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https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/palo-alto-recycling-asia-garbage-waste-rcna58633

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But investigators still struggle to track suspicious shipments, said Ioana Cotutiu, a project coordinator with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime who works on the trade in illegal waste.

"Very often there are a lot of intermediaries and we're losing track of the waste," she said in a webinar this year. "Once it reaches the destination country, we don't know what happens after."

The global recycling trade dates back at least 30 years, enabling rich countries like the U.S. to keep the cost of recycling lower for consumers by outsourcing some of it to developing countries.

In recent years the global plastic trade has shrunk amid new controls by rich and developing countries alike. U.S. plastic waste exports to Asia fell to 330 million pounds in 2021, according to government data, half their 2017 level.

But even these reduced volumes, environmental groups charge, can overwhelm developing countries that lack the facilities to manage them. Asia is a key danger zone: According to a World Bank estimate, only about 9% of waste in the East Asia and Pacific region gets recycled.

The balance goes to landfills and incinerators or into nature, with local and global consequences.

"Some in Laos see the imported waste as an opportunity," said Serge Doussant, head of Green Vientiane, an advocacy group in the Laotian capital. "But Laos doesn't have the necessary factories to treat the amount of plastic waste coming from wealthy countries."

At one informal dump site in Vientiane, discarded water bottles, shredded plastic bags and shards of styrofoam were strewn across a 50-foot stretch of the bank of the Mekong River.

According to the World Bank, this is one of 149 known informal dump sites in Laos. Such sites can leach plastics into the 2,500-mile Mekong and - as it travels downriver through several other countries - into the sea. Research suggests countries in Southeast Asia rank among the top global sources of ocean plastic.

That issue came into focus in 2017, when China, which had long absorbed about half of plastic scrap traded worldwide, effectively banned all imports.

Imports to Southeast Asia surged the following year: more than tripling in Malaysia, doubling in Vietnam and growing nearly tenfold in Thailand, according to a report last year by the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.

The reception was mixed. In China's exit, business and political elites in other countries saw opportunities to establish a new "green" industry in plastics recycling.

But environmental campaigners have also documented disastrous side effects: mountains of abandoned trash set aflame, dozens of bootleg recycling operations, and evidence of toxins in local soil and food.

Pursuing transparency - and hitting a wall

The headlines out of Southeast Asia stirred consciences in Palo Alto.

Concerned residents asked the city to require their trash hauler, GreenWaste, to annually report how and where their recycling was handled.

The city agreed, and GreenWaste complied. But as GreenWaste's reports show, it could not establish full traceability.

A key reason, Palo Alto officials said, is that GreenWaste conducts some recycling through middlemen called brokers.

Brokers do not recycle goods, but instead buy and sell them like commodities. Industry participants say they play an important role in linking waste collectors, like GreenWaste, with recycling factories around the world.

But when GreenWaste asked its brokers to specify where and with whom they did business, they balked.

Revealing those relationships would show competitors his company's cost structure "and how to compete against us," said William Winchester, chief operations officer for Los Angeles-based Berg Mill, one of the companies that buys materials from GreenWaste.

"I understand their desire for transparency. But let me frame it differently. Should KFC reveal their original chicken recipe? Should Ben & Jerry's tell us the secret sauce of how they make their ice cream?" he said. "It's not a cover-up. It's about protecting our relationships and how we get things done."

Reshoring recycling

Palo Alto officials said they've taken two lessons from this saga.

First, they want to recycle more in the U.S. In May, city staff asked to divert some of Palo Alto's waste streams to facilities in Louisiana and Southern California. The move would bump the city's domestic recycling rate to about 60%, they said.

If made permanent, staff said, the change could increase the average citizen's recycling bill by about $33 a year.

The second lesson, City Manager Ed Shikada said, is that Palo Alto can't transform the global recycling system alone.

In March the city began talks with other interested California cities to discuss possible reforms at the local or state levels.

The group includes San Jose, the largest city in the San Francisco Bay Area, and about a dozen other Northern California municipalities.

Shikada said they might seek to expand recycling capacity in California, for instance, or ask lawmakers to impose new transparency requirements on companies that export recyclable goods.

Winchester, of Berg Mill, said he attended a recent meeting but came away disappointed.

He said it felt like a missed opportunity to finally grapple with the "big societal questions" - the trade-offs - that come with recycling.

One question he thinks about: Shouldn't developing countries get to decide, for themselves, how to balance environmental goals with economic gains - as China and the U.S. once did?

"If we want to say no waste gets exported, and it all has to get done here, not a bad concept, it's just going to raise the cost a lot," he said. "It goes back to what do we want as citizens? What do we really care about that we're really ready to participate in with our money and time?"

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California city asked where its recycling went. The answer wasn't pretty.

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But investigators still struggle to track suspicious shipments, said Ioana Cotutiu, a project coordinator with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime who works on the trade in illegal waste. "Very often there are a lot of intermediaries and we're losing track of the waste," she said in a webinar this year.

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https://pin.it/6EC06Pt

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https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/138234197/

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WEDNESDAY. SEPTEMBER 12. 194? ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH PAGE 13C FEW BUILDING SKELETONS ALL THAT STAND IN HIROSHIMA ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH E FEAR ON SEEING ONE B-29JN SKV Everything Leveled in Center of City', First Americans rind on Visiting Target of Atomic Bomb. By VEBN II AUG LAND HIROSHIMA, .Japan (AP) Streetcars rattle alone the streets where rot a single building stands. A few deadpan civilians pedal slowly through the rubble Block after block contains only a thin covering of rusting tin, a few stones and some broken bricks. The twisted frames of less than a dozen buildings stand for lornly alone in the midst of ruin that was once touted as Japan a most modernized city. That was the Hiroshima I saw Sept. 4 with the first American postwar visitors to the world's first target of the atomic bomb. We landed in a B-17 at the 2000-foot Kure airstrip and drove In cars provided by the Japanese for the 12 miles to Hiroshima. For its size, no city in the world was so completely wiped out by bombs as was this war-swollen metropolis of 400,000, whose heart was smashed completely by a ingle application of atomic power. (Haugland was one of a group of American correspondents who toured former European battle-fronts last July to study the effects of Allied bombing on cities ef the continent.) The buildings, once the most modern of the Japanese empire, were simply smashed not split apart as from an ordinary demolition raid but leveled over the ground. By contrast, Bremen, Hamburg and Berlin seem almost untouched. Heap of Rubble Once a Talari. All that remains of the once impressive local palace of the Emperor Is a three-foot pile of con crete very faintly resembling the base of a building. Japanese newspaper men who had visited the city shortly after the bombing Aug. 6 told me that the residents of Hiroshima "hate you and think you the most fiend ish, cruel people on earth." Hiro-kuni Dadai, chief of the police prefecture, told us we might be attacked. ' However, pedestrians and cyclists stared blankly but do-ciley as our party wandered for two hours through the ruins, photographing and staring In awe at the damage dona by a single bomb. News of the bombing was with held at first from the people of Japan, the reporters told us, because the destruction was so great that it was feared much criticism would arise from the lack of protection. Only one air raid shelter in the city escaped the attack an army headquarters ahelter under 18 feet of earth and concrete. Popular Surprised. The Japanese Second Army headquarters was wiped out and number of generals were killed. The death toll of Hiroshima (placed at 126,000 by the news agency Domei) was so great, the Japanese reporters explained, because the single B-29 carrying the bomb caught the people by surprise. Accustomed to seeing 100-plene raids and larger, they paid cant attention to the bomber. An air raid warning was sounded but was folowed by an all-clear signal, so that moil people were outside. Then the Superfortress hov- red seconds overhead and turned away they saw the new bomb falling, suspended by two parachutes. At an altitude of between 1000 and 1500 feet. It exploded with a brilliant, blinding flash. A small boy who was ques tioned through the Interpreters aid the flash was "very, very bright, like a great big sun." Most of the deaths were caused by fire, not only from the bomb, but from the breakfast cooking fires which were going in almost very house when the bomb truck, setting flames which raged uncontrolled for six hours, Dadai, the police official, said. Survivor's Description. Dadai, whose principal war lob was investigation of persons with "dangerous Red ideas." said he had returned from Tokyo only 40 minutes before the bomb attack- He still wears a bandage around his head where he was struck by debris at his home a little over mile from the business district. "I first saw a little spark and then the great flash, he said. "Trees swayed as in a great wind, but I didn't hear any explosion. Then my house fell down and started burning. A great column of black smoke shot up to the clouds. The city was afire and the mountains too were In flames. I tried to get into Hiroshima but I couldn't because of the heat, so I found the nearest police station and telephoned a report to Tokyo. "Then I tried to assemble all the relief I could and started getting doctors and firefighters. I wasn't able to get into Hiroshima until 4 oclock in the afternoon and could not reach the wounded until the military took boats up the river that night and reached the fire area that way. "It was the worst sight you can imagine, the most horrible of the war. "Everything was scorched to the ground. Every living thing was blackened ad waiting to die. Teleph'-- " ---- either down r the ' ' ' Z "2 down. POPULAC CAUGHT OFFGUARD HAD NO Atomic f4 Steel girders of a modern building mad the fire-gutted remains acres of debris in Hiroshima first city to be hit RUSSIAN URGES ATOMIC INTERNATIONAL CONTROL, SCIENCE COLLABORATION MOSCOW (AP) INTERNATIONAL control of the atomic bomb and "real international collaboration in the field of science" are urged by M. Rubinstein in an article In the Soviet publication, New Times. The article says there is danger that the atomic energy discovery might be seized by monopolies, not to mention "the great danger of seizure of this menacing weapon by aggressors." It criticizes what it terms the "reactionary part" of the American press which, it says, insists that the United States keep the production of the atomic bomb a secret while awaiting future wars. U.S. INDUSTRY 10 GET SEIZED AXIS SECRETS Truman Prepares to Release Scientific and Industrial Information. WASHINGTON (AP) President Truman has taken steps to provide for the release to American industry of scientific and industrial information seized from the enemy in the war. In an executive order Aug. 27 he put such information, including patents, under Jurisdiction of Chairman John W. Snyder of the War Mobilization and Reconversion Ioard. "Nothing in this order shall be construed to limit or modify the power of the Secretary of War or the Secretary of the Navy to de termine finally whether the national military security permits the release in whole or in part of enemy scientific or industrial in formation." the order said. Asserting he wanted scientific and industrial Information obtained from Germany and Japan to be "of maximum benefit to the public," Truman said: "It is the policy of this govern ment, subject to the requirements of national military security, that there shall be prompt, public, free and general dissemination 01 enemy scientific and industrial in formation," he declared. "The expression 'enemy scien tific and industrial information,' as used herein, is defined to comprise all information concerning scientific, industrial and techno logical processes, inventions, meth ods, - devices, improvements and advances heretofore or hereafter obtained by any department or agency of this government in enemy countries regardless of its origin, or in liberated areas, if such information is of enemy origin or has been acquired or appropriated by the enemy." KENNEY'S AIR FORCES DOWNED 11,900 JAP PLANES IN WAR UNITED STATES FAR EAST AIR FORCE HEADQUARTERS. Philippines (AP) In a review of mora than three years or war, Gen. George C. Kenney'a Far East Air Forces headquarters said Aug. 16 his Allied air units destroyed 11,900 Japanese aircraft and probably destroyed 4676 more. The official news release said forces under Kenney sank more than 1,700,000 tons of enemy shipping and damaged nearly 3,000,000 tons. . ' Hundreds of big buildings had just disappeared. "South, west and east there were still dark columns of smoke rising. There were many, many bodies. "In the center of the city, everyone was killed. "My first thought after the bomb fell was that there were hundreds of bombs dropping. After a few minutes I thought it was an aerial torpedo attack. Later I learned that three planes were seen and the bomb was seen dropping by parachute.1 Destruction in Japs Report People Still Dying In Cities Hit by x Atomic Bombs Estimates Run as High as 90,000 Killed at Hiroshima and Nagasaki U. S. Army Experts on Way to Study Devastation. By DUAXE IIENNESSY YOKOHAMA (AP) A secretive group of American Army experts has gone to Hiroshima to study the devastation wrought in the world's first atomic bombing. The Japanese made extensive reports of results of their own in quiry and asserted that many per sons, Including those who rushed In after the bombing to aid in relief work, were slowly dying. me united states Army s ex perts assigned by the War Department, refused to discuss the course their inquiry will take, but they obviously intend to study in detail effects of the bomb on both persons and property. They are expected to report only to the War Department. Their names are a military secret. Casualty Figures In Doubt. (How many persons were killed by the atomic bombs may never be determined. Broadcast Japanese reports last month said about 90,000 persons had perished. The Hiroshima figures immediately after the bombing were given as 30,000 dead and 160,000 wounded out of a total population of 250,- 000. Two weeks after the bombing, it was reported, the deaths had risen to 60,000 and on Sept. 8 Domei news agency said the toll stood at 126,000. Deaths at Na gasaki, the second city to be atom-bombed, were put at 13,000 killed and more than 10,000 miss ing out of a population of 253,-000. The total of injured was given at 180,000. (However, Domei said in a broadcast Sept. 6 that a report to the Japanese Diet listed total air raid casualties for the war as follows: Tokyo, fire-bombed repeatedly by Superfortresses, 88.250 dead, 61,-306 wounded, 2,578,000 homeless; Hiroshima. 49.221 dead, 68.839 wounded, 359,000 homeless; Nagasaki. 21.S01 killed. 51.580 wounded, 204,960 homeless. (The atom bombing of Hiroshima was the only air attack on that city, therefore the figures for it apparently are all atom bomb casualties. Nagasaki had been attacked with explosive and fire bombs and presumably the atomic bombing casualties are merely a part of its total. Tokyo was rot atom-bombed.) Work of Jap Kxpert. The Japanese reports said that since Aug. 30, a group of 20 experts have been at work at Hiroshima, headed by Dr. Masao Tsu-zuki, Tokyo Untversity professor and a leading Japanese authority on anatomy and pathology. Radar Beams Led R.A.F. Bombers To Targets Through Fog or Storm By HENRY B. JAMESON AN K.A.F. BOMBER BASE. England (AP) The British Air Ministry has disclosed the workings of a highly' effective form of radar called "oboe," which led bombers to targets in Germany on beams sent out from ground stations in England, and even told bombardiers when to release bombs. These stations were able to "watch" planes along the entire route, in fog, storm or darkness, and were a major factor in blasting Adolf Hitler's war plants. If the Krupp armament works at Essen, Germany, was the target, a radar beam 17-feet wide would be aimed at the city from a ground station near Dover (that is believed to be one reason for so much German cross-channel shelling of Dover). The beam would hit EEsen right over the Krupp works. Bombers would take off and head for Essen. Wherever they intercepted the beam automatic signals would start flashing and coded dots and dashes begin com ing over the earphones. All a pi lot had to do was turn Bquarely into the beam and follow it to the Hiroshima -7 I International 'Smm Photo. of another stand amid flattened by an atom bomb. Some of the effects they exam ined nave Deen described in earlier reports: Exposed parts of the body received fatal burns, and persons nearest the center of the atomic explosion died instantly rrom blast or suffocation. In addition, those caught and injured by falling debris suffered from effects of radio-activity, and died a week to 10-days later, the Japanese said. Tsuzuki said persons one or two miles away who suffered no visible burns and felt no immediate ill effects died three weeks later. None of these Japanese accounts has been confirmed. Tsuzuki said the belated deaths were attributed to neutrons and he described them as more deadly than the gamma ray of radium or the X-ray. Radium rays can be absorbed by buildings, while neu trons penetrate anything, he said. inducing weariness followed by high fever, sore mouth and throat, diarrhea and an "amazing" de crease in white blood corpuscles. Many people not in Hiroshima at the time of the explosion suf fered falling hair, diarrhea and slow death after aiding in relief work In the city, Tsuzuki reported. ineory of Continuing Danger. Tsuzuki and his associates do not, however, accept the theory that Hiroshima would remain un inhabitable for a long time. On Aug. 8 the War Department denied published reports that areas devastated by the atomic bomb would continue to react for years with death-dealing radio activity. Its statement quoted Dr J. R. Oppenhelmer, head of that phase of the atomic research, as saying "there is every reason to believe that there was no appreciable radio - activity on the grounds at Hiroshima and what little there was decayed very rap idly. In Chicago, Dr. Andrew C. Ivy, chairman of Northwestern Univer sity department of physiology, expressed the opinion that the de- iayea aeatns resulted rrom con cussion pneumonia. Instead of radio-activity, or "something not known." He said h believed that it would take a longer time than has elapsed since the two bomb ings ior raaio-activity to cause fatal burns or leukemia. Japanese reports of radio-active effects are pure propaganda, said Maj. Gen. Leslie R. Groves, com manding general of the atomic bomb project. Studies by scien tists in this country do not bear out the death reports, he said. target. When he reached a certain point, so many seconds from the assigned target, he received a coded "release bombs" signal from the ground operator back in England. When the pilot returned he could see his bomb run recorded in black and white on a graph made by an electrical instrument similar to weather graphing machines. Airmen say "oboe" gives them virtually automatic accuracy to within eight yards of the smallest target. American Eighth and Ninth Air Forces adopted much of the R.A.F. radar technique and developed seme new methods of their own. The Germans had a radar system but always lagged behind the Allies in new developments and were never able to solve the mystery of how to counteract it for defensive purposes. On every trip. Allied planes dropped hundreds of pounds of tinfoil strings into space. Every tinfoil flake picked up on a Ger man radar screen registered the same kind of dot as an plan' Allied SINGLE B-29 RAID LEFT MAMA IN COMPLETE RUIN Only Hulks of Buildings Remain Many of City's 127,000 Residents Perished. By VERN HAL'GLAND TOYAMA (AP) This is the one Japanese city which the Twentieth Air Force claimed to have wiped out completely. The job was done with just one incendiary raid. The B-29s raided Toyama early in August. Subsequent photographic reconnaissance indicated the urban area of approximately two square miles was 99.5 per cent destroyed. That was an accurate estimate. The entire city is one brown, ashy smear on the verdant Toyama plain between the mountains and the Japan sea, 150 miles north of Tokyo and across Honshu island. Only the hulks of a few concrete buildings remain. The most impressive ruin is an eight-story office structure, hideously lonely in the city's utter desolation. The Japanese say many of the 127,000 population perished in the raid. Thousands of homeless crowd the scattered suburbs and villages for miles around. Thirty single- and twin-engine Japanese airplanes with a few trucks and automobiles were neatly aligned along the edge of the airfield, two miles from the city, where plane loads of American war prisoners have been flown to Tokyo in the last few days. The prison camp with fresh yellow PWs painted on the roofs is now empty. The camp is just west of town in the direct bombing line, but the precision of the Superfortresses left the prison buildings untouched. The guide who flew here with us from Tokyo was an American-educated engineer from Texas who said he was unaware that surrounding Tayama within two to four miles were Japan's largest aluminum plant, the fourth most important ball-bearing plant, chemical industries, steel mills, radar instrument factories, mag nesium plants, sulphur works and an iron sand refining plant, also Japan's sixth largest chemical fixation plant, rayon and pulp mills and other industries. Although many of these plants remained unbombed because the B-29s had not got around to them when the war ended, the razing of Toyama effectively halted their production. The guide, Thomas Kato, said he was born in Austin, Tex., and was graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1936. He moved to Tokyo a year later as an engineer in a steel mill. He was exempt from the draft because of his work, although the mill was partly destroyed in a raid. "When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor I figured we were getting into a hell of a mess and it was a bad step to take," he said. "I still think so." NEW U. S. BOMBER HAS RANGE OF 5000 MILES, ECLIPSES B-29 WASHINGTON (AP) Gen. H. H. Arnold disclosed Aug. 17 that the United States has a new super-bomber far eclipsing the B-29. With a striking range of 6000 miles or more from base perhaps two to two and a half times that of the Superfortress the new air giant leaves no place In East Asia out of reach from United States bases in the western Pacific, Gen. Arnold said. As to the Atlantic area, he added at a press conference, "Use your own imagination." At the same time. Gen. Arnold disclosed that the Air Forces were experimenting with rocket bombs guided to their targets by reactions to light, heat or metal in that target. A year ago, he said, 'we were guiding bombs by television from a plane 15 miles away." He asserted that the new atomic bomb already "changes the strategy for making the world safe for America." I New developments have brought "a Buck Rogers conception of war," he said. 1000 NEW ZEALAND TROOPS MUTINIED AFTER FURLOUGHS AUCKLAND. N. Z. (AP) The Government disclosed Aug. 21 that more than 1000 New Zealand troops mutinied after serving three and a half years in North Africa, Greece and Crete. The men were among a larger group returned to New Zealand on leave In July, 1943. They de clined to return to their units unless every physically fit single man in New Zealand "did his turn.' Some ring-leaders were arrested and found guilty of desertion in courts-martial, but appealed to civil courts, which quashed the indictments. The revelation came in an an nouncement by Prime Minister Peter Fraser that the men, originally listed as dismissed, would be considered "normally discharged" and eligibe for Government benefits. NON-FRATERNIZATION ORDER TO U, S. FORCES IN CHINA CHUNGKING (AP) Lt. Gen. Albert C Wedemeyer, commander of United States forces in China, has issued an order forbidding fraternization with Japanese and saying all 'contacts must be offi- cial, courteous, but impersonal and firm. Bazooka That Fired 11 -Inch Shell Among Nazis' Secret Weapons New 'Foo Fighter' Defense Against Bombers Had Been Perfected When War Ended, Allies Learn. By CHARLES CHAMBERLAIN WITH .BRITISH FORCES IN GERMANY (AP) The Germans were experimenting with huge bazookas as field artillery and aircraft cannon when the war ended and had perfected a new defense system against bombers. The fantastic weapons which Hitler had for a last try for victory were taken off the secret list by a team of American and British technicians. Germany had made great strides in perfecting guns without recoil. They were based on the bazooka principle of eliminating recoil through ejection of gases from the rear of the barrel. Several giant bazookas with 11-Inch bore were found. These could have been used as artillery pieces or mounted on large aircraft. Shells weighed about half a ton and had terrific penetrating power. The weapon was designed primarily for air attacks on battleships. Bazooka Cannon Found. A monstrous cannon of this type was found on the Channel coast trained toward London. Gases could hurl shells 120 miles. At intervals Inside the huge bar- rel were booster points, through which charges of gas could be Introduced to increase shell velocity. There was no indication the weapon was ever used. The Germans in their hurry to get it mounted misjudged the angle of elevation, greatly reducing the range for which It was intended. ATOMIC BOMB 'ANOTHER STEP TOWARD ABYSS' Archbishop of Canterbury Says 'The Shame Is Upon U. LONDON (AP) The Rt. Rev. Geoffrey Fisher, archbishop of Canterbury, asserted In an article published Aug. 25 that the use of the atomic bomb "has shocked us all," and his given Japan an excuse for saying it has not really been defeated. "Not only Christian conscience but every conscience Is afraid and ashamed," he wrote in the diocesan gazette, adding that the "only way of deliverance" is in the charter of the United Nations. "Every nation which signs it must live by It and between them there must be no military secrets," the archbishop said. He asserted that history "shows us mankind is ever accommodating its conscience to more cadly and inhuman form of war, an-donlng one restraint after a other. Another Jong step has been taken to the abyss and the shame of taking it is upon us." He admitted it could be argued that use of the atom bomb, by shortening the war, saved more lives than is destroyed, that ethically it Is no more evil than any other weapon of total war, and that the "fearful demonstration" of its power was necessary to convince men that its first use must be its last. "The question now Is this," he said. "Having looked Into the abyss can mankind recover itself? Not if there is another major war. Not if every nation secretly seeks to exploit atomic energy to more efficient uses against another day of war." TWO NISEI BATTALIONS AWARDED UNIT CITATIONS HOME (AP) LL Gen. Luclan K. Truscott presented presidential and distinguished unit citations to two American-Japanese bat talions at Leghorn Sept. 4, and declared the combat record of the Nisei 442d Infantry regimental com Dai team was one which "any regiment in history would be proud to own." The Second Battalion, now commanded by Maj. Robert A. Gopel of Chillicothe, 111., was cited for breaking through German defenses in the Vosges mountains of eastern France in October, 1944, and for spearheading the Fifth Army's spring offensive up the Llgurian coast of Italy. The Third Battalion, now commanded by Maj. Ralph J. Graham of Baltimore, Md., was cited for rescuing a "lost battalion" last fall In Alsace, France, after being trapped for a week in wooded hills. The Nisei in that operation lost three times the number of men they rescued. BOSE, JAPS' INDIA PUPPET, KILLED IN AIRPLANE CRASH SAN FRANCISCO (AP) Sub-has Chandra Bose, head of the puppet government which the Jap anese attempted unsuccessfully to set up in India, died Aug. 19 in a Japanese hospital from Injuries suffered in an airplane accident, the Tokyo radio announced. Bose, renegade Indian nationalist, was head of wjtat the Japanese called the "Provisional Government of Free India." Last May he still had his head quarters in Burma, but later moved it to Bangkok, capital of Thailand. The Tokyo announcement said Bose had been on his way to Tokyo for talks with the Japanese Government when the plane crashed near the Taihoku airfield on Formosa Aug. 18. He died the next morning. The defense against bombers was by use of planes which American fighters called Too fighters." These were small jet-propelled craft which were "buttoned" to the base of steel poles and shot vertically into the air at the tremendous speed of rockets. Pilots inside guided the planes at 550 miles an hour, intercepting bomber formations with rocket shells fired from the noses of the craft. After the pilot had used his two minutes of fuel, he pulled a lever and was catapulted out to float to safety by parachute. Simultaneously, the tail 'of the plane dropped off, releasing another parachute which brought the craft to earth where the Germans could salvage the jet units. These jet craft were stationed all along the bombers' routes. Winged Spider Bombs. Another German weapon was the spider bomb a winged missile fired from planes and electrically steered to targets by a thread of wire attached to the bomb and the parent craft. Some spider bombs were operated as much as 15 miles from the parent plane, allowing the pilot to remain at a safe distance while attacking bomber formations. For submarine warfare, the Ger mans developed a super-speed U-boat powered by ingolene, the powerful propellant used in V-2 rocket bombs. The Germans perfected also a "splash bullet" which was used against troops with a deadly and horrible effect. REDS CAPTURE JAPS' Henry Pu-yi, Former Boy Emperor of Japan, Seized At Mukden. LONDON (AP) Henry Pu-yi, Japan's puppet emperor of Manchuria, was captured at Mukden's airport as he was about to escape, and interned, a Soviet communique said Aug. 22. Members of Pu-yi's suite also were captured, the communique said. Pu-yi, described as the "loneliest and most isolated monarch in the world." once was the "boy emperor" of China. In this period, from the age of 3 to 6, he had the, title of Hsuan Tung. When the Manchu dynasty abdicated its control of China in 1912 after a republican revolution, he went into retirement. He was permitted to live for six years in the forbidden city of Tientsin. In 1917. at the age of 11. he again was placed on the throne when Chang Hsun, supporter of the Manchus, effected a brief, restoration of the monarchy. Seven days later, he once again was a private citizen. In 1924. he and his family were ordered to leave the imperial palace in Peiping. With the aid of a foreign tutor, he escaped to the Japanese legation. Disguised as a coolie, he traveled as a third-class train passenger to Tientsin where he took the name Henry Pu-yi. In 1931, when Japan clashed with the Chinese in Manchuria, Pu-yi "disappeared" from the Japanese concession in Tientsin and early in 1932 turned up when the Japanese created renamed Manchuria "Manchoukuo" and asserted It was an Independent state. He was named "chief executive" of Manchoukuo. On March 1. 1934. Pu-yl formally announced his ascent to the throne under the title of Kang Teh. He then sank into oblivion, a virtual prisoner of the Japanese. 'ONE-MAN ARMY' OF BATAAN LIBERATED FROM JAP CAMP CHICAGO (AP) Capt. Arthur W. Wermuth of Chicago who won recognition as a "one-man armv" in the defense of Bataan by killing 116 Japanese, has been liber ated from a Japanese prison camp, his wife. Mrs. Jean Wermuth, was notified by the War Department Aug. 29. Mrs. Wermuth said the adiu- tant general's office had informed her that her husband's name "ap pears in a list of personnel at Camp Hoten, Mukden, Manchuria,! dated Aug. 26," as reported by me American camp commander. Wermuth was decorated three times, including the Distinguished Service Cross, for his gallantry on Bataan. A reserve lieutenant, he went to the Philippines six months berore the attack on Pearl Harbor. 7 GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR HANGED FOR KILLING COMRADE FORT LEAVENWORTH. Kan. (AP) Seven German prisoners of war were put to death on the gallows at the United States dis ciplinary barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. An Army general courtmartial had found them guilty of the murder of a fellow-prisoner whom they had accused of giving information of military value to the United States. The victim's body was found by guards the morning after the killing in a bathhouse of the Papage Park (Ariz.) prisoner-of-war camp. The seven Nazi submarine sailors confessed to beating and choking the man, then hanging him from a rafter. PUPPET IN MANCHURIA TOKYO PREMIER'S REPORT TO DIET ON CAUSESOFDEFEAT Higashi - kuni Asserted Atomic Bomb and Exhaustion Brought About Surrender. TOKYO (AP) Japan surrendered because the atomic bomb raids on Hiroshima and Nagasaki climaxed mounting military losses and immense exhaustion of the home front. Premier Prince Higa-sbi-kuni told the diet on Sept. 5. In his report on the causes of defeat, the Premier declared 10,-000.000 Japanese were "war sufferers.- that "hundreds of thousands" had been killed or wounded, and 2,200,000 homes were burned by American aerial attacks. He added that the atomU: bomb, hurled on a nation whose war power already was "disastrously undermined," was believed "likely to result in obliteration of the Japanese people." Russian Entry. The Russian declaration of war, the Premier said, also forced Japan "into the forst international situation" and "the surrentfer instrument" was signed only after "it seemed almost impossible to carry on." Higashi-kuni, In speeches before both houses of the Diet In its concluding sessions, pictured Japan virtually prostrated by Allied air blows, ground advances and sea-air blockade. "No doubt we committed mistakes and our methods were faulty in not a few respects," he said. "Nor can it be said our efforts were exerted always in the right direction. "Nevertheless, vanquished as we are, the will power sniritiml energy of 100,000,000 Japanese who willingly had borne every Kind of want and tribulation attests eloquently to the intrinsic vitality of our race. Charts Future Course, are now tasting the bitter cup of deefat. But in case we show our fidelity and faithfulness in fulfilling what we pledged and behave ourselves according to reason by performing what we believe to be right, and rectifying what is wrong with a humbleness and broadness of mind, it is my firm belief that the integrity of our nation will appeal to the world. leading to the restoration of friendly relations between our country and the other powers, and making it possible to bring about permanent peace and common prosperity for all mankind." Higashi-kunl used the word surrender" for the first time In his speech. Hirohito Opens Diet. Emperor Hirohito personally opened the extraordinary session of the Diet on Sept. 4. calling on his people to "win the confidence of the world, establish firmly a peaceful state and contribute to the progress of mankind." He commanded that reports be made by state ministers on the causes of defeat and read an imperial rescript which said in part: "It is our desire that our people will surmount the manifold hardships and trials attending the termination of the war and make manifest the innate glory of Japan's national policy ..." The Japanese cabinet decided Sept. 1 a general election will be held in Nippon Jan. 20 to 3L and the Tokyo newspaper Tomiurl Hochl urged "spontaneous and vigorous action" toward forming a democratic government. New Cabinet Named. Higashi-kunl was sworn In as Japan's Premier on Aug. 17 and announced his cabinet, which included three men who had held posts In the cabinet of Premier Suzuki. They were Navy Minister Adm. Mitsumasa Yonai. Minister- of Transport Naoto Kohiyama and Taketora Ogata, minister without portfolio and chief cabinet secre-i tary and president of the Board of Information. Other members of the cabinet are: ( Gen. Sadamu Shimomura, War Minister. Mamoru Shigemitsu, Foreign Minister and Greater East Asia Minister. Dr. Chuzo Iwata, Justice Minister. Juichi Tsushima, Finance Minister. Shikuhei Nakajima. Minister of Munitions. ' Naokai Murase. president ett the Legislation Bureau. Kotaro Sengoku. Agriculture and Commerce Minister. Vice Premier is Prince Fumi-maro Konoye. named minister without portfolio. NEW MORTAR READY FOR USE AGAINST JAPS AS WAR ENDED EDGEWOOD ARSENAL. Md. (AP) The war ended before a new chemical, flat-trajectory mortar could be used against the Japanese, the army disclosed Aug. 24. The light-weijrht weapon was In the field when the cease-fire order came. It is a modification of the Chemical Warfare Service's 42- inch, chemical mortar, and was developed jointly by the Chemical Warfare Service at Edgewood Arsenal and the Alleghany Ballistics ' Laboratory of the National Defense Research Council. The flat trajectory permits fire straight into pillbox openings, caves and dugouts. Th mortar weighs only 170 pounds. It can fire chemical incendiary shrl"s or high explosives

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St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri on September 12, 1945 · Page 39

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Get this St. Louis Post-Dispatch page for free from Wednesday, September 12, 1945 POST-DISPATCH PAGE 13C FEW BUILDING SKELETONS ALL THAT STAND IN HIROSHIMA ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH E FEAR ON SEEING ONE B-29JN SKV Everything Leveled in Center of City', First Americans rind on Visiting Target of Atomic Bomb.

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https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/2081/8163/files/025-DRAGONS-Free-Childrens-Book-By-Monkey-Pen.pdf?v=1589890636

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https://youtu.be/i_OU4EcWQ6I

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Black Lives Matter: Crash Course Black American History #51

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https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/163728/The%20Veldt%20-%20Ray%20Bradbury.pdf

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https://linhaiwen.wordpress.com/2012/02/25/concrete-poem/

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Almost American Girl is an illustrated memoir in graphic novel form about a teenage girl whose mom moves her from Korea to Alabama, USA. The book explores issues of immigration, racism, friendship, and growing up.

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I chose this book for this text set because while there is plenty of text within it, every page has a myriad of different images and illustrations. The illustrations themselves are very telling and things such as the colors and character's facial expressions tell things that the text does not.

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This book, divided into three very long sentences categorized into "breaths" is about a young adult who reflects on the issues of the world and how they manifest themselves in his own household.

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I chose this text because every page consists of diverse artwork made with different materials by Jason Griffin. Jason Reynolds writes words that are pasted on top of these illustrations. This is important because the illustrations are engaging and help elaborate on the limited text.

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This concrete poem is a short text about people's perceptions being black and white, and how the grey area isn't always considered. The poem is in the shape of a panda, and there is a strong figurative statement about a panda within the text.

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I chose this poem because it demonstrates that illustrations don't always have to be drawings - they can be things like concrete poems. It also shows that visual aspects of texts can be used as an engaging tool to draw readers in.

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This short story by Bradbury is about a technological house in which two parents and two kids live. The kids have a "nursery" where they can simulate any landscape or scenario that they desire. The kids take technology to the next level and put their family in a dangerous situation.

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1. Read the book as a class read.

2. Have them take notes on what they notice.

3. Get into Socratic Seminar circles.

4. To start the Socratic Seminar off, take an excerpt from the book where Robin has a flashback to Korea, then show it to the class and discuss how the visuals change between the past and present. Ask them how this affects their reading experience. (note: The color scheme is more brown in the past and more bright in the present)

5. When that discussion dies off, help transition the students into discussion over what other visuals effected their reading experience and why. This will give students the opportunity to share things that their peers may not have noticed.

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This is a text that does not have any visual attributes to it. However, it does have imagery within it's words that paint a picture of what it's talking about. I chose to include this text to demonstrate what a text without visuals looks like and to get students to consider what are the pros and cons of only having text are.

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This article deals with issues of waste product and where it goes. Citizens of Palo Alto, California questioned where their waste was being transported to, and had trouble getting a straight forward answer. It may potentially be contributing to mass plastic dumping in Asia.

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This text is good for this text set because while it has a great deal of text that may not necessarily be considered interesting, the pictures of real events pertaining to the issue show the severity of the subject. I also chose this to show that texts and visuals can be put together in different contexts - articles.

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City Stretch is a brief blackout poem about a city at night and the moon and stars shining down on it.

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I chose this blackout poem to include because it is a short and easy read that has a fun visual along with it. It's also something that is simple enough to analyze, and students can even recreate a blackout poem themselves with ease.

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This is a newspaper excerpt from September of 1945, a month after Hiroshima took place. The newspaper is from St. Louis, Missouri. It covers news about the aftermath of the bombing, as well as other events from the time.

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This was a text I chose to include because I think it shows that even in old, serious, and arguably boring texts, visuals can play a big role in how a reader experiences something. It also shows that on a big page of information, odds are, a readers eyes will be drawn to a visual. In this case, that would be the picture of ruins.

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Dragons is a children's book about how dragons look and the roles they play in different myths from a number of cultures.

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I chose this text to use because it's a quick and easy read that has a great balance of text and illustrations due to the fact it's a children's book. It's also interesting to note that the illustrations offer a lot better of an idea of what these dragons look like in these cultures than how they're described in the text.

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This video is a crash course on violence against black people and on the Black Lives Matter movement.

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This video was something I chose to use because it shows that text isn't confined to words on paper, and it also offers so many images of everything that is discussed. The pictures put faces to all the names that are mentioned.

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Long Way Down is a novel about a young boy named Will whose brother, Shawn, is shot dead. The story goes through the process of Will wanting to take revenge with a gun from his brothers dresser drawer, and him having encounters with a number of dead people who lead him to doubt himself. There is also a graphic novel version of this.

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I chose this texts in both its original and illustrated form because I want students to be able to analyze the same story with and without visuals. This will allow them to see the pros and cons of both.

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1. Students should all read the original version of Long Way Down.

2. Begin reading the illustrated version of Long Way Down while filling out a Review/New Chart.

3. Students should be allotted 10-15 minutes to fill out the "Review" column, jotting down all the events that they deem major from the original book.

4. While reading the illustrated version, students should write down "New" information they notice or any differences.

(Review/New Chart listed below)

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1. Take the time to read through the book and take a look at the pictures.

2. Using both the words and the visuals, fill out a Self-Questioning Chart.

(Self-Questioning Chart pictured below)

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1. Read The Veldt as a class.

2. While reading, have students write down or highlight 3-5 examples of strong imagery in the text.

3. When the class is done reading, have students turn and talk in their groups about their examples and why they thought they were strong.

4. If time allows, have students draw their own renditions of the nursery or house.

5. Have students share these examples and consider how while they all read the same story, their drawings may all look different. While they're in their groups, have them consider what this says about texts without visuals.

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1. After reading City Stretch, direct students to go online and look up more examples of blackout poems.

2. Provide students with many pages of old and/or damaged books, as well as markers.

3. Give them at least 30 minutes to look through the pages, choose one, and make their own blackout poem with their own unique visual.

4. When these are done, hang them up on a central wall or bulletin board and allow students to view their peers' work.

5. Direct students to think about which of their peers' works caught their eye and why.

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1. Before reading the text portion of a page, have students look at the image of a dragon that captures their eye.

2. Have students do a free-write over their chosen dragon, describing what the dragon looks like in their own, original words.

3. When they're done, have the students compare their descriptions to the ones in the book.

4. Have them turn and talk with their neighbors. Have them consider what it means that their descriptions more than likely weren't exactly the same. What does this say about a reader's interpretation of a visual?

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This is a meme of a young child making a stressed face with the words "when you tell your parents a joke and it turns into a lecture."

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I chose this text because it is funny! Memes are something today's students see almost daily and they might find engaging.