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Social Norms and Conformity Theory

Yes - Findings are consistent as ppts in the case study recalled what they would assume would in a shooting.

Schema Theory
Yes - Ppts memory was misled as they conformed to their IB through misleading questions rather than recalling the correct account.

HOWEVER
Response-bias factors: The misleading information provided may have simply influenced the answer a person gave (a 'response-bias') but didn't actually lead to a IB of the event. Therefore, they may not actually KNOW.

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The brain distorts our perception of events and people around us during the process of creating and preserving memories. This distortion of perception and memory can subsequently and unconsciously influence the testimony of subsequent eyewitnesses (Rickford & King, 2016).

Identification errors were shown to be caused by unconscious bias resulting from associations made by given faces. The more implicit the witnesses contacted the faces and crimes, the more likely their memories would be false （Helm et al., 2016).

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How does IB link to Knowing that and how? 

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How does IB link to Knowing that and how? 

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when we are made aware of them we know THAT we have them as part of our knowledge but we do not know HOW they have have been internalised or HOW to remove

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study focused on manipulating auditory stimuli (accent status  of EW)
EWT based on a fictional crime presented in an audio recording- participant answered a series of questions to probe opinion of the EW
=found that 'high status' accents were regarded more favourably in EWT than 'low status' accents
=also found main effect of race (white witnesses rated more favourably than black witnesses)

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Evaluation of Yuille, J. C., & Cutshall, J. L. (1986).

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Evaluation of Yuille, J. C., & Cutshall, J. L. (1986).

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Small sample... limited reliability.
High ecological validity... field study.
Participates were well taken care of and 5 exercised their right to withdraw.

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Schema Theory
- Cognitive science looks at how the brain organises, and structures knowledge. As discussed previously, this can causese implicit biases

Supporting Study: Loftus and Palmer (1974)
- Looks at how subsequent information can influence EW account.
The study looked at the effect of misleading information, regarding the use of semantics/lexis and imagery of questions asked in relation to EW testimonies.

Social Norms and Conformity Theory

- Social norms are accepted standards as to how people behave and to what extent they conform to them.

These are largely influenced by social and cultural factors:
- Media/certain upbringing can contribute to IB people form regarding those that belong to an outgroup.
- the way TV stereotypically portrays a certain group of people (eg: black people are criminals or females as nurses).

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A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime (1986)

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A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime (1986)

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- 21 witnesses observed a violent act
- Interviewd by the police immediatley and 5 months after the incident by research staff
- Little change in accuracy of recall over 5 months
- What differed was colour memory, age, height, and weight estimations

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Associating attitudes/stereotypes towards people without our conscious knowledge  (Perception Institute,2019)- system 1 thinking

' implicit bias' first coined  in 1995 due to the idea that social behaviour is largely influenced by unconscious associations and judgments (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995)

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Epistemology, the study of knowledge.
Greek -
Episteme = that knowledge
Techne = how (Art or craft)

Gilbert Ryle. (1900-76)
"Intelligence 'knowing that' is distinct from the practical application of intelligence"

Knowledge that is propositional knowledge
Knowledge how is practical application

A simple way of putting it would be; you could know that a car's engine works by a set of gears, pistons and gas combustion. But this doesn't give you the knowing of how to drive that car. To learn how to drive a car you would need to practice driving...

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- IB exists in every culture, having taken into account upbringing and other factors, IB is more extreme in some cases than in others.
- Can be either influenced or initiated through preconceived perceptions. Hence, are a perfect example of Knowing How and That.

Any questions?

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