrothermal vents, a rare sight that could unlock new information on deep-sea cephalopods

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Discovery may explain why Egyptian pyramids were built along long-lost Ahramat branch of the Nile

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Discovery may explain why Egyptian pyramids were built along long-lost Ahramat branch of the Nile

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Summary:

A study found that some Egyptian pyramids may have been built near an ancient branch of the Nile River that is now covered by desert. The researchers used satellite images and soil analysis to confirm the existence of this arm of the river, which they named Ahramat. This branch would have facilitated the transportation of materials to build the pyramids. Furthermore, scientists suggest that about 4,200 years ago a significant climate change and the accumulation of sand may have covered this arm of the Nile. This would explain why the pyramids are concentrated in that desert area.

Question: Did the Nile River only have that function or did it have another one?

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The water course of the ancient Ahramat Branch borders a large number of pyramids dating from the Old Kingdom to the Second Intermediate Period, spanning between the Third Dynasty and the Thirteenth Dynasty. Credit: Eman Ghoneim

Some 31 pyramids in Egypt, including the Giza pyramid complex, may originally have been built along a 64-km-long branch of the river Nile which has long since been buried beneath farmland and desert. The findings, reported in a paper in Communications Earth & Environment, could explain why these pyramids are concentrated in what is now a narrow, inhospitable desert strip.

The Egyptian pyramid fields between Giza and Lisht, built over a nearly 1,000-year period starting approximately 4,700 years ago, now sit on the edge of the inhospitable Western Desert, part of the Sahara. Sedimentary evidence suggests that the Nile used to have a much higher discharge, with the river splitting into several branches in places. Researchers have previously speculated that one of these branches may have flown by the pyramid fields, but this has not been confirmed.

Eman Ghoneim and colleagues studied satellite imagery to find the possible location of a former river branch running along the foothills of the Western Desert Plateau, very near to the pyramid fields. They then used geophysical surveys and sediment cores to confirm the presence of river sediments and former channels beneath the modern land surface, indicating the presence of a former branch, which they propose naming "Ahramat" (meaning pyramids in Arabic).

The authors suggest that an increased build-up of windblown sand, linked to a major drought which began approximately 4,200 years ago, could be one of the reasons for the branch's migration east and eventual silting up.

The discovery may explain why these pyramid fields were concentrated along this particular strip of desert near the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis, as they would have been easily accessible via the river branch at the time they were built. Additionally, the authors found that many of the pyramids had causeways that ended at the proposed riverbanks of the Ahramat branch, which they suggest is evidence the river was used for transporting construction materials.

The findings reiterate the importance of the Nile as a highway and cultural artery for ancient Egyptians, and also highlight how human society has historically been affected by environmental change, according to the authors.

Future research to find more extinct Nile branches could help prioritize archaeological excavations along their banks and protect Egyptian cultural heritage, they add.

More information: Eman Ghoneim, The Egyptian pyramid chain was built along the now abandoned Ahramat Nile Branch, Communications Earth & Environment (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01379-7. www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01379-7

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Discovery may explain why Egyptian pyramids were built along long-lost Ahramat branch of the Nile

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Some 31 pyramids in Egypt, including the Giza pyramid complex, may originally have been built along a 64-km-long branch of the river Nile which has long since been buried beneath farmland and desert. The findings, reported in a paper in Communications Earth & Environment, could explain why these pyramids are concentrated in what is now a narrow, inhospitable desert strip.

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The world’s first saber-toothed cat mummy has been found in Siberia

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The world’s first saber-toothed cat mummy has been found in Siberia

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Summary:

A frozen cub of Homotherium latidens has been found in Siberia, revealing unprecedented details about saber-toothed cats. This species, discovered in 2020, has provided insights into their appearance in life and belongs to a little-studied stage of history, as most fossils are from adults. The features observed suggest that the adults’ fangs might have been hidden under the upper lip, although this has yet to be confirmed.

Question:

Do you think we can still find many more frozen animal species, or are there only a few left to discover?

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The world’s first saber-toothed cat mummy has been found in Siberia

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This remarkably well-preserved cub could help scientists answer questions about sabertooth anatomy, hunting, and even coat color.

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Homicides in El Salvador fell dramatically

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Homicides in El Salvador fell dramatically

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Nayib Bukele has been re-elected president of El Salvador in 2024, despite concerns that his second term would violate the Constitution, he promised to focus on the economy after having improved security in his last term.

Bukele managed to make El Salvador one of the safest countries in Latin America. Even though he was tried for "prohibiting human rights" because of mass arrests.

Many support his policies, and others criticize him for becoming too powerful. In his second term, he plans to improve the economy and balance security and freedoms.

Question: How will El Salvador's policy continue? Will it continue to improve as Bukele's methods show us? Why don't other politicians in Latin America decide to apply them to improve security?

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Bukele gana elecciones de El Salvador: cómo cambió el país durante su gobierno y cuáles serán sus prioridades en su segundo mandato - BBC News Mundo

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El Salvador vivió grandes cambios durante el primer gobierno de su presidente Nayib Bukele. ¿Qué pasará tras su arrolladora victoria en las elecciones de este domingo?

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Noisy boat traffic may hide fish from hungry orcas

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Noisy boat traffic may hide fish from hungry orcas

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Summary:

A recent study has shown that noise from ship traffic in the ocean can make it harder for orcas to hunt. These whales use sounds, like clicks and whistles, to find and catch fish, but the noise from boats disrupts their echolocation.

Researchers found that when ocean noise increases, orcas spend more time searching for food but catch fewer fish. This is an important issue, as orcas are endangered and rely on effectively hunting their food, which consists of salmon. This study is significant because it is the first time a connection has been established between maritime traffic noise and the decline in fish capture by orcas.

Question:

If ship noise makes it harder for orcas to hunt, what simple changes could humans make to help reduce the noise in the oceans?

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Noisy boat traffic may hide fish from hungry orcas

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Scientists eavesdropped on orcas and found ship sounds may hide fish from the endangered killer whales.

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‘Dancing a fine line’: Victoria’s Secret’s runway return straddles fantasy and reality

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‘Dancing a fine line’: Victoria’s Secret’s runway return straddles fantasy and reality

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SUMMARY:

Victoria’s Secret returns to the runway after a six-year break, aiming to blend its iconic glamour with modern inclusivity. Changes include a diverse cast featuring plus-size models and commercial lingerie instead of exclusive designs. Critics, however, question the brand’s sincerity, pointing out inconsistent size availability and concerns over superficial inclusivity. The comeback also occurs amid shifting beauty standards, with thinner ideals resurging in fashion, making the brand’s reinvention more complex.

QUESTION:

Can Victoria’s Secret balance its legacy of glamour with the growing demand for inclusivity?

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‘Dancing a fine line’: Victoria’s Secret’s runway return straddles fantasy and reality

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As the body positivity movement backslides, Victoria’s Secret needs to tread carefully. For the brand, the goal is to show off an evolution — both in culture and product.

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The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Industry

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The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Industry

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Summary:

This article discusses how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming industries like manufacturing, healthcare, finance, and transportation. AI improves processes, enhances diagnostics, and increases safety. However, it also introduces challenges like data bias and ethical concerns. While some jobs may be replaced, AI will help workers focus on more creative tasks and responsibilities.

Question for Reflection:

What skills do you think workers will need to adapt to an AI-driven future?

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El impacto de la Inteligencia Artificial en la industria (V. 2023) - Kuzu Decoletaje - Mecanizados CNC

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La inteligencia artificial (IA) es una tecnología que ha despegado en los últimos años, y con especial fuerza en los últimos meses en algunos sectores. Esta tecnología ya está transformando la forma en que las empresas operan y compiten, y la va a transformar mucho más en los próximos años. Se prevé que para el […]

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There has been more speculation about the nature and function of the wolf's howl than that of any other animal. It is a sound that is at the same time strange and suggestive, which generates a lot of mystery and attraction, even more so if it occurs at night. But it is time to debunk a myth widespread in popular culture: wolves do not howl at the Moon. So, Their presence coincides with dawn or dusk, and they tend to be more active on full moon nights.

Question:

Why do we generally make this association?

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Si pensamos en un lobo, probablemente lo imaginemos aullando frente a la Luna, pero... ¿acaso hacen esto en realidad?

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Insights into Greek mithology through modern discoveries:

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Insights into Greek mithology through modern discoveries:

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Summary:

-This article highlights the lesser-known facts about greek mithology.Disproves concepts that people usually have, ending prejudices about the greek gods and their myths (where they are the main characters). For example, Hades, the god of hell (the underworld, "tartar"), he wasn't that level of evil that everybody believes, he only had bad luck when Zeus divided the kingdoms with Poseidon and himself (because he gives him hell). Then,Ares, the god of war, often referred to Athena, who symbolized strategic and just war. Artemis, although she was a protector of the forest and a hunter, also demonstrated her anger by killing Niobe's daughters for mocking her mother Leto. This knowledge, along with stories about Medusa and her monstrous brothers, reveal the complexities of Greek myths and their characters, showing them with more differences than is usually told in popular culture.

Question to answer:

-How have these more realistic interpretations of Greek gods and heroes affected our previous understandings? Could these perspectives offer modern lessons about equity or justice just as they did in classical antiquity?

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Greek Mythology: Shocking Secrets Revealed - GreekReporter.com

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Many are the stories from ancient Greek mythology that are widely known around the world and many are the movies based on them.

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In Kenya, martial eagles hunt lion cubs for lunch

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In Kenya, martial eagles hunt lion cubs for lunch

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Summary:

The article talks about martial eagles, Africa’s biggest eagles. These powerful birds can hunt large animals, even lion cubs. They have strong talons and excellent eyesight. Martial eagles are important predators in the African ecosystems, helping to keep animal populations balanced. Unfortunately, they are danger because of habitat loss and human activities.

Question:

Why do you think it is important to protect animals like the martial eagle?

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In Kenya, martial eagles hunt lion cubs for lunch

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Martial eagles, with wingspans that can exceed six feet, can take out young impalas or gazelles. Recently, researchers have seen them targeting another species’ young.

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Summary:

The National Geographic España article highlights the birth of a spotless giraffe at a zoo in Tennessee, United States. This completely brown giraffe is considered one of a kind, with experts suggesting that its unusual appearance is likely due to a rare genetic mutation. In the wild, giraffe spots play an essential role in camouflage, making this case an exceptional phenomenon. The zoo has also engaged the public in choosing a name for this unique animal.

Question:

What implications could the lack of camouflage have for this giraffe if it had been born in its natural habitat instead of a zoo?

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Esta jirafa sin manchas es única en su especie

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De color sólido, esta cría de jirafa somalí ha asombrado al mundo por su peculiares características, y ahora su nombre se decidirá en una encuesta.

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Found in the Amazonia a lost city since XVIII century

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Found in the Amazonia a lost city since XVIII century

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This Brazilian Colonial settlement that has been forgonten for more than 200 years is localized in the middle of the Amazona's rain forest and was founded to explore and identify woods and rivers to find new sources of life. This city was covered by vegetation when, in 1822 after the independendence proclamation it was abandonated by it's habitants.
Even with maps, investigators didn't know the exacly location, so the discovering was possible thanks to a very developed laser technology that it has also helpped to discover other hidden cities.
Now they are trying to explore and declare it in danger to protect the rain forest as national monument.
QUESTION:
How can this discover help sciencists to study old civilizations?

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Tu revista Historia National Geographic por solo 1€ al mes durante 6 meses. ¡Por tiempo limitado!

Durante la colonización portuguesa de Brasil, entre los siglos XVI y XIX, se fundaron numerosas colonias en el corazón de la selva amazónica para explorar los bosques y ríos e identificar posibles recursos. Cuando el país proclamó su independencia en 1822, muchos de estos asentamientos fueron abandonados y cayeron para siempre en el olvido.

Ahora, un grupo de investigadores del proyecto Amazônia Revelada y la Universidad de Sâo Paulo ha identificado las ruinas de una de estas colonias, que fue construida y abandonada en el siglo XVIII y que había quedado olvidada y cubierta por la vegetación. Se encuentra en el estado de Rondônia, en el oeste de Brasil, en pleno corazón de la selva amazónica. Los investigadores sabían de la existencia de este asentamiento gracias a antiguos mapas de la época colonial, pero no conocían su ubicación exacta.

Cargando vídeo: La vida Cristóbal Colón al volver de América

La vida Cristóbal Colón al volver de América

El hallazgo fue posible gracias al uso del LiDAR, una tecnología de medición láser que está permitiendo descubrir muchas ciudades perdidas. La ventaja de este sistema es que permite traspasar la cubierta vegetal y realizar mapeados 3D muy precisos de las superficies que hay debajo, haciendo posible localizar conjuntos urbanos que han sido engullidos por la vegetación y que resultan invisibles a simple vista.

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Así es la ciudad perdida de la Amazonia

Obviamente, tras más de dos siglos la selva había engullido lo que una vez fue una ciudad, pero aún es posible identificar algunos elementos de la misma. Lo primero que detectó el equipo fue una estructura de piedra que un primer momento identificaron como la pared destruida de un edificio, pero luego se dieron cuenta de que era una muralla. Desde allí, usando el LIDAR pudieron discernir calles antiguas y otras formas cuadradas y circulares, algunas de las cuales el equipo aún no comprende del todo.

"Todavía no sabemos exactamente qué son", dice Edoardo Neves, director de la investigación y arqueólogo de la Universidad de Sâo Paulo. "Podrían ser áreas de cultivo o tal vez lugares de residencia, pero tendremos que volver al campo para excavar y comprender mejor su significado. Estas formaciones son conocidas en otros lugares, como Bolivia, pero esta es la primera vez que las hemos visto en el lado brasileño".

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"Estamos encontrando sitios arqueológicos en todas partes a las que vamos en la región amazónica. La pregunta es qué hacer con ellos", señala Neves. Su investigación no se limita a ciudades coloniales perdidas: un estudio publicado en la revista Science el año pasado reveló la existencia de construcciones precolombinas desconocidas, entre ellas pueblos fortificados y estructuras ceremoniales, que fueron detectadas bajo la vegetación de la selva.

Neves explicó que la asociación de su grupo con los grupos indígenas locales tenía como objetivo garantizar su protección y conseguir su permiso para realizar estudios de sobrevuelo con LiDAR en estas regiones de difícil acceso. "Queremos empezar a registrar estos sitios arqueológicos en peligro para que puedan ser protegidos como monumentos patrimoniales nacionales".

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Encuentran en la Amazonia una ciudad perdida desde el siglo XVIII

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Se ha localizado en la Amazonia brasileña un asentamiento colonial del siglo XVIII que había permanecido en el olvido durante más de 200 años.

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From Antarctica to Australia: the story of the penguin who swam more than 3,000 kilometers

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From Antarctica to Australia: the story of the penguin who swam more than 3,000 kilometers

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SUMMARY:

An emperor penguin, which belongs to one of 18 penguin species, accidentally traveled more than 3,000 kilometers from Antarctica to the coast of Australia, surprising bathers and experts. Emperor penguins are endemic to Antarctica and are rarely found this far north. The animal, which showed signs of malnutrition, was rescued by the Australian Government's Department of Biodiversity and Conservation to ensure its welfare and to prevent it from being attacked by local predators. Carol Biddulph, a seabird rehabilitation expert, took over his care, considering this opportunity a great privilege.

QUESTION:

How does global warming influence emperor penguin migration patterns?

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De la Antártida a Australia: la historia del pingüino viajero que nadó más de 3.000 kilómetros

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Un ejemplar de pingüino emperador ha logrado lo que ningún otro había conseguido hasta ahora: alejarse más de 3.000 kilómetros al norte de su territorio y llegar a otro continente. Pero, ¿por qué?

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Microsoft introduces “AI employees” that can handle client queries

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Microsoft introduces “AI employees” that can handle client queries

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Microsoft is introducing virtual employees to do tasks such as scheduling meetings or answering questions without any sort of human intervention. This is supposed to free employees from monotonous tasks and increase productivity. However, do you think it will increase productivity or that it will lead to massive layoffs?

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Microsoft is introducing autonomous artificial intelligence agents, or virtual employees, that can perform tasks such as handling client queries and identifying sales leads, as the tech sector strives to show investors that the AI boom can produce indispensable products.

The US tech company is giving customers the ability to build their own AI agents as well as releasing 10 off-the-shelf bots that can carry out a range of roles including supply chain management and customer service.

Early adopters of the Copilot Studio product, which launches next month, include the blue chip consulting firm McKinsey, which is building an agent to process new client inquiries by carrying out tasks such as scheduling follow-up meetings. Other early users include law firm Clifford Chance and retailer Pets at Home.

Microsoft is flagging AI agents, which carry out tasks without human intervention, as an example of the technology's ability to increase productivity - a measure of economic efficiency, or the amount of output generated by a worker for each hour worked.

Microsoft chief executive, Satya Nadella, who disclosed the AI agents at a company event in London, said the tool would reduce "drudgery" and raise productivity by freeing up time to carry out more valuable tasks.

"These tools are fundamentally changing outsourcing, increasing value and reducing waste," he said.

Nadella described Copilot Studio, which does not require coding expertise from its users, as a "no-code way for you to be able to build agents". Microsoft is powering the agents with several AI models developed in-house and by OpenAI, the developer of ChatGPT.

Microsoft is also developing an AI agent that can carry out transactions on behalf of users. The company's head of AI, Mustafa Suleyman, has said he has seen "stunning demos" where the agent makes a purchase independently, but that it has also suffered "car crash moments" in development. Sulyeman added, nonetheless, that an agent with these capabilities will emerge "in quarters, not years".

Asked about fears of AI's impact on employment, Charles Lamanna, a corporate vice-president at Microsoft, told the Guardian that agents would do away with the "mundane, monotonous" aspects of a job.

"I think it's much more of an enabler and an empowerment tool than anything else," he said.

Lamanna said the advent of AI tools such as agents in the modern office environment is comparable to the arrival of personal computers several decades ago.

"The personal computer didn't show up on every desk to begin with but eventually it was on every desk because it brought so much capability and information to the fingertips of every employee," he said.

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"We think that AI is going to have the same type of journey. It's showing up in a subset of departments and processes, but it's only a matter of time till it shows up to all parts of an organisation."

Andrew Rogoyski, a director at the Institute for People-Centred AI, at the University of Surrey, said AI agents could help tech companies to produce a return for investors who backed the technology strongly. In June, Goldman Sachs asked if a $1tn investment in AI over the next few years will "ever pay off".

"AI companies have consumed a lot of investment money and need to generate some returns," said Rogoyski. "Assistive agents is a way of showing everyday benefits, although how much revenue these will generate is an open question."

However, he issued a warning that agents have been discussed as a concept for years but that "we've yet to deliver an agent that is as capable as a human worker".

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Microsoft introduces 'AI employees' that can handle client queries

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US company gives customers the ability to build own virtual agents as well as releasing 10 off-the-shelf bots

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SUMMARY:

Scientists have recently confirmed the existence of two "satellites" that orbit Earth, made entirely of dust. These are known as the Kordylewski clouds, named after the Polish astronomer Kazimierz Kordylewski, who first observed them in 1961. Hidden just 402,000 kilometers away (the same distance as our Moon), these massive clouds are difficult to detect due to their faint visibility and the surrounding galactic light interference. Each cloud is quite large, covering an area much bigger than the Earth itself, but its particles are tiny, about a micrometer in size. The discovery confirms that Earth has more than just one companion in orbit, potentially impacting future space exploration plans.

QUESTION:

How might the existence of these hidden dust satellites affect future space missions and our understanding of Earth's immediate environment?

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Por fin se ha confirmado la existencia de las enormes nubes de polvo de Kordylewski, observadas por primera vez en los 60, lo que podría afectar a los planes futuros de exploración espacial.

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Study Confirms That Water Is Not the Most Hydrating Beverage

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Study Confirms That Water Is Not the Most Hydrating Beverage

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Summary:
This article discusses a recent study that challenges the long-held belief that water is the most hydrating drink. According to the research, beverages containing electrolytes and carbohydrates, such as sports drinks, actually hydrate the body more effectively than plain water. The study highlights that the body absorbs fluids better when they contain these elements, which help retain water and balance electrolytes. This new finding could change the way we think about hydration, especially for athletes or people living in hot climates.

Question: If drinks with electrolytes hydrate better than water, should we drink them more often, or is water still the best option for most people?

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Prehistoric Bird Fossil Could Revolutionize Bird Evolution

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Prehistoric Bird Fossil Could Revolutionize Bird Evolution

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SUMMARY:

Paleontologists have discovered a remarkable fossil: the complete skull of a bird from the time of the dinosaurs. This fossil, belonging to Navaornis hestiae, is about 80 million years old and was found in what is now Brazil. Its well-preserved, three-dimensional structure is extremely rare, making it one of the most significant finds in the study of prehistoric birds. This discovery is particularly important because it may shed light on how modern birds evolved in terms of brain structure and intelligence, which has been a mystery for scientists studying vertebrate evolution.

QUESTION:

How might this well-preserved bird skull help scientists understand the relationship between dinosaur-like ancestors and the brain evolution of modern birds?

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Los paleontólogos lo han calificado como un fósil "único en su tipo" que podría cambiar todo lo que sabemos sobre cómo evolucionaron los cerebros y la inteligencia de las aves modernas, uno de los misterios que más se le resiste a la ciencia dentro de la evolución de los vertebrados.

El fósil, un cráneo completo de un ave de la época de los dinosaurios, pertenece a Navaornis hestiae, que vivió en lo que actualmente es Brasil hace aproximadamente 80 millones de años, durante la Era Mesozoica, y antes de que tuviera lugar la extinción masiva que acabó con todos lo dinosaurios no aviares hace unos 66 millones de años. Encontrar un fósil de ave tan intacto -se ha conservado en tres dimensiones, algo tremendamente inusual- y tan antiguo, convierten este hallazgo en uno de los más importantes de su tipo.

Una nueva especie

La nueva especie prehistórica "exquisitamente conservada", tenía un tamaño similar al de un estornino, y los investigadores esperan que el fósil arroje nueva luz sobre cómo evolucionaron los cerebros y la inteligencia únicos de las aves modernas ya que llena un vacío de 70 millones de años en un espacio intermedio entre los dinosaurios primitivos parecidos a las aves (como Archaeopteryx) y las aves modernas.

"La estructura cerebral de Navaornis es casi exactamente intermedia entre Archaeopteryx -que vivió hace aproximadamente 150 millones de años- y las aves modernas; fue uno de esos momentos en los que la pieza faltante encaja absolutamente a la perfección", explicó Guillermo Navalón de la Universidad de Cambridge y coautor del estudio que publica la revista Nature.

Stephanie Abramowicz

Una conexión entre dos puntos evolutivos

Al recrear el cerebro de esta pequeña ave con tecnología avanzada de escaneo micro CT, los científicos pudieron establecer que su cerebro agrandado sugiere que era más inteligente que los primeros dinosaurios parecidos a las aves y por tanto poseía unas mejores capacidades cognitivas que sus ancestros primitivos, pero que carecía del cerebelo desarrollado que encontramos hoy día en las aves modernas y que se relaciona con el complejo control del vuelo. De hecho, solo hay que pensar en los inteligentes cuervos que tienen muchas neuronas y muy organizadas, como en el cerebro de los mamíferos. Tienen flexibilidad neuronal.

"Los científicos han tenido dificultades para comprender cómo y cuándo evolucionaron los cerebros únicos y la notable inteligencia de las aves; el campo ha estado esperando el descubrimiento de un fósil exactamente como este ", comentan los autores.

En esencia, la recreación informática permitió comprobar que el cerebro no pertenecía a un pájaro moderno, sino a un enantiornitino, un grupo que se separó de los pájaros modernos hace más de 130 millones de años. Navaornis tenía un cerebro más grande que el Archaeopteryx. Antes de este descubrimiento, el conocimiento de la transición evolutiva entre los cerebros de Archaeopteryx y las aves modernas era prácticamente inexistente.

"Puede que se trate de un solo fósil, pero es una pieza clave en el rompecabezas de la evolución del cerebro de las aves", concluyó Daniel Field, del Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra de la Universidad de Cambridge.

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Un fósil único: hallan un cráneo completo de un ave de la época de los dinosaurios

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Tiene 80 millones de años y se ha convertido en una pieza crucial para entender la evolución de las aves modernas.

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SUMMARY: A black hole is an object with such strong gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. There are black holes of different sizes: some have the mass of several stars, while others, much larger, are at the center of galaxies. In 2019, the first image of a black hole was achieved, showing a bright ring of matter around a dark circle. Gravitational waves, detected since 2015, also help to study them. Although light can't leave a black hole, the matter surrounding it emits energy that scientists can observe to better understand its influence on the universe.

QUESTION: How is it possible to study black holes if they have no light?

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A black hole is an astronomical object with a gravitational pull so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape it. A black hole's "surface," called its event horizon, defines the boundary where the velocity needed to escape exceeds the speed of light, which is the speed limit of the cosmos. Matter and radiation fall in, but they can't get out.

Two main classes of black holes have been extensively observed. Stellar-mass black holes with three to dozens of times the Sun's mass are spread throughout our Milky Way galaxy, while supermassive monsters weighing 100,000 to billions of solar masses are found in the centers of most big galaxies, ours included.

Astronomers had long suspected an in-between class called intermediate-mass black holes, weighing 100 to more than 10,000 solar masses. While a handful of candidates have been identified with indirect evidence, the most convincing example to date came on May 21, 2019, when the National Science Foundation's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), located in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington, detected gravitational waves from a merger of two stellar-mass black holes. This event, dubbed GW190521, resulted in a black hole weighing 142 Suns.

A stellar-mass black hole forms when a star with more than 20 solar masses exhausts the nuclear fuel in its core and collapses under its own weight. The collapse triggers a supernova explosion that blows off the star's outer layers. But if the crushed core contains more than about three times the Sun's mass, no known force can stop its collapse to a black hole. The origin of supermassive black holes is poorly understood, but we know they exist from the very earliest days of a galaxy's lifetime.

Once born, black holes can grow by accreting matter that falls into them, including gas stripped from neighboring stars and even other black holes.

In 2019, astronomers using the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) - an international collaboration that networked eight ground-based radio telescopes into a single Earth-size dish - captured an image of a black hole for the first time. It appears as a dark circle silhouetted by an orbiting disk of hot, glowing matter. The supermassive black hole is located at the heart of a galaxy called M87, located about 55 million light-years away, and weighs more than 6 billion solar masses. Its event horizon extends so far it could encompass much of our solar system out to well beyond the planets.

Another important discovery related to black holes came in 2015 when scientists first detected gravitational waves, ripples in the fabric of space-time predicted a century earlier by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. LIGO detected the waves from an event called GW150914, where two orbiting black holes spiraled into each other and merged 1.3 billion years ago. Since then, LIGO and other facilities have observed numerous black hole mergers via the gravitational waves they produce.

These are exciting new methods, but astronomers have been studying black holes through the various forms of light they emit for decades. Although light can't escape a black hole's event horizon, the enormous tidal forces in its vicinity cause nearby matter to heat up to millions of degrees and emit radio waves and X-rays. Some of the material orbiting even closer to the event horizon may be hurled out, forming jets of particles moving near the speed of light that emit radio, X-rays and gamma rays. Jets from supermassive black holes can extend hundreds of thousands of light-years into space.

NASA's Hubble, Chandra, Swift, NuSTAR, and NICER space telescopes, as well as other missions, continue to take the measure of black holes and their environments so we can learn more about these enigmatic objects and their role in the evolution of galaxies and the universe at large.

See our Black Hole Gallery for additional images, simulations and visualizations about black holes.

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A black hole is an astronomical object with a gravitational pull so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape it. A black hole's "surface," called its