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Kindly write your group members' name.

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C4-Analysis (Analyze)

Q1: During turning operation, a workpiece has reached nearly its required size, but the surface finish is still poor. Which action should the operator analyze as the MOST appropriate next step?

A: Continue the roughing cut with the same machining settings

B: Apply a finishing cut with lower feed and shallower depth

C: Increase the cutting depth to remove more material quickly

D: Measure the workpiece again while the machine is rotating

Q2: While operating the lathe, the operating leaves the chuck key in place after tightening the jaws. What is the most likely consequence of this unsafe action?

A: It may disturb the clamping condition during machine operation

B: It may affect the alignment of the workpiece during cutting

C: It may become a dangerous projectile during machine rotation

D: It may interfere with the smooth rotation of the chuck.

C5-Evaluation (Evaluate)

Q1: A technician decides to use abrasive blasting to prepare an aluminum aircraft component for penetrant testing. What is the most accurate assessment of this surface preparation strategy?

A. This strategy effectively enhances the visibility of deep surface discontinuities.

B. This strategy introduces chemical contaminants that degrade the fluorescent dye brilliance.

C. This strategy risks sealing the surface openings of fine structural micro-cracks.

D. This strategy requires a significantly extended dwell time for accurate interpretation.

Q2: An inspector selects a Level 4 ultra-high sensitivity fluorescent penetrant to evaluate a rough sand-cast iron pump housing. Which judgment best describes the suitability of this specific penetrant selection?

A. This selection mandates the immediate application of a specialized non-aqueous wet developer.

B. This selection provides optimal contrast for identifying wide superficial casting anomalies effectively.

C. This selection guarantees the detection of deep sub-surface casting porosity defects reliably.

D. This selection produces excessive background fluorescence that obscures true surface indications.

C6 - Creation (Create)

Q1: A workshop group is preparing a safer drilling procedure for beginner students. Which proposed procedure is the MOST effective?

A. Use gloves while clearing metal chips manually and inspect the work during operation
B. Let one person manage the power switch while another checks the workpiece position
C. Wear eye protection, shut down the machine fully, and clear chips using brushes or pliers
D. Slow the drill with the hand after cutting so the task can be completed more quickly

Q2: A manufacturing student is asked to create a full drilling strategy for a new component that must be easy to manufacture, economical, and accurate. Which proposal is the best overall design?

A. Use many different hole sizes, include blind holes, and drill from several directions
B. Use standard hole sizes, prefer through holes, and plan a logical drilling sequence
C. Use very small drill bits, keep all holes similar, and complete drilling in one pass
D. Use deep flat-bottom holes, apply repeated tool changes, and drill from many faces

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1. Trial holes at 2.0 m depth reveal soft clay with high moisture content. Which factor MOST influences the decision to redesign the pavement??
A. To check the paint thickness of road lines
B. To investigate the soil condition at a specific depth.
C. To confirm the size of road signage
D. To measure traffic volume

ANSWER: B

2.       A busy urban road experiences frequent heavy vehicle loading and high pedestrian traffic. Several kerb materials are being considered. Which material is MOST suitable based on durability and performance requirements?
A. Timber, because it is easy to cut
B. Steel, because it is mainly decorative
C. Precast concrete, because it is durable and commonly used for road edging
D. Plastic, because it carries wheel loads well

ANSWER: C

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C4: A 68-year-old patient with congestive heart failure (CHF) is admitted with shortness of breath. Assessment findings include:

Bilateral crackles in the lungs

Pitting edema in both legs

Weight gain of 2 kg in 3 days

Oxygen saturation: 92%

Which interpretation best explains the patient’s current condition?

A. The patient is experiencing dehydration due to diuretic therapy
B. The patient is showing signs of fluid overload due to worsening heart failure
C. The patient has developed a pulmonary infection
D. The patient is stable and responding well to treatment

C4: A nurse is reviewing the progress of a patient with hypertension who has been on lifestyle modification for 3 months. The findings are:

Blood pressure reduced from 160/100 mmHg to 150/95 mmHg

Patient reports reduced salt intake but minimal physical activity

Weight remains unchanged

What is the most appropriate analysis of this situation?

A. The treatment is fully effective and should be continued unchanged
B. The patient is non-compliant with all recommendations
C. The partial improvement suggests selective adherence to lifestyle changes
D. The patient requires immediate hospitalization

C5: An 80-year-old patient is admitted with dizziness and a history of falls. The nurse implements the following interventions:

Bed in lowest position

Call bell within reach

Non-slip socks applied

Family member instructed to assist during ambulation

After 24 hours, the patient still attempts to get out of bed unassisted.

Which action is most appropriate to improve patient safety?

A. Continue current interventions as they are adequate
B. Apply physical restraints to prevent falls
C. Reassess the care plan and implement closer supervision (e.g., frequent rounding)
D. Discharge the patient early to reduce hospital risk

C5: A 50-year-old client is recovering from a total thyroidectomy due to thyroid cancer. The client reports persistent fatigue and weight gain despite being on thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Lab results show elevated TSH levels. Which of the following interventions would be the priority in the rehabilitation plan?

A. Advise the client to include iodine-rich foods in the diet to support thyroid function.

B. Collaborate with the physician to adjust the client’s thyroid hormone dosage.

C. Educate the client that these symptoms are expected and will improve over time.

D. Encourage the client to increase exercise and reduce calorie intake to manage weight.

Answer: B

C6: A 70-year-old patient with congestive heart failure (CHF) is admitted with dyspnea, edema, and fatigue. The nurse is asked to develop a comprehensive nursing care plan for the next 24 hours.

Which of the following plans is most appropriate?

A. Monitor vital signs every 8 hours and allow unrestricted fluid intake
B. Administer oxygen as needed, monitor daily weight, restrict fluids, and elevate lower limbs
C. Encourage high fluid intake and bed rest without monitoring intake/output
D. Focus only on medication administration without patient education

Answer: B

C6: A nurse is preparing a health education session for a newly diagnosed hypertensive patient.

Which of the following teaching plans is most effective?

A. Provide a leaflet without explanation
B. Advise medication adherence only
C. Combine explanation of disease, lifestyle modification (diet, exercise), medication adherence, and follow-up plan
D. Focus only on reducing salt intake

Answer: C.

PART B: in the comment

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MEQ INS 2025 team 2_vetted and corrected

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1.     A maintenance team claims that interlocking pavers reduce long-term disruption during repairs.
Evaluate this claim. Which justification BEST supports or challenges this statement based on maintenance performance?

A.    Damaged sections can be removed and reinstated individually, reducing repair time and traffic disruption

B.    B. Interlocking pavers eliminate the need for routine maintenance entirely

C.    Pavers always have lower initial construction cost than asphalt or concrete

D.    Repairs require full reconstruction of the pavement structure

ANSWER: A

2. A newly planted landscape area dries out quickly under hot weather. Which treatment is the most effective for conserving soil moisture, and why?
A. Removing topsoil to reduce organic content
B. Mulching around the plants to reduce evaporation and retain moisture
C. Replacing shrubs with pavement to minimise water usage
D. Increasing traffic flow near the area to compact the soil

ANSWER: B

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A group of public historians would like to get insights from a community who was impacted by a historical event in the past.

What is the MOST optimum method to achieve insights on their public memory of the event?

a) Newspaper articles from the time of the event

b) Interview members of the community

c) Visit the event site

d) Research archival materials about the event

[Answer is b]

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A patient with a suspected gastric perforation is also identified as being highly vulnerable to aspiration. Which contrast media strategy should be analyzed as the safest clinical choice for this procedure?

A. Use Gastropamiro, a low osmolar contrast media.

B. Use Gastrografin, a high osmolar contrast media.

C. Use a thick Barium paste mixture.

D. Use a thin Barium sulphate suspension.

ANSWER: A

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MCQ

Rauyani - C6

Aizat - C6

Hidayah - C5

Hafidzah - C5

Adibah - C4

Daliza - C4

ESSAY

Ridhwan - C6

Ridhwan - C5

Hamidah - C4

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Assalamualaikum

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1.     For an athlete who plans to train in the late afternoon before Iftar during Ramadhan, which strategy is MOST recommended?

A.    Completing high-intensity training in the morning

B.    Consuming a high-calorie and fat meal at Sahur

C.    Reducing intensity by increasing skill-based training

D.    Maintaining usual training intensity despite fasting

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1. A road section frequently experiences rutting and water ponding. As a Quantity Surveyor, which proposal best addresses both structural performance and long-term cost efficiency?

A. Apply thicker asphalt layer only without changing drainage
B. Replace asphalt with concrete pavement without subgrade treatment
C. Improve subgrade, and redesign pavement layers with suitable materials
D. Reduce road width to minimise load impact and soil movement.

ANSWER: C

2. A rural road is to be upgraded to handle heavier traffic. Which option represents the most complete QS-based roadwork proposal?

A. Select pavement type based on appearance and minimise initial cost only
B. Choose flexible pavement, include earthworks, sub-base, drainage, and prepare BQ.
C. Improve surface layer and redesign construction sequence and processes.
D. Increase pavement thickness and include imported materials or measurement

ANSWER: B

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Introduction to History & Civilisation (C5 MCQ)

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Introduction to History & Civilisation (C5 MCQ)

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An old manuscript is retrieved from an existing archeological site.

Due to inaccessibility to lab testing, historians are called to determine the potential origin and era of the manuscript.

Which of the following methods would help the historians make most accurate estimation?

a) Proximity of the manuscript discovery area to the archeological site

b) Appearance of the manuscript

c) Language style and/or contents found in the manuscript

d) Materials that the manuscript are made up of

[Answer is c]

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MCQ

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What is the reason for having long discussions among groups? 

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What is the reason for having long discussions among groups? 

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a) Due to having different views.

b) Thinking in different directions.

c) Unclear about the subject.

d) Due thinking preferences.

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What is the most approriate reason for regulating the media? 

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What is the most approriate reason for regulating the media? 

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a) Maintaining certain degree of decency

b) Ensuring stable profit for media companies.

c) Creating an educated society.

d) Enabling civilised political expression.

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Based on the audiological findings, write a referral letter to a professional informing the results of your assessment and management for the patient.

Rubrics:

Format (3 marks)

- correct format of the referral letter (clearly mention the recipient, subject of the letter, signee)

Content of the letter: (5 marks)

- Brief summary of the referral

- Correct interpretation and integration of results

- impression from the results

- management plan

Language: (2 marks)

grammar, and sentence structure

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CLO Statement (C6): Design personal financial portfolio for individuals with varying risk profiles, based on specified financial goals, risk exposure, and budget constraints.

MCQ:

Nizam is a 25-year-old Royal Malaysian Navy lieutenant deployed to high-risk, war-affected areas. He requires protection against death, injury, and medical emergencies while keeping costs manageable. Which of the following portfolios BEST represents a justified solution that you would construct for Nizam?

A. Comprehensive medical card with high annual limits

B. Endowment plan and a standalone critical illness plan
C. Investment-linked plan with savings focus

D. Term life and personal accident plan

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Which of the following media vehicle is the most cost-effective for advertising household product? 

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Which of the following media vehicle is the most cost-effective for advertising household product? 

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a) Broadcasting television

b) Conventional newspaper

c) Radio

d) Instagram

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Based on Mr. AH’s audiogram and his reported concerns, which hearing aid style would be the most appropriate, and why would you recommend it?

Answer:

correct style of hearing aid style (1 mark)

correct justification of the style (1 mark)

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A contractor submitted a tender for a roadworks project with a significantly lower price compared to other bidders. As a Quantity Surveyor, analyse the possible reasons for this low tender and discuss the potential risks to the client if this contractor is selected.

ANSWER:

A significantly low tender in a roadworks project may arise from several factors. One common reason is the underestimation of quantities due to errors in taking-off or misunderstanding of drawings. Contractors may also omit important items in the Bill of Quantities, resulting in incomplete pricing. In some cases, they may use lower-quality materials or adopt unbalanced pricing strategies to reduce costs or improve cash flow. Another possibility is that the contractor intentionally submits a low bid to secure the project and recover profits later through variation claims.

However, selecting a contractor based on a low tender poses significant risks to the client. The contractor may compromise on quality, leading to poor workmanship and reduced durability of the road. There is also a risk of cost overruns due to additional claims for omitted or underpriced items. Furthermore, the project may experience delays if the contractor lacks sufficient resources or faces financial difficulties. This situation can lead to contractual disputes and, in severe cases, project abandonment.

Therefore, the Quantity Surveyor must conduct a proper tender analysis rather than selecting the lowest bidder. This includes reviewing the pricing breakdown, checking for abnormal rates, and ensuring all items are adequately covered to minimise risks and ensure value for money.

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For patients with limited transport access but needing physiotherapist intervention, which strategy is MOST feasible?

A. Only hospital-based strengthening exercises
B. Home exercise programme with instructional videos
C. Daily clinic attendance
D. Physiotherapist home visit

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a) Opinion without supporting evidence

b) Ideas do not follow the premises.

c) Unclear stated points.

d) Irrelevant ideas.

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C4: A 68-year-old patient with congestive heart failure (CHF) is admitted with shortness of breath. Assessment findings include:

Bilateral crackles in the lungs

Pitting edema in both legs

Weight gain of 2 kg in 3 days

Oxygen saturation: 92%

Which interpretation best explains the patient’s current condition?

A. The patient is experiencing dehydration due to diuretic therapy

B. The patient is showing signs of fluid overload due to worsening heart failure

C. The patient has developed a pulmonary infection

D. The patient is stable and responding well to treatment

C4: A nurse is reviewing the progress of a patient with hypertension who has been on lifestyle modification for 3 months. The findings are:

Blood pressure reduced from 160/100 mmHg to 150/95 mmHg

Patient reports reduced salt intake but minimal physical activity

Weight remains unchanged

What is the MOST appropriate analysis of this situation?

A. The treatment is fully effective and should be continued unchanged

B. The patient is non-compliant with all recommendations

C. The partial improvement suggests selective adherence to lifestyle changes

D. The patient requires immediate hospitalization

C5: An 80-year-old patient is admitted with dizziness and a history of falls. The nurse implements the following interventions:

Bed in lowest position

Call bell within reach

Non-slip socks applied

Family member instructed to assist during ambulation

After 24 hours, the patient still attempts to get out of bed unassisted.

Which action is MOST appropriate to improve patient safety?

A. Continue current interventions as they are adequate

B. Apply physical restraints to prevent falls

C. Reassess the care plan and implement closer supervision (e.g., frequent rounding)

D. Discharge the patient early to reduce hospital risk

C5: A 50-year-old client is recovering from a total thyroidectomy due to thyroid cancer. The client reports persistent fatigue and weight gain despite being on thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Lab results show elevated TSH levels.

Which of the following interventions would be the priority in the rehabilitation plan?

A. Advise the client to include iodine-rich foods in the diet to support thyroid function.

B. Collaborate with the physician to adjust the client’s thyroid hormone dosage.

C. Educate the client that these symptoms are expected and will improve over time.

D. Encourage the client to increase exercise and reduce calorie intake to manage weight.

Answer: B

C6: A 70-year-old patient with congestive heart failure (CHF) is admitted with dyspnea, edema, and fatigue. The nurse is asked to develop a comprehensive nursing care plan for the next 24 hours.

Which of the following plans is MOST appropriate?

A. Monitor vital signs every 8 hours and allow unrestricted fluid intake

B. Administer oxygen as needed, monitor daily weight, restrict fluids, and elevate lower limbs

C. Encourage high fluid intake and bed rest without monitoring intake/output

D. Focus only on medication administration without patient education

Answer: B

C6: A nurse is preparing a health education session for a newly diagnosed hypertensive patient.

Which of the following teaching plans is most effective?

A. Provide a leaflet without explanation

B. Advise medication adherence only

C. Combine explanation of disease, lifestyle modification (diet, exercise), medication adherence, and follow-up plan

D. Focus only on reducing salt intake

Answer: C.

PART B: in the comment1.

Which of the following evaluations BEST justifies the immediate placement of a client into the ICU?

A.             All three clients have complex conditions needing close observation.

B.              Client X for chronic respiratory exacerbations requiring critical care.

C.              Client Y for post-op complications needing continuous advanced monitoring.

D.             Client Z for severe organ dysfunction needing invasive support and specialized nursing.

ANSWER: B                                                                           (DIFFICULT: EVALUATE)

A client with peptic ulcer disease complains of abdominal discomfort and bloating after

taking small meals with water.

Which of the following health education should the nurse emphasise to improve the

client’s condition?

A. “Avoid high fat and spicy foods to prevent worsening of symptoms.”

B. “It is a normal body response for your condition before it take effects.”

C. “Take sips of water 30–45 minutes before or after eating to prevent bloating.”

D. “Take small, frequent meals to minimise gastric stimulation and reduce discomfort.”

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MCQ C5 (ICT)

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Two contractors submitted tenders for a roadworks project. Contractor A offers the lowest price, while Contractor B offers a higher price but provides a more detailed cost breakdown and realistic rates.
As a Quantity Surveyor, evaluate which contractor should be selected and justify your decision based on cost, risk, and project performance.

ANSWER:

Although Contractor A offers the lowest price, this may indicate risks such as underestimation, omission of items, or intention to claim variations later. This can lead to cost overruns, poor quality work, and project delays. In contrast, Contractor B provides a more detailed and realistic cost breakdown, which reflects better understanding and reliability.

From a Quantity Surveyor’s perspective, contractor selection should be based on value for money rather than lowest price. A thorough tender analysis would favour Contractor B due to lower risk and more sustainable project performance. Therefore, Contractor B is the more appropriate choice.

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A group of public historians are interviewing victims of Acheh Tsunami December 2004 to understand the memory and narrative of commoners who experienced the tragedy.

In the middle of the interview, one elderly respondent breaks down emotionally recalling the people and belonging that he lost.

Which of the following strategy represents the most appropriate course of action to manage the situation?

a) Stop the interview immediately out of respect

b) Let the respondent express his emotions while continuing with the interview

c) Read the ethics guideline and consent letter to the respondent

d) Create space for the respondent to postpone the interview

[Answer is d]

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A road project is facing frequent maintenance issues due to poor drainage and pavement failure. As a Quantity Surveyor, develop a comprehensive proposal to improve the road performance, including construction methods, materials, and cost considerations.

ANSWER:

To address frequent maintenance issues, a comprehensive proposal should be developed focusing on both pavement and drainage improvements. The subgrade should be stabilised, and an effective drainage system such as side drains or subsoil drainage should be installed to prevent water accumulation. The pavement design should be upgraded using suitable materials, such as improved flexible pavement layers or rigid pavement where appropriate.

From a QS perspective, the proposal should include key Bill of Quantities items such as earthworks, sub-base, drainage works, and pavement layers. Cost considerations should emphasise long-term savings by reducing future maintenance. Overall, this integrated approach improves road performance and ensures better value for money.

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An RLC series circuit is connected to an AC source. At a certain frequency, the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance. Based on this condition, determine the voltage relationship in the circuit.

A. The voltage across the resistor is zero because the reactance cancels each other.
B. The voltage across the capacitor is zero because it cancels the inductor voltage.
C. The voltage across the resistor equals the applied voltage because the net reactance is zero.
D. The voltage across the inductor equals the applied voltage because it has maximum reactance.

Answer: B

Why this is C4:

Students must analyze the condition , conclude that the circuit is at resonance.

Relate that impedance, Z² = ( XL – XC )² + R , during resonance,  determine that impedance becomes purely resistive Z=R which is minimum, so Vapp= I.Z becomes Vapp=IR= VR conclude the applied voltage appears across the resistor.

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MEQ INS 2025 team 2_vetted and corrected

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MEQ INS 2025 team 2_vetted and corrected

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PART A (MCQ)

C4

1-A woman joins congregational prayer late and completes her missed rak‘ahs after the imam gives salam. However, she is unsure whether she completed the correct number of rak‘ahs.

What is the MOST likely explanation for her situation?

a) She must repeat the entire prayer regardless
b) Her prayer is valid if she acted based on her best judgment
c) Her prayer is invalid because of uncertainty
d) She must follow another person’s count

C5

A mosque committee wants to make it easier for elderly worshippers to maintain wudu’. Four strategies are proposed:

Strategy A: Install automatic water taps to reduce water usage

Strategy B: Allow tayammum even when water is available but difficult to access

Strategy C: Provide seating areas and support bars in wudu’ areas

Strategy D: Shorten prayer time to reduce need for repeated wudu’

Based on fiqh principles, which strategy is the MOST appropriate?

A. Strategy A, because reducing water waste is encouraged in Islam
B. Strategy B, because tayammum is always an easier alternative
C. Strategy C, because it removes hardship while maintaining proper wudu’
D. Strategy D, because reducing burden is always prioritized

C6

An Islamic bank wants to design a policy to handle late payment by customers without involving riba.

Which strategy is the MOST appropriate and Shariah-compliant solution?

A) Charging additional interest on late payments to discourage delay
B) Imposing a penalty that is donated to charity, not taken as profit
C) Increasing the total sale price if payment is delayed
D) Ignoring late payments to avoid any Shariah issue

PART B (ESSAY)

C4

During the prominent madhhab period, the development of Islamic law saw the emergence of structured legal schools such as Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi‘i, and Hanbali. While this period strengthened legal methodology, it also witnessed debates on the scope of ijtihad and the rise of taqlid.

Some scholars argue that ijtihad declined due to strict adherence to madhhabs, while others believe it continued within the framework of established legal methodologies.

Analyse the factors that influenced the practice of ijtihad during the prominent madhhab period and explain how these factors affected the flexibility and evolution of Islamic law

C5

A contemporary Islamic council introduced a policy encouraging qualified scholars to revive ijtihad in addressing modern issues such as digital finance, bioethics, and artificial intelligence. The council allows flexibility beyond strict adherence to a single madhhab, while still requiring scholars to follow established usul al-fiqh principles. Some scholars support this approach, arguing that it promotes adaptability and relevance of Islamic law. Others are concerned that it may lead to inconsistency, misuse of ijtihad, and weakening of traditional madhhab authority.

Evaluate the effectiveness of this approach to reviving ijtihad.

In your answer, use relevant criteria (e.g., Shariah authenticity, consistency of rulings, adaptability to contemporary issues, preservation of madhhab tradition) and justify your judgement with appropriate reasoning.

C6

A contemporary Muslim society is facing new and complex issues such as cryptocurrency, artificial intelligence, bioethics, and digital transactions, which are not directly addressed in classical fiqh texts. At the same time, there are concerns about unqualified individuals misusing ijtihad, leading to confusion and inconsistent rulings.

Design a comprehensive framework for applying ijtihad in contemporary issues that ensures both Shariah authenticity and practical relevance.

In your answer, justify how your proposed solution ensures consistency, credibility, and adaptability in Islamic legal rulings.

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Many studies indicate that mental health is associated with over usage of social media. Which the following strategies help to minimise  the usage of social media? 

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Many studies indicate that mental health is associated with over usage of social media. Which the following strategies help to minimise  the usage of social media? 

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a) Conduct workshops on social media literacy.

b) Request social media owners to restrict access to social media.

c) Educate parents on social media.

d) Government restrict general access to social media.

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Part A: Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

C4 (Analysis)

Question 1: What is the most likely cause of a process moving from the Running state to the Ready state?

A) The process issued an I/O request and is waiting for a response.

B) The scheduler’s time quantum has expired for this process.

C) The process has completed its execution and is being terminated.

D) The process is waiting for a shared resource held by another process.

Justification: A move from Running to Ready indicates a "preemption" (like a timer interrupt). If it were waiting for I/O (Option A) or a resource (Option D), it would move to the Blocked/Waiting state, not Ready.

Question 2: What is the resulting hardware/software sequence when a process attempts to access a logical address that does not have a corresponding entry in the Page Table?

A) The CPU automatically allocates a new frame from the free-frame list.

B) The MMU generates a segmentation fault and terminates the process immediately.

C) A page fault trap is raised, requiring the OS to bring the page from disk.

D) The OS performs a context switch to the next process in the Ready queue.

Justification: An invalid or missing entry in the page table triggers a page fault. The OS must then intervene to handle the trap, locate the page on the swap space, and update the table.

C5 (Evaluation)

Question 3: What is the consequence of using First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) scheduling in a system where most processes are short-duration?

A) it minimizes the overhead of context switching.

B) It leads to the "Convoy Effect," where short tasks wait behind long ones.

C) It ensures that every process eventually finishes.

D) It causes frequent deadlocks between the short and long tasks.

Justification: The Convoy Effect is a classic evaluation of FCFS; long processes saturate the CPU, significantly increasing the average waiting time for all subsequent short processes.

Question 4: What is the effectiveness of file organization and security using a Single-Level Directory structure for a multi-user operating system?

A) It simplifies the file lookup algorithm for the OS kernel.

B) It prevents users from creating complex, nested paths.

C) It creates naming collisions and lacks privacy between different users.

D) Single-level directories cannot support more than 256 files.

Justification: In a single-level directory, all files are in one space. This means two users cannot have a file named "notes.txt," and there is no inherent structure to separate one user's data from another.

C6 – Creation

Question 5: Which data structure or algorithm would you implement to ensure the system never enters an "unsafe state"?

A) A Circular Linked List to implement Round Robin scheduling.

B) The Banker’s Algorithm to check resource requests against current availability.

C) A Bitmask to track which processes are currently in the Critical Section.

D) An Inverted Page Table to minimize memory consumption during resource allocation.

Justification: The Banker's Algorithm is the primary method for deadlock avoidance. It "creates" a simulation of the allocation to see if at least one safe sequence of execution remains before granting a request.

Question 6: What is a possible modification to a standard LRU (Least Recently Used) page replacement algorithm to make it more efficient for hardware that lacks a reference bit?

A) Use a "Second Chance" (Clock) algorithm to approximate LRU behavior.

B) Switch to an "Optimal" replacement strategy based on future knowledge.

C) Implement a FIFO queue and ignore the frequency of access entirely.

D) Use a random replacement strategy to eliminate the need for tracking hardware.

Justification: When pure LRU is too expensive or lacks hardware support, "Creating" an approximation like the Clock algorithm is the standard engineering solution to provide similar performance with less overhead.

Part B: Essay Questions

C4 – Analysis

Question 7: Differentiate between User-level threads and Kernel-level threads.

1. Analyze how a blocking system call made by a single thread impacts the entire process in both models.

2. Identify which model provides better performance on multi-core processors and explain why.

Rubric:

Analysis (6 marks): Correctly identifies that a blocking call in a User-level thread blocks the entire process, whereas the Kernel can schedule other threads in the Kernel-level model.

Identification/Logic (4 marks): Correctly identifies Kernel-level threads as better for multi-core because the OS can map individual threads to separate cores simultaneously.

C5 – Evaluation

Question 8: Evaluate the trade-offs between Contiguous Allocation and Indexed Allocation for file systems.

1. Critique how each method handles "External Fragmentation" as files are created and deleted over time.

2. Justifies which method is superior for a system that requires high-speed "Random Access" to large data files.

Rubric:

Critique (6 marks): Explains that Contiguous allocation suffers heavily from external fragmentation, while Indexed allocation (like an I-node) eliminates it by allowing non-contiguous blocks.

Justification (4 marks): Justifies Contiguous allocation for random access due to minimal disk head movement, or Indexed allocation for flexibility, in case of index caching.

C6 – Creation

Question: Design a synchronization solution for the Producer-Consumer Problem using semaphores.

1. Provide the pseudocode for the Producer and Consumer functions, ensuring no "Race Conditions" occur.

2. Specify the initial values for the empty, full, and mutex semaphores for a buffer of size $N$.

Rubric:

Design/Pseudocode (6 marks): Logical use of wait() and signal() operations to protect the shared buffer and manage counts.

Specification (2 marks): Correct initial values ($mutex = 1$, $empty = N$, $full = 0$).

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1.     Which of the following evaluations BEST justifies the immediate placement of a client into the ICU?

A.             All three clients have complex conditions needing close observation.

B.              Client X for chronic respiratory exacerbations requiring critical care.

C.              Client Y for post-op complications needing continuous advanced monitoring.

D.             Client Z for severe organ dysfunction needing invasive support and specialized nursing.

ANSWER: B                                                                           (DIFFICULT: EVALUATE)

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Analyze the systemic vulnerabilities of the Umayyad Caliphate that created the strategic opening for the Abbasid Revolution's success.

Rubric: Scale 1 (weak) to 4 (excellent)

Identification of weaknesses (political, economic, social)

Examining the political factors (lack of succession plans, poor governors, independent dynasties)

Examining the economic factors (taxes and other monetory issues: kharaj, jizyah, ata', ushr)

Examining the social factors (discrimination of non-Arabs, inter-tribal rivalry, etc)

Clarity of analysis

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TASK 2 ESSAY ITEMS & RUBRICS

C4: Analysis (Analyse)

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TASK 2 ESSAY ITEMS & RUBRICS

C4: Analysis (Analyse)

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TASK 2 ESSAY ITEMS & RUBRICS

C4: Analysis (Analyse)

Write A FOUR-PARAGRAPH ESSAY based on the following situation. Write your essay in about 200-250 words.

What makes a business successful? Give TWO (2) factors for your analysis.

Possible answers:

Factor 1: Market Adaptability & Innovation

Analysis: A successful business must respond to shifting consumer trends and technological advancements.

B2 Linguistic Indicators: * Use of conditional sentences (e.g., "If a company fails to innovate, it will likely lose its market share.")

Vocabulary: Competitive edge, consumer behavior, stagnation, pivot.

Acceptable Points: * Investing in Research & Development (R&D).

Listening to customer feedback to improve products.

Factor 2: Effective Human Resource Management (Leadership)

Analysis: Success is often driven by the internal culture and the ability of leadership to motivate staff.

B2 Linguistic Indicators: * Passive voice for professional tone (e.g., "Employees are often empowered by transparent leadership.")

Vocabulary: Retention, organizational culture, productivity, synergy.

Acceptable Points: * Low staff turnover rates.

Strong vision and communication from management.

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You have TWO (2) minutes to prepare for this question.

After that, you have EIGHT (8) minutes to discuss the question.

Share your opinion about the question.

Question 1

You are a consultant for a local retail business that is currently losing profits to online competitors. Evaluate two success factors that could solve the problem.

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MCQ C6

CLO3 (C6): Create critical writings for specific purposes by critically synthesising relevant ideas and evidence.

During a critical writing assessment, students are given a speech delivered by the Prime Minister of Malaysia on national unity. They are instructed to write a 500-word critique for a university newsletter. The critique must present an original viewpoint, integrate evidence from the speech and two additional sources, address alternative perspectives, and end with practical recommendations for readers. Which student response BEST fulfils the task?

A. A critique that explains the purpose of the speech, summarises the main arguments, and describes the intended audience with supporting examples.
B. A critique that evaluates the tone, language choices, and emotional appeal of the speech, supported by quotations from the text.
C. A critique that compares the speech’s arguments with opposing views and assesses whether the evidence used is convincing.
D. A critique that develops an original position by synthesising the speech’s purpose, tone, arguments, evidence, opposing views, and overall impact into a coherent discussion with clear recommendations.

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C6 Speaking Task: 3-minute speech

You have been invited to present a formal pitch to the University’s Innovation Committee. Your goal is to propose a new, student-led business or service that could be established on campus next semester.

In your 3-minute pitch, please address the following:

Propose a specific venture and identify the gap in the current university market it aims to fill.

Construct a plan showing how you will integrate your ideas into the daily operations.

Formulate a brief strategy to ensure the business remains sustainable and profitable for the student community in the long term.

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C4-Analysis (Analyze)

Question 1

A 19-year-old university student with ADHD finds that he can focus perfectly while playing fast-paced video games for four hours, but cannot sit through a 50-minute history lecture without feeling restless and distracted.

Which of the following BEST explains the relationship between the student’s behavior and the nature of ADHD?

A) The student does not actually have ADHD because they demonstrate an ability to sustain long-term focus.

B) The student is choosing to be less interested in history class because the video game proves they have the biological capacity for attention.

C) The high-stimulation environment of the game provides the dopamine hit the ADHD brain requires, whereas the lecture provides insufficient stimulation.

D) The history lecture is likely too difficult, and the student is experiencing "cognitive overload" unrelated to their ADHD diagnosis.

Correct Answer: C

Question 2

A student is very quiet in class and never disrupts others, but her notebook is filled with unrelated drawings, and they often miss the professor's instructions because she is "daydreaming." A second student frequently interrupts the professor and cannot stay in their seat for more than ten minutes.

Based on an analysis of ADHD subtypes, which statement BEST describes these two students?

A) The first student likely does not have ADHD because they lack the "hyperactive" component necessary for a diagnosis.

B) Both students demonstrate different presentations of ADHD; the first shows predominantly inattentive symptoms, while the second shows impulsive-hyperactive symptoms.

C) The first student has a learning disability like Dyslexia, while only the second student shows the classic neurological signs of ADHD.

D) The behavior of both students is identical in terms of executive function; they are both simply seeking attention from the professor in different ways.

Correct Answer: B

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C5-Evaluation (Evaluate)

Question 1

A school is deciding on a new policy to support students with ADHD. They are choosing between two options:

1. Option A: Providing a quiet, isolated room for all exams.

2. Option B: Allowing "movement breaks" and the use of "fidget tools" during the lesson.

When evaluating these two options based on the goal of "improving long-term classroom engagement," which statement is the MOST valid?

A) Option A is superior because ADHD is primarily a problem of noise sensitivity.

B) Option B is more effective for engagement because it addresses the physiological need for stimulation without removing the student from the learning environment.

C) Option A is the only evidence-based choice, as students with ADHD cannot learn in the presence of other people.

D) Both options are equally flawed because ADHD symptoms can only be managed with medication, not environmental changes.

Correct Answer: B

Question 2

A university professor suggests that the best way to help students with ADHD is to "remove all deadlines" so they can work whenever they feel focused.

Evaluate this strategy. Is it an effective intervention for supporting executive function in ADHD students?

A) Yes, because the primary problem in ADHD is a lack of time, so removing deadlines removes the stress entirely.

B) Yes, because people with ADHD work best when they are not pressured by external rules or schedules.

C) No, because students with ADHD often struggle with "time blindness" and rely on clear, external structures and deadlines to help initiate tasks.

D) No, because ADHD is a medical condition that can only be treated with stimulant medication, making all classroom changes irrelevant.

Correct Answer: C

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C6-Creation (Create)

Question 1

If you were to design a "Universal Design for Learning" (UDL) classroom that supports ADHD students without singling them out, which combination of features would be MOST effective?

A) Text-only textbooks and strict 60-minute silent periods.

B) Randomized seating charts and unannounced pop-quizzes.

C) Multi-modal instructions (visual + audio) and flexible seating options.

D) Eliminating all deadlines to reduce the pressure on executive function.

Correct Answer: C

Question 2

You are asked to design a "Success Plan" for a first-year student with ADHD who struggles specifically with "task initiation" (starting a long essay).

Which combination of strategies would be the MOST effective "New Design" for this student's workflow?

A) Assigning the entire 2,000-word essay at once and telling the student to find a quiet place to work.

B) Breaking the essay into five smaller "mini-deadlines," using a body-doubling (study partner) system, and setting a visual timer for short work bursts.

C) Giving the student a list of all the books they need to read and asking them to summarize each one before they start writing.

D) Moving the student to a private office with no windows or internet access until the entire essay is finished.

Correct Answer: B