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Description
- Conducted visceral revival meetings that highlighted conversion over doctrine
- Believed that God would welcome any sinner who submitted to the Holy Spirit
- He had great success from the arrogant rich to the abject poor
- "God has made man a moral free agent" which means humans know right from wrong, therefore they are held responsible for their actions
Significance
- He changed the religious landscape of America by encouraging people to strive for perfectionism
- Made people to stray away from superficial desires and to be more transcendant

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Description
- Was spread throughout seacoast cities and New England
- Ministers talked about spiritual equality and criticized slavery
- Evangelists convinced planters to spread Protestant Christianity to slaves
Significance
- United the U.S. under religion and cemented some of their ideals
- God became an important factor in reform movements

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Description
- Christianity spread in the seacoast cities and backcountry of New England
- Baptist and Methodist preachers reshaped the spiritual landscape of the South
- Revivalists copied the "practical preaching" techniques of George Whitefield, a 1st Great Awakening preacher
- The preaching was without paper and was very emotional and theatrical
Significance
- Made the United States a genuine Christian society
- Religious ideas also served as a base for reform movements

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Description
- Set out to improve public institutions
- Used money from her grandparents to establish charity schools for kids
- Began a national movement to set up state asylums for the mentally il
Significance
- Her reports and ideas made many states improve their prison and public hospitals
- Set the base for education for children and better treatment for the mentally ill

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Description
- Supported the movement to increase elementary schooling and better the quality of instruction
- As secretary of the Massachusettes Board of Education, she lengthened the school year
- Established teaching standards in reading, writing, and arithmetic
- Recruited women that were well-educated to be teachers
Significance
- She standardized education for all children and improve their quality of learning
- Set up the young generation to be more successful and impactful in the future

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Description
- Organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 with Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Abolitionist, feminist, and the first president of the American Equal Rights
-Raised a Quaker, a religion that emphasized the equality of all people
Significance
- Helped to end slavery and gain equal rights for women
- Leader that organized methods to effectively fight for the rights of African Americans and women

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Description
- One of the leaders of the women's rights movement
- Organized the Seneca Falls Convention
- Began as an anti-slave abolitionist, then became a devout feminist
- She drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, the first organized demand for women's rights
Significance
- She helped women receive equal rights such as being able to own property and vote
- Also, she fought for the abolition of slavery and succeeded

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Description
- The structure was based on the Declaration of Independence of 1776
- Called out the "repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman"
- Many men and women disagreed with the declaration and thought it was absurd
Significance
- This declaration was something the women's rights activists would rally behind
- Made people realize the parallel between Great Britain and Men in their evil oppression

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Description
- Gave a manifesto extending to women the egalitarian republican ideology of the Declaration of Independence
- repudiated the innate inferiority of women and the ideology of separate sphere for men and women
Significance
- Sparked the women's right movement of the mid-1800's
- Eventually will grant women's suffrage and other rights

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Description
- They organized a nativist movement that wanted to stop immigration
- Mounted a cultural and political assault on foreigners
- B'hoys attacked Irishmen and restricted their work to menial jobs
- Germans were denounced for loving beer
Significance
- These gangs rejected reform which would cause liberals to fight back
- Shows the opposing side of the reform movement

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Description
- They came in the largest numbers and altered the culture in NYC
- Introduced German foods, ships, and customs
- Irish migrants settled in the American Catholic Church and joined the Democratic Party which give them political voice
Significance
-  The German and Irish immigrants changed American culture and introduced new values and customs
- Would cause a nativist movement to occur in America

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Description
- A nativist political party and movement in the U.S.
- Aimed to restrict foreign influences and promote traditional American culture
Significance
- They were conservatives that didn't want their culture to be altered by immigrants
- This would lead to reform associated with immigration

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Description
- Formed by Middle-class women that tried to curb prostitution and protect single women from moral corruption
- Provided moral guidance for young women, usually those working as factory operatives, seamstresses, or servants
- They would visit brothels and sing hymns, offer prayers, find runaway girls, and note the name of clients
- Also, they founded homes of refuge for prostitutes and made seduction a crime
Significance
- Signs of early feminism that would spark a major women's rights movement
- This society brought women out of the prostitution sphere which would change their roles and society's image of them

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Description
- Many young women turned to prostitutions because of unwillingness to endure domestic service and subsistence wages
- This formed a new facet of urban culture where men, married or not, frequented whorehouses
- Prostitutes would openly advertise their waves on Broadway
- 3/5 prostitutes' were native born and the rest were foreign immigrants
Significance
- Sex and sexual behavior became the norm which would set up for the expansion of sexual orientation and such
- Sex became more openly accepted and expected which changes beliefs about it

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Description
- A movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence from the use of intoxicating liquor
- Temperance reformers denounced Germans for their fondness for beer
- Reformers believed that prohibiting alcohol would make people safer, healthier, and more productive
Significance
- This movement promoted good health and well-being by exposing the negative effects of alcohol
- The women reformers would gain more political voice and power through their reforms leading to the obtaining of their rights

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Description
- White actors in blackface would present comic routines that mixed racist caricature and social criticism
- Would portray African Americans as lazy, sensual, and irresponsible while criticizing white society
- Minstrels would criticize the drunkness of Irish immigrants and denounce women's demands for political rights
- Spread racism among Irish and German immigrants
Significance
- Even though minstrelsy was racist, it was used to criticize white society, leading to reform movements
- Minstrelsy probably made the abolitionist feistier and further divided the Free and Slave states

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Description
- Mormons were constantly discriminated against and persecuted for their religious beliefs
- Jospeh Smith Jr was murdered for his Mormonism
- Protestants were hostile towards the Mormons
Significance
- Reveals that the law doesn't always protect people's rights
- This would encourage more reform movements to ensure that people's rights are respected

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Description
- The Mormons were persecuted for their values in patriarchal power, polygamy, authoritarian leadership, and conservative ideals
- They had to constantly move around to escape from religious persecution(New York to Missouri to Illinois to Utah)
- Anti-Mormon mob stormed Joseph Smith Jr's jail and murder him and his brother
- Eventually the "Mormon War" broke out due to territorial self-determination against the federal government
Significance
- Reveals how hostile people were against conservative ideas and practices
- Causes people to push towards reform and new ideas

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Description
- Brigham Young and about 6,500 Mormons fled to present-day Utah to escape from religious oppression after the murder of the founder, Joseph Smith
- Mormons were hated for their polygamy and traditional views
- Mormon Trail starts at Nauvoo, Illinois, and ends in Salt Lake City, Utah
- 1,300 miles long and took 3 months
Significance
- The extreme across America hike was a testament to their conviction to preserve their religious ideals
- Shows how extreme the reformists can be to uphold their ideals

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Description
-  Brigham Young led the Mormons after Smith died and fled to present-day Utah
- Young and the Mormons ruled in an authoritarian fashion and promoted patriarchal society
- Polygamy was the norm for Mormons, and this made the Christians angry
- When they openly resisted federal laws, the Mormon War came
Significance
- The reaffirming of traditional Puritan values and endorsement of private property and individual enterprise contributed to the new market society
- Emphasized authoritarian rule and strict discipline

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Description
- Founded by Noyes who believed in perfectionism
- Rejected monogamy(one wife or husband only) and embraced complex marriage where all members of the community were married to one another
- He rejected monogamy mostly to free women from their status as property of their husband
- Discouraged pregnancies(to give women more freedom in the community) and urged men to avoid orgasm during intercourse
Significance
- Socialist values of the Oneida and radical ideas about sexual norms went against the emerging market society
- Their utopia was egalitarian which promoted equality, setting seeds for future reform

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Description
- First successful American communal movement and founded by Mother Ann
- Accepted strict supervision by church leaders and pledged to abstain from alcohol, politics, tobacco, war, and sexual pleasure and marriage
- Prompted the replacement of male leadership with both male and female governance
- Relied on conversions and adoption of orphans to increase their population because they couldn't have intercourse
Significance
- The Shakers promoted self-discipline and rejected "lustful gratifications" and the superficial way of living
- Their idealogy enabled deeper and more spiritual ways of living which would lead to self-reflection and reform

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Description
- Written by Walt Whitman, a printer, teacher, journalist, and editor
- Collection of wild, exuberant poems that highlighted Whitman's attempts to transcend many "invisible boundaries"
- "Invisible boundaries" included solitude and community, prose and poetry, and living and the dead
Significance
- The celebration of the individual rather than the community serves to lessen the tight hold of tradition on the people
- Optimistic poems impact the minds of people by making them feel invigorated and open to change

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Description
- Built a cabin near Walden Pond and lived there for 2 years after his brother's death
- Lived in the woods to "live deliberately, to front the essential facts of life..."
- Pushed for independent thought and rejected unthinking conformity to social norms
Significance
- Further argued the points Emerson makes; he urges people to think independently, to not conform to society
- This independent thinking results in new ideas such as the abolition of slavery and women's rights

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Description
- Leading figure for the transcendentalism movement
- Delivered 1500 lectures in more than 300 towns in 20 states
- Urged people to break away from tradition and expand their spiritual awareness
- Argued that people were restricted by inherited custom and institutions of older times
Significance
- Emerson's ideas of mass reform, individualism, and spiritual awareness lead to the founding of a new idea, Transcendentalism
- He made people realize that their past traditions and institutions are restricting their ability to grow

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Description
- an intellectual movement grounded in the religion of New England
- rejected the rational and orderly world of the Enlightenment
- Embraced human passion and searched for the mysteries of existence
- Ideal setting for transcending is alone in nature under an open sky
Significance
- Transcendentalism served as the root of reform in the 1800s.
- The idea of rejecting tradition and seeking change sparks the reforms that occur in America