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The text discusses the controversy around the Human Genome Project (HGP), specifically the criticism that large portions of funding were allocated to sequencing regions of DNA that do not contain genes, often referred to as "junk DNA." Key points include:

1. Resource Allocation Concerns: Some argued that the billions spent on the HGP could have been better used to support other scientific projects.

2. Doubt over Practical Benefits: While the genetic data may help cure diseases, there’s skepticism about how quickly these benefits will materialize. For example, identifying the gene for Huntington’s disease has not yet led to a cure.

3. Ethical and Social Implications: Concerns are raised about genetic privacy and potential misuse of information by insurance companies or governments, as well as the ethical issues of using such knowledge to shape human traits.

4. Eugenics Fears: The project revives concerns about eugenics, with fears that the data might encourage efforts to improve the human race through genetic manipulation.

This debate emphasizes how financial investment can influence scientific priorities, with some criticizing the focus on non-coding DNA as an inefficient use of funds.

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The Human Genome Project aims to determine the sequence of the four chemical groups called bases in all of strands of DNA contained in the chromosomes of every human cell

Expensive and time-consuming but a worthwhile scientific project for the government to support

Predicted to be possible to find the genes responsible for all inherited human traits once all DNA has been sequenced

For example, genes responsible for diseases like Huntington’s disease and cystic fibrosis

It is recommended for people (married couple) to undergo genetic screening tests to determine all of their genetic diseases.

Can identify what recessive genes will be passed to their children

Knowing the cause of a diseases = easier to find a cure

Able to take action to reduce the chances of getting a disease (heart disease, diabetes or cancer)

May even find out how to cure genetic disease by gene therapy to correct or replace a defective gene

A government data bank would hold every person’s complete genetic code

Easier to identify criminals and trace missing people

Insurance companies can refuse insurance or charge higher rates to a person of high risk genetic make up

Parents may be able to use genetic information to select specific traits for their children

Final aim: perfect the human race

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1. Possible beneficial research that aims to find cure would not be funded

2. Benefits of junk DNA and their recent discovery

3. Research on genetic information so far has not been seen to be curing diseases but identify them only

4. Will knowning the disease beforehand be beneficial? Defected babies, abortion and the mental health of patients receiving the news. Is therapy provided as a coping mechanism?

5. Insurance companies rejecting the access of patients to health services as their preexisting condition has to be reported. The discrimination that comes within insurance and business aspect of science

6. breach of privacy as companies experiment and gain genetic information through unethical practices (sometimes) even if consent is given, does this restrict our civil liberties?

7. Only benefiting the wealthy lives as only higher tax brackets can afford genetic modification. Instead of solving the root cause of some diseases by helping the lower income bracket, the funds collected are used to fund scientist satisfactions and services only available to the wealth.

8. Is this any better than Nazi movement

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Finding all possible genes for all human traits including the serious genetic disease.

Once genes associated with disease has been cloned, design a DNA-based diagnostics to detect altered forms of the gene which predispose to disease.

However, the unexpected result will give the patients disappointment, money and time wasting. If the parents choose the genes for baby, but it didn't turn out good result, the parents may hate and don't like their baby.

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Expensive and time consuming project, heavily invested by government led to the negligence to other projects that will benefit the human population.

Arguments that money is used to determine the sequence in parts of human DNA (that does not contain any genes and is often referred to as junk DNA)

In research, coding DNA that is directly affecting or causing the diesease is prioritized rather than non-coding DNA.

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1) Breaches of privacy and the misappropriation and abuse of information that can lead to the discrimination of people affected by rare diseases by insurance companies or employers

2)Data sharing with private companies, which may prioritise profit over rare disease patients’ needs

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Scientist may know that the genetic information can cure disease and save lives however they are cant guarantee how effective they are.

Ex: Huntington's disease

Has no cure

How old you have to be before they are considered mature enough to undergo testing and how confidential the results can be handle

Whether they decide to have kids since one of the parents with have the genes to carry down to their kids

Can do a pre-symptomatic testing of a child but if it has a later symptom onset is this benefit to individuals to know the truth

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Bad Genes Detected Cannot have Medical Insurance Coverage 

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Bad Genes Detected Cannot have Medical Insurance Coverage 

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-Insurance only compensate to the patient who face with emergency case / issue.

-For anyone who apply for medical insurance , the insurance company will instruct them to do body check . From the Healthcare reoprt , the insurance company will make sure that people who apply for medical insurance are guarantee 100% in healthy condition , then they just approved your application of medical insurances.

-For the current rules and regulations for any of the insurance company , elder people are not allow to apply for medical insurance anymore. Even insurance company approve their application of medical insurance , they will just compensate patient with small and limited amount if the elder person are in risky condition, because as we all know when a person get older , they must come up with various types of disease and become very risky to their body health.

-If we stress on “Ethics” , all of the insurance companies should not set up with such rules and regulations.

-Thus, if the Human Genome Project are executed , this project still not consider as a solution to assist anyone who has genome problem because insurance company will deny your medical insurance if you are diagnosed that you possess gene problem but still not in such severe stage.

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Married couple know what recessive disease that will pass on to their offspring

Ethical issue: Abortion

Get Genetic testing before the couples get married

Adopting a child instead of

Get early preparation by deactivating the gene (silent the gene)

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The gene can be accessed by public and can be discriminate by others. For example; insurance company can use the information to their own advantage. They can refuse or even charge you with a higher markup for gene that you have.

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Genetic Discrimination: Genes are pick according to what the parents want their child to be

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Questions on the beneficial uses of the genome information, funds come from population tax hence, including all classes of economy.

Human genome project aims to improve human genetics in ways only higher income tax brackets can afford, such as genetic testing and crispr genetic coding.

Will these medical advances be available to all public or only targeted to people with wealth. The ethical issue arises from class discrimination and the intention for changing of genetic makeup.

Should funds be allocated to medical services and nutritious food to rural areas where they are more susceptible to diseases?

It is unethical and breaching of privacy and personal decision to decide whether a characteristic is considered bad or good.

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As mentioned, parents can use genetic information to select specific traits that they want in their children. This may cause an issue in diversity as the children may lean towards a majority of another race rather than their true ethnicity

The children may face identity crisis due to the lack of similarity to their parents. Genetically they are related to their parents but they look nothing alike to their parents

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Privacy and Consent:

Government data bank could set up containing every person's complete genetic code

Insurant companies could use the information to refuse insurance or change high rates to a person with a high-risk genetic make-up

The government has access to everyone’s genetic information, so it’s easy to identify

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Eugenics movement gained popularity

People with "bad genes" (determined by the rich / power holders) were sterilized and no rights to have children, basically banning them to reproducing

Tried to create better race

Comparing it with the Human Genome Project, human now once again attempted to eliminate people with flaws just for the sake of science. This brings another question of what is the purpose of science?