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The process by which plants absorb water through roots and release it through stomata as water vapor.

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Transpiration Definition

Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants. Most of the water absorbed by the roots of a plant-as much as 99.5 percent-is not used for growth or metabolism; it is excess water, and it leaves the plant through transpiration. Transpiration is very important for maintaining moisture conditions in the environment. As much as 10 percent of the moisture in the Earth's atmosphere is from transpiration of water by plants.

Function of Transpiration

Transpiration occurs because plants take in more water than they actually need at a given time. It is a way of getting rid of excess water. When water is removed from the plant, it can more easily access the carbon dioxide that it needs for photosynthesis. Also, plants can use transpiration as a method of cooling themselves.

Transpiration is used to describe the specific action of water evaporating from a plant, but the word transpiration is also used to generally describe how water moves through plants. When water enters the plant through the roots, it is pulled up through the xylem tissue in the stem of the plant to the plant's leaves by capillary action and the cohesion of water molecules. When water reaches the stomata, which are small holes in the leaves, it evaporates due to diffusion; the moisture content of the air is lower than the moisture in the leaf, so water naturally flows out into the surrounding air in order to equalize the concentrations.

Transpiration has side effects for other organisms in an ecosystem. It helps maintain a certain moisture level in an environment, depending on the number and types of plants in an environment. This inadvertently allows some organisms to survive better than others depending on the moisture levels that they need to thrive.

Examples of Transpiration

Stomatal Transpiration

Stomatal transpiration is the evaporation of water from a plant's stomata. Most of the water that is transpired from a plant is transpired this way; at least 90% of the water transpired from a plant's leaves exits through the stomata. Near the surface of the leaf, water in liquid form changes to water vapor and evaporates from the plant through open stomata.

Cuticular Transpiration

Cuticular transpiration is the evaporation of water from a plant's cuticle. The cuticle is a waxy film that covers the surface of a plant's leaves. This form of transpiration does not account for much of a plant's water loss; about 5-10 percent of the leaves' water is lost through the cuticle. When plants close their stomata in dry conditions, more water is transpired this way.

Lenticular Transpiration

Lenticular transpiration is the evaporation of water from the lenticels of a plant. Lenticels are small openings in the bark of branches and twigs. Not all plants have lenticels. The amount of water lost this way is very small compared to stomatal transpiration, but as with cuticular transpiration, it may increase if a plant is in a dry environment.

Factors That Affect Transpiration

There are many factors that affect transpiration. One such factor is temperature. When temperatures increase, the stomata of leaves open and more water transpires. Plants that grow in warmer climates transpire more. Moisture levels of the air and soil are other important factors. When relative humidity of the air increases, there is more moisture in the air, so transpiration decreases. However, if there is more moisture in the soil, plants will transpire more because they are taking in more water. More wind also increases the rate of transpiration because it decreases the relative humidity around a plant. Of course, some plants also just transpire more than others. Plants that live in dry environments, such as cacti, have evolved to conserve water in part by transpiring less water. This allows them to thrive in arid regions like the desert.

The Water Cycle

Transpiration is part of the water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle. The water cycle describes how water moves throughout the Earth. First, water transpires from plants and enters the atmosphere as water vapor. Water from Earth's oceans, lakes, and rivers also evaporates into the atmosphere. The evaporation from Earth's waterways and from plants via transpiration is collectively known as evapotranspiration. In the atmosphere, the water forms clouds, and then it falls back to earth again as rain or snow. Precipitation collects again in earth's waterways, or it goes into the soil, where it enables plants to grow. Then water evaporates from plants, oceans, lakes, and rivers again, completing the cycle.

This diagram shows the Earth's water cycle.

Stomata - Small holes on the bottom of plant leaves that are used for gas exchange.

Xylem - Tissue in plants that transports water and some nutrients from a plant's roots to the rest of the plant.

Lenticel - A small pore in the bark of a plant.

Evapotranspiration - Evaporation of water from oceans, rivers and lakes, as well as from plants via transpiration.

Quiz

1. Which is NOT a type of transpiration?
A. Lenticular transpiration
B. Mesarchal transpiration
C. Cuticular transpiration
D. Stomatal transpiration

2. When temperature increases, what happens to the rate of transpiration?
A. Transpiration increases.
B. Transpiration decreases.
C. Transpiration stays at the same rate.

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Transpiration - Definition, Function and Examples | Biology Dictionary

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Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants. Most of the water absorbed by the roots of a plant-as much as 99.5 percent-is not used for growth or metabolism; it is excess water, and it leaves the plant through transpiration.

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The process by which water changes from its liquid state to its gaseous state (water vapor)

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Evaporation is the process by which a liquid turns into a gas. It is also one of the three main steps in the global water cycle.

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The process by which water vapor in the air cools and is turned into liquid water. It is responsible for the formation of clouds.

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Condensation is the process where water vapor becomes liquid

Subjects

Earth Science, Meteorology, Physics

Condensation is the process where water vapor becomes liquid. It is the reverse action of evaporation, where liquid water becomes a vapor.

Condensation happens one of two ways: Either the air is cooled to its dew point or it becomes so saturated with water vapor that it cannot hold any more water.

Dew Point
Dew point is the temperature at which condensation happens. (Dew is simply condensed water in the atmosphere.) Air temperatures can reach or fall below the dew point naturally, as they often do at night. That's why the ground, structures, and objects left outside are often coated with water droplets in the morning.

Condensation can also produce water droplets on the outside of soda cans or glasses of cold water. When warm air hits the cold surface, it reaches its dew point and condenses. This leaves droplets of water on the glass or can.

When a pocket of air becomes full of water vapor, clouds form. The point at which condensation starts can be easily viewed in cumulus clouds, which have flat bottoms. Those flat bottoms are where vapor begins to condense into water droplets.

Saturation
Clouds are simply masses of water droplets in the atmosphere. Molecules in water vapor are far apart from one another. As more water vapor collects in clouds, they can become saturated with water vapor. Saturated clouds cannot hold any more water vapor. When clouds are saturated with water vapor, the density, or closeness, of the molecules increases. The vapor condenses and becomes rain.

Cold air holds less water vapor than warm air. This is why warm climates are often more humid than cold ones: Water vapor remains in the air instead of condensing into rain. Cold climates are more likely to have rain, because water vapor condenses more easily there.

Fast Fact

Making Rain
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are microscopic bits of clay, salt, or solid pollutants such as ash from smoke. Water in clouds condenses around these condensation nuclei to form raindrops.

Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Illustrators

Mary Crooks, National Geographic Society

Editors

Jeannie Evers, Emdash Editing, Emdash Editing

Producer

National Geographic Society

other

Last Updated

October 19, 2023

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Condensation is the process where water vapor becomes liquid

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After water vapor cools to form clouds, drops of water come together and become heavy. They fall as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

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Precipitation is any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the Earth. It comes in many forms, like rain, sleet, and snow. Along with evaporation and condensation, precipitation is one of the three major parts of the global water cycle.

Precipitation forms in the clouds when water vapor condenses into bigger and bigger droplets of water. When the drops are heavy enough, they fall to the Earth. If a cloud is colder, like it would be at higher altitudes, the water droplets may freeze to form ice. These ice crystals then fall to the Earth as snow, hail, or rain, depending on the temperature within the cloud and at the Earth's surface. Most rain actually begins as snow high in the clouds. As the snowflakes fall through warmer air, they become raindrops.

Particles of dust or smoke in the atmosphere are essential for precipitation. These particles, called "condensation nuclei," provide a surface for water vapor to condense upon. This helps water droplets gather together and become large enough to fall to the Earth.

A common misconception is that when raindrops fall, they have a teardrop shape. In fact, smaller raindrops (ones that are approximately 1 millimeter (0.039 inches) across) are almost perfectly spherical. Larger raindrops (2-3 millimeters (.078-.118 inches) across) are also round, but with a small indent on their bottom side. They look more like kidney beans when falling to the Earth. Very large rain drops (larger than 4.5 millimeters (.177 inches)) have a huge indent and look more like a parachute. These extra-large drops usually end up splitting into two smaller droplets. The indents on raindrops are caused by air resistance.

Precipitation is always fresh water, even when the water originated from the ocean. This is because sea salt does not evaporate with water. However, in some cases, pollutants in the atmosphere can contaminate water droplets before they fall to the Earth. The precipitation that results from this is called acid rain. Acid rain does not harm humans directly, but it can make lakes and streams more acidic. This harms aquatic ecosystems because plants and animals often cannot adapt to the acidity.

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Precipitation | National Geographic Society

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Precipitation is any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the Earth. It comes in many forms, like rain, sleet, and snow. Along with evaporation and condensation, precipitation is one of the three major parts of the global water cycle.

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97.5% of Global water is oceans. The 2.5% left is freshwater.

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We call our approach "Total Water Management." We manage the entire water cycle, conserving water by using the right water for the right use. Total Water Management protects supplies in areas where water is scarce, making supplies available for additional growth and long-term sustainability.

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68.7% of freshwater is in glaciers/icecaps. 30.3% of freshwater is groundwater. 1.2% is surface water

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Freshwater is vital for life, supporting ecosystems and human civilizations. We use freshwater in many aspects of daily life including food production, power generation, manufacturing, and sanitation. However, it is becoming increasingly threatened. Although the Earth's surface is two-thirds water, less than three percent is fresh. Pollution in the world's rivers, streams, and lakes renders water undrinkable and harms local wildlife. Overuse, triggered in part by population growth, causes water shortages and dries up lakes, rivers, or streams before they reach the sea or downstream neighbors, sometimes causing conflict.

Access to freshwater will be a defining issue for future generations. Students need to understand how individuals, organizations, and nations are taking action and how they can get involved. Below are free, standards-based education resources developed for educators to engage students in science, social studies, and geography concepts related to freshwater. These materials contain strategies and approaches to teaching about water in the classroom.

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Freshwater is vital for life, supporting ecosystems and human civilizations. We use freshwater in many aspects of daily life including food production, power generation, manufacturing, and sanitation. However, it is becoming increasingly threatened. Although the Earth's surface is two-thirds water, less than three percent is fresh.

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69% of surface freshwater is ground ice/ permafrost. 21.4% of surface freshwater is lakes/rivers. 9.6% is other.

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Image

Rivers are a major type of surface water. Surface water is a key component to the hydrologic cycle.

Photograph by a_Taiga

Encyclopedic Entry Vocabulary

Surface water is any body of water above ground, including streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks. The ocean, despite being saltwater, is also considered surface water. Surface water participates in the hydrologic cycle, or water cycle, which involves the movement of water to and from the Earth's surface. Precipitation and water runoff feed bodies of surface water. Evaporation and seepage of water into the ground, on the other hand, cause water bodies to lose water. Water that seeps deep into the ground is called groundwater.

Surface water and groundwater are reservoirs that can feed into each other. While surface water can seep underground to become groundwater, groundwater can resurface on land to replenish surface water. Springs are formed in these locations.

There are three types of surface water: perennial, ephemeral, and man-made. Perennial, or permanent, surface water persists throughout the year and is replenished with groundwater when there is little precipitation. Ephemeral, or semi-permanent, surface water exists for only part of the year. Ephemeral surface water includes small creeks, lagoons, and water holes. Man-made surface water is found in artificial structures, such as dams and constructed wetlands.

Since surface water is more easily accessible than groundwater, it is relied on for many human uses. It is an important source of drinking water and is used for the irrigation of farmland. In 2015, almost 80 percent of all water used in the United States came from surface water. Wetlands with surface water are also important habitats for aquatic plants and wildlife.

The planet's surface water can be monitored using both surface measurements and satellite imagery. The flow rates of streams are measured by calculating the discharge-the amount of water moving down the stream per unit of time-at multiple points along the stream. Monitoring the flow rate of streams is important as it helps determine the impact of human activities and climate change on the availability of surface water. Keeping track of vegetation around bodies of surface water is also important. The removal of vegetation, either through natural means such as fires, or through deforestation, can have a negative impact on surface water. Loss of vegetation can lead to increased surface runoff and erosion, which in turn can increase the risk of flooding.

Credits

Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Director

Tyson Brown, National Geographic Society

Author

National Geographic Society

Production Managers

Gina Borgia, National Geographic Society
Jeanna Sullivan, National Geographic Society

Program Specialists

Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society
Margot Willis, National Geographic Society

Specialist, Content Production

Clint Parks

Producer

Andre Gabrielli, National Geographic Society

Last Updated

Aug. 7, 2019

User Permissions

For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. She or he will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.

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Director

Tyson Brown, National Geographic Society

Author

National Geographic Society

Production Managers

Gina Borgia, National Geographic Society
Jeanna Sullivan, National Geographic Society

Program Specialists

Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society
Margot Willis, National Geographic Society

Specialist, Content Production

Clint Parks

Producer

Andre Gabrielli, National Geographic Society

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Surface water is any body of water found on the Earth’s surface, including both the saltwater in the ocean and the freshwater in rivers, streams, and lakes. A body of surface water can persist all year long or for only part of the year.

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Precipitation that does not get absorbed into the soil or evaporate will make its way from the surface down into places where water collects.

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Runoff occurs when there is more water than land can absorb. The excess liquid flows across the surface of the land and into nearby creeks, streams, or ponds. Runoff can come from both natural processes and human activity.

The most familiar type of natural runoff is snowmelt. Mountains that cannot absorb water from heavy snowfalls produce runoff that turns into streams, rivers, and lakes. Glaciers, snow, and rain all contribute to this natural runoff.

Runoff also occurs naturally as soil is eroded and carried to various bodies of water. Even toxic chemicals enter waterways through natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions. Toxic gases released by volcanoes eventually return to the water or soil as precipitation.

Runoff from human activity comes from two places: point sources and nonpoint sources. Point source pollution is any source that empties directly into a waterway. This might include a pipe from specific sewage treatment plant, factory, or even a home. Regulations determine what type of runoff, and how much, industries are allowed to release. These regulations vary by region, state, and nation.

Nonpoint source pollution is any source where runoff does not go directly into a waterway. Nonpoint sources of runoff can be large urban, suburban, or rural areas. In these areas, rainwater and irrigation wash chemicals into local streams. Runoff from nonpoint sources includes lawn fertilizer, car exhaust, and even spilled gasoline from a car. Farms are a huge nonpoint source of runoff, as rainwater and irrigation drain fertilizers and pesticides into bodies of water.

Impervious surfaces, or surfaces that can't absorb water, increase runoff. Roads, sidewalks, and parking lots are impervious surfaces. Materials as diverse as car-washing soaps, litter, and spilled gas from a gas station all become runoff.

Reducing Runoff

Runoff is a major source of water pollution. As the water runs along a surface, it picks up litter, petroleum, chemicals, fertilizers, and other toxic substances. From California to New Jersey, beaches in the U.S. are regularly closed after heavy rainfall because of runoff that includes sewage and medical waste.

These chemical pollutants can harm not just a beach, but an entire ecosystem. Tiny microbes, such as plankton or algae, absorb pollutants in the runoff. Fish or shellfish consume the microbes or absorb the pollutants directly. Animals such as birds consume the fish, increasing the level of pollutants in their own bodies. This process in which the concentration of a substance increases as it passes up the food chain is called biomagnification.

Biomagnification means organisms high on the food chain, including people, have a higher concentration of pollutants in their bodies than organisms such as seagrass or algae. As people eat foods such as oysters, they may be ingesting runoff from farms, sewage treatment plants, and city streets.

Runoff is an economic threat, as well as an environmental one. Agribusiness loses millions of dollars to runoff every year. In the process of erosion, runoff can carry away the fertile layer of topsoil. Farmers rely on topsoil to grow crops. Tons of topsoil are lost to runoff every year.

People can limit runoff pollution in many ways. Farmers and gardeners can reduce the amount of fertilizer they use.

Urban areas can reduce the number of impervious surfaces. Soil acts as a natural sponge, filtering and absorbing many harmful chemicals.

Communities can plant native vegetation. Shrubs and other plants prevent erosion and runoff from going into waterways.

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Runoff occurs when there is more water than land can absorb.

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Water that seeps through the soil and is stored in underground aquifers. Aquifers are reservoirs for groundwater made of rock that lets water pass through.

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Groundwater is water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface. The upper surface of the saturated zone is called the water table.

Contrary to popular belief, groundwater does not form underground rivers. It fills the pores and fractures in underground materials such as sand, gravel, and other rock, much the same way that water fills a sponge. If groundwater flows naturally out of rock materials or if it can be removed by pumping (in useful amounts), the rock materials are called aquifers.

Groundwater moves slowly, typically at rates of 7-60 centimeters (3-25 inches) per day in an aquifer. As a result, water could remain in an aquifer for hundreds or thousands of years. Groundwater is the source of about 40 percent of water used for public supplies and about 39 percent of water used for agriculture in the United States.

Learn more:

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Groundwater is water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface. The upper surface of the saturated zone is called the water table.Contrary to popular belief, groundwater does not form underground rivers. It fills the pores and fractures in underground materials such as sand, gravel, and other rock, much the same way that water fills a sponge.

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A place where groundwater flows naturally through a small opening in Earth's surface.

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What is spring water? The answer seems so simple.

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The bottled-water world can feel endless and confusing: glass water bottles, aluminum, plastic; distilled water, purified water, artesian water, mineral water, spring water. If only it were that easy.

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Large mass of ice made of snow collected over many years.

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Where are glaciers found?

What causes glaciers to grow and shrink?

How much of the world's fresh water is stored in glacier ice?

glacier, any large mass of perennial ice that originates on land by the recrystallization of snow or other forms of solid precipitation and that shows evidence of past or present flow.

Exact limits for the terms large, perennial, and flow cannot be set. Except in size, a small snow patch that persists for more than one season is hydrologically indistinguishable from a true glacier. One international group has recommended that all persisting snow and ice masses larger than 0.1 square kilometre (about 0.04 square mile) be counted as glaciers.

General observations

Main types of glaciers

Glaciers are classifiable in three main groups: (1) glaciers that extend in continuous sheets, moving outward in all directions, are called ice sheets if they are the size of Antarctica or Greenland and ice caps if they are smaller; (2) glaciers confined within a path that directs the ice movement are called mountain glaciers; and (3) glaciers that spread out on level ground or on the ocean at the foot of glaciated regions are called piedmont glaciers or ice shelves, respectively. Glaciers in the third group are not independent and are treated here in terms of their sources: ice shelves with ice sheets, piedmont glaciers with mountain glaciers. A complex of mountain glaciers burying much of a mountain range is called an ice field.

Distribution of glaciers

A most interesting aspect of recent geological time (some 30 million years ago to the present) has been the recurrent expansion and contraction of the world's ice cover. These glacial fluctuations influenced geological, climatological, and biological environments and affected the evolution and development of early humans. Almost all of Canada, the northern third of the United States, much of Europe, all of Scandinavia, and large parts of northern Siberia were engulfed by ice during the major glacial stages. At times during the Pleistocene Epoch (from 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), glacial ice covered 30 percent of the world's land area; at other times the ice cover may have shrunk to less than its present extent. It may not be improper, then, to state that the world is still in an ice age. Because the term glacial generally implies ice-age events or Pleistocene time, in this discussion "glacier" is used as an adjective whenever reference is to ice of the present day.

Water and its Varying Forms

Glacier ice today stores about three-fourths of all the fresh water in the world. Glacier ice covers about 11 percent of the world's land area and would cause a world sea-level rise of about 90 metres (300 feet) if all existing ice melted. Glaciers occur in all parts of the world and at almost all latitudes. In Ecuador, Kenya, Uganda, and Irian Jaya (New Guinea), glaciers even occur at or near the Equator, albeit at high altitudes.

The cause of the fluctuation of the world's glacier cover is still not completely understood. Periodic changes in the heat received from the Sun, caused by fluctuations in the Earth's orbit, are known to correlate with major fluctuations of ice sheet advance and retreat on long time scales. Large ice sheets themselves, however, contain several "instability mechanisms" that may have contributed to the larger changes in world climate. One of these mechanisms is due to the very high albedo, or reflectivity of dry snow to solar radiation. No other material of widespread distribution on the Earth even approaches the albedo of snow. Thus, as an ice sheet expands it causes an ever larger share of the Sun's radiation to be reflected back into space, less is absorbed on the Earth, and the world's climate becomes cooler. Another instability mechanism is implied by the fact that the thicker and more extensive an ice sheet is, the more snowfall it will receive in the form of orographic precipitation (precipitation resulting from the higher altitude of its surface and attendant lower temperature). A third instability mechanism has been suggested by studies of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Portions of an ice sheet called ice streams may periodically move rapidly outward, perhaps because of the buildup of a thick layer of wet, deformable material under the ice. Although the ultimate causes of ice ages are not known with certainty, scientists agree that the world's ice cover and climate are in a state of delicate balance.

Only the largest ice masses directly influence global climate, but all ice sheets and glaciers respond to changes in local climate-particularly changes in air temperature or precipitation. The fluctuations of these glaciers in the past can be inferred by features they have left on the landscape. By studying these features, researchers can infer earlier climatic fluctuations.

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Glacier | Definition, Formation, Types, Examples, & Facts

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Glacier, any large mass of perennial ice that originates on land by the recrystallization of snow or other forms of solid precipitation and that shows evidence of past or present flow. Exact limits for the terms large, perennial, and flow cannot be set.

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The process of a solid changing into a gas without first changing into a liquid. Sublimation often occurs at high altitudes where frozen water changes directly into water vapor gas, skipping the melting phase into a liquid.

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What classifies a substance or matter, as pure or impure? What are the different conditions for this classification? Know the answers for these questions with a simple explanation through this video module. We at Byju's Classes strongly believe that a spirit of learning and understanding can only be inculcated when the student is curious, and that curiosity can be brought about by creative and effective teaching.

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Volcanic emissions consist of about 60% water vapor. Water vapor from volcanoes condenses to form clouds.

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https://padlet.com/ur_mom1/open_padlet