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- The act of writing will influence you to think more about the subject you are discussing.
- Successful students take responsibility for their education, understanding that it's a privilege.
- Writing isn't an obligatory duty, but an opportunity to learn and discover.

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- Environmental factors play a part in determining a child's innate intelligence upon entry into the academic system.
- Poorer demographics tend to develop in an environment that demands more tacit knowledge and experience.
- Successful students in the academic field don't necessarily have to be born in a book smart community. But they do have to work harder and develop self-discipline.

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- The development of new literacy technologies influenced the decline of other sponsorships of literacy.
- Sponsorships are the means by which literacy is distributed.
- The concept of sponsorship helps to identify that everyone undergoes a unique experience when it comes to literacy.

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Students must learn multiple literacies concurrently to successfully and meaningfully participate in both institution and society.

While people can create and manipulate literacies, literacies can in turn, shape people.

Socio-economic differences creates an obstacle for students’ participation, because the cultural capital creates rifts in innate intelligence.

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The goal of RLW is to identify the main writing strategies used in a text, and applying them to your own style.

College writing instructors may assume you already know RLW as a technique, and won’t teach it.

Depending on the subject and audience, you might need to use more formal writing.

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Students learn reading and writing better when they are taught simultaneously.

If students are not given the opportunity to train their reading consistently, it becomes more difficult for them to analyze more difficult to comprehend texts.

The value of literacy extends far beyon school.

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Writing doesn’t have the same respectable reputation as reading, because reading can be used to control the audience, while writing encourages the audience to exert their own commentary.

The advancements in technology during the 21st century has introduced a form of self-sponsored literacy.

Writing is historically associated with testing and difficult labor.

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Cultural literacy has dwindled with the development of mediums like television.

By enabling the development of an individual's knowledge, literacy in turn promotes the success of the overall community.

The goal of critical literacy is to enable one to analyze and identify social conditions in media that allow those in authority to oppress others.

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- Many students are "programmed" to know a set of writing standards in early institutional levels.
- This method of thinking primarily emphasizes on expanding knowledge on vocabulary and format, but doesn't consider the audience and purpose of a writing.
- Higher degrees of education, such as college, must communicate their norms on writing better to students, so they understand better how flexible it actually is.

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-Students need to have different literacies to do well at their particular university and career goals.

-There needs to be different literacies implemented into schools to help prepare students from diverse backgrounds to succeed in college.
-We live in a multimedia age and this requires multiple literacies to help understand ideas and concepts presented in different forms.

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One of the primary topics that Edwards and Paz discussed in relation to their book was how the "author" is supporting an unhelpful literacy level that most individuals in today's society find annoying. The adoption of the copyright legislation further strengthened the concept that authors and writers must be entirely unique in their thoughts and works, even though they are permitted to draw inspiration from the ideas of others. This is another important issue. Another important theme in this work is the requirement to replace the outdated notions of uniqueness and solitary writing with those of cooperation and drawing inspiration from other authors.

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The skill of abstract thinking is important for those learning to write. They should be willing to reflect and develop their writing abilities. Having patience and writing regularly are two extremely significant qualities that might help you improve. Many individuals had the misconception that writing was something akin to a "gift from god" that couldn't be improved. This widespread misconception has deterred many people from trying to improve their writing abilities.
- A skill that can be developed and learned is writing. Even while some people might have easier access to writing resources, everyone can learn.

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- All authors, including those who create fiction, might benefit from having an idea of how their finished product will look in order to guide their writing.
- Writing process is an important step in the writing process since it enables the writer's subconscious to form ideas.
- Increasing information (the writer starts to relate events in their life to their writing topic), growing worry, a waiting audience, and deadlines are the four basic reasons that encourage writing.

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Focus on literacy subjects like taxation and popular subjects that people genuinely want to understand. It will be difficult to change the foundations upon which everyone based their literacy since literacy is what keeps politics, power, and the control of people in place.

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There has been a long history of literacy instruction, with a major focus on writing and handwriting that developed as literacy materials were more regularly accessible.

New teaching paradigms should be used to encourage people to write "for the public" because the "public" is one of the most important "audience(s)" in the modern world.

Reading is typically prioritized above writing outside of the classroom. This kind of thinking encourages a culture of consumption rather than innovation.

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Students can achieve in their academic careers, especially in higher level education, by utilizing a variety of literacies. In order to offer an equal learning environment for everyone, educators and institutions must be able to account for the fact that not everyone begins their education with the same resources at their disposal. The ability to actively participate in learning rather than simply listening information ensures that people are memorizing what they are learning.

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You may apply the reading like a writer method to your own work by understanding the decisions the author made up to that moment.
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When reading like a writer, there are things to think about, such why did they choose these certain words or who are they directing this towards, to go further into their thoughts.
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Writing also involves thinking since you have to consider how you want to organize your informational argument so that it is clear to the reader and presented in the manner you desire.

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Since writing and reading are frequently related, teaching them jointly can help students' writing and reading skills greatly.
- In secondary and post secondary education, reading is frequently regarded less than writing, which might impede writers' progress.
- Many of the abilities needed for writing may be improved by reading. Reading aloud can help one's analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating abilities.

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-Literacy is highly valued in modern times, which leads to people doing whatever they can to acquire it for their own individual gain in society. -The development of society as a whole can have an impact on the literacy sponsors that influence people, including things like technology. -Sponsorship is almost like a physical object that can be bartered.

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The child's surroundings can have a significant influence on how they develop. Early exposure to reading has a favorable impact on children, and as you connect with them through reading and speaking, their knowledge grows. Accepting mistakes will inspire your youngster and aid in the development of a positive outlook.

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In order to learn what they don't know, kids write. College writing enables students to write more freely and imaginatively about whatever is on their thoughts without any restrictions.  The act of writing will generate the thinking is a saying that refers to really writing as you think, which makes writing quicker and simpler. Additionally, it increases your curiosity about the topic you're writing about and opens up new lines of inquiry for you. College instructors value critical thinking in students' writing, and they seek for it as they write.

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Key Claims for Academics writing in college.

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Key Claims for Academics writing in college.

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There are many writing assignments in secondary and elementary education that require pupils to adhere to rigid rules, which may cause them to develop an incorrect idea of what is considered acceptable writing in colleges.
- In a college setting, it's critical to understand the distinction between writing at the high school and college levels, placing more emphasis on the context of a work than its showmanship.
- In comparison to elementary and secondary school, writing at the college level is subject to less restriction and greater independence for the writer.

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-Writing is composed of more complex sentence structures and require more choices than people think.

-Writers should read and look at the choices the author made to see if it is something that should or shouldn’t be applied in their own work.

-It is important to look at the context and genre of an author’s work and look at the differences in the choices they made that worked best.

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-Research has shown that children learn to read and write better when it is taught at the same time.

-Reading is important to continue through college because it affects how one views different sources in real life.

-Teachers need to teach reading and writing better because it will show up in a person’s career and employers will expect a certain level of ability.

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-Sponsors are different agents in a person’s life that either enhance or suppress their literacy skills or motivation.

-Different people in areas have access to different types of literacy sponsors.

-Literacy is an important tool to do well in society.

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Key Claims of Edwards & Paz's "Only Geniuses can be Writers"

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Key Claims of Edwards & Paz's "Only Geniuses can be Writers"

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The great writers were considered geniuses, normal people couldn't challenge them, and making novice writers fear being unoriginal

Imitation helps writers to learn faster (borrowing, adapting, and altering models)

Instead of geniuses, we aim to be "social writers," which requires "talking to friends, asking help from colleagues, finding answers and ideas from others' writings, and indulging in those practices"

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Key Claims of Parrott's "Some People are Just Born Good Writers"

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Key Claims of Parrott's "Some People are Just Born Good Writers"

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Some people may have a good growing background in writing, but no one is born "good writers", good writers are learned

Everyone can be good writers by learning and consistent practicing

"Metacognition" means improving how the writers think about their work, and it is the key to improving the writers' experiences, which is essential to improvement

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Key Claims of Murray's "Write before Writing"

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Key Claims of Murray's "Write before Writing"

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One of the greatest resistance to writing is The Law of Delay, this is the idea of writers need time to get the ideas and wait them to be nurtured in their minds

Many teachers are providing students too little time to brainstorm, collect, and organize the ideas that they are putting in the writing, but the process is essential to writers

The forces of writing includes increasing information, increasing concern, waiting audience, and approaching deadline

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Key Claims of Knoblauch's "Literacy and Politics of Education"

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Key Claims of Knoblauch's "Literacy and Politics of Education"

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People use literacy, profit from it, and then started to make it a social requirement

Literacy do not stand alone, instead, it always is "literacy of something"

The literacy of a person affects his or her power in the society and linked to  success

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Key Claims of Yancey's "Writing in the 21st Century"

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Key Claims of Yancey's "Writing in the 21st Century"

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3 challenges and opportunities: developing new models of writing, designing a new curriculum to support these new models, and creating models for teaching that curriculum

Reading often make people feel warm because of church and families while writing often brings unpleasantness since it's usually linked to tests

Internet made everyone can be readers and writers, which means readers and writers are everywhere

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Key Claims of Miller & Schulz's "University Literacy: A Multi-Literacies Model"

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Key Claims of Miller & Schulz's "University Literacy: A Multi-Literacies Model"

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The four types of literacies are institutional literacies, critical literacies, academic literacies, and traditional literacies

Students, especially those in universities, need these four types of literacies for future career, and we have to practice these literacies in our lives

We need to have the literacies as "keys" to enable us to "read, engage, interpret, and produce a range of texts" for different purposes and audiences

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Key Claims of Bunn's "How to Read like a Writer"

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Key Claims of Bunn's "How to Read like a Writer"

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Reading and writing are both process of string words to phrases and putting sentences together into paragraphs

Reading like a wtiter helps to understand what decisions, especially word choices, did the writer make in his or her writing

After knowing the choises that the writer made, readers can decide whether to do the same decision in their writings or not

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The negative force that stalls writing is called “resistance to writing”, where a writer takes time to think about an idea to write about. It is often viewed in a negative light, when in reality it is necessary for writing to flourish.

There are certain “signals” during the drafting process that help a writer to indicate how to organize their information to produce a successful draft.

The prewriting process of writing isn’t something explicitly taught, due to it being mainly instinctive in our minds.

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Society is tailored so that those who are born into the demographics in power are in turn more accustomed to the writing standards and are thus more likely to succeed.

Authors inexperienced with the standards are often punished by the guidelines of writing.

Metacognition is the key to improving the experience of the novice writer because it improves on how they think about their work.

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Writing is perceived as difficult because it is being measured up to the ideal standards established by professional authors.

Imitation and collaboration are key factors that can greatly assist in educating literacy.

The lone genius author does not exist.

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Key claims for Academic writing in college

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Key claims for Academic writing in college

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- high school focused on a type of guide that you followed with certain rules to abide by
- connecting writing with the world is important
- writing is complicated and students should understand that there are multiple choices that can be made for your writing based on the audience or occasion
- using sensory details and metaphors can really capture the attention of the reader

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- "students write to discover what they dont know" moving from high school  to college writing allows students to expand their imagination and write what is on their minds more without any limitations
- "the act of writing will produce the thinking" actually writing as you think helps produce writing faster and easier. As well as expands your curiosity to what you know what you're writing about and other questions you can ask
-thinking is an important aspect to your writing and it's what college teachers are looking for as you write

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- a literacy sponsor can be anyone around you, its someone that just influenced you to literacy, reading, writing, etc
- a literacy sponsor can have either a negative or positive influence on you, but they still count as a sponsor
- everyones literacy knowledge is different and your literacy sponsors have different levels than you
- literacy is everywhere and your literacy sponsor can even be from the environment and media around you

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- The environment surrounding the child can have a big impact on the child as they grow up. If you read to them early on it creates a positive influence on them, and the more you interact with them in reading or speech more knowledge is developed
- embracing failures will encourage your child/student and it'll help them develop a good mindset
- Intelligence isn't fixed, its an ongoing and continuous developing process

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“Well-hidden between pristine white pages and well-crafted words lie the same trying process many endure each time they open a document or hold a pen as well as the same unyielding barricades that keep them out, which often only give way when they are influenced and inspired by others” (65).

"In other words, instead of the reclusive genius, we aim to be social writers. Instead of inspiration from within, we seek influence from without. Writing requires talking to friends, asking help from colleagues, finding answers and ideas in others’ writing, and indulging in those practices” (68).

“These writers and artists rely heavily on others’ thoughts and ideas to help them learn and succeed, and their success exemplifies why this should be the default approach to all writing” (68).

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“People can and do read and write (and read and write again) all the time. Social Media such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and others offer daily opportunities for reading, creating and responding to texts” (72).

“One particularly powerful concept in the current metacognitive conversation is persistence: Persistence emphasizes the experience is more powerful than unchangeable ability, and challenges help move writers forward rather than delaying their progress” (73).

“Need more flexibility and balance? Practice yoga. Likewise, it is with writing. We are all authors, and all authors can become better authors” (74).

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“When I get an idea for a poem or an article or a talk or a short story, I feel myself consciously draw away from it. I seek procrastination and delay. There must be time for the seed of the idea to be nurtured in the mind” (375).

“The writer rarely writes just for himself or herself, but for others who may be informed, entertained, or persuaded by what the writer has to say” (376).

“We must, in every way possible, explore the significant writing stage of rehearsal which has rarely been described in the literature on the writing process” (377).

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Key Claims -> Academic Writing in College

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Key Claims -> Academic Writing in College

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1. High school teachers make students follow a strict platform
2. College writing is more open to the student to freely write
3. When writing, think about how the audience would interpret it

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Knoblauch explains how liberalism uses literacy as a tool to appeal to as many people as possible. For example, they show pictures of different races reading a book, or a woman reading a book instead of just images of white males.

Knoblauch also argues that technological advancements are destroying literacy. He argues that people are reading less due to television.

Knoblauch argues that society lacks motivation to excel being literate. He believes that people do not want to improve their literacy capabilities.

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1. College writing is different compared to high school writing (less limitations)
2. Writing in college is more than the assignment itself; it is for the student to uncover the meaning behind the task, and provide their thoughts/ideas on the topic
3. Risk taking is important in college writing

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Yancey explains the development of the writing process and how it was created in the 1960s-80s. She mentions how some scholars studied the writing process of famous authors and others learned from students on how composing worked.

Yancey also emphasizes the huge role that technology and social media has affected the way we write. With technological advancements and the development of social media, writing has changed from a formal structure to more of a social, extracurricular form.

Yancey talks about how there should be a new model for a writing curriculum. She believes that writing should be an object of study and will lead to students producing better pieces of literature.

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There are four types of university literacies: institutional literacy, critical literacies, traditional literacies and academic literacies.

There is no single literacy that can adequately fulfill this task; rather, students need multiple literacies to meaningfully participate in the university context and broader community.

We need to expand the literacy from book level literacies to screen level literacies while not ignoring the social and cultural literacies in between.

We all have different virtual backpacks (things that you have learned from your family, friends, media, and the world at large). Even though we start on the same day, it doesn't mean we start from the same place since we have different virtual backpacks.

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One point that Bunn makes is that you can think of reading like a writer as reading like an architect. This is because you are reading to see how something was constructed so you can construct something similar yourself.

Another point Bunn makes is that the writing process plays a very important role in writing. He emphasizes that it is very important to reach out and collaborate to get different perspectives to improve your writing.

Bunn also encourages us to question whether our writing is appropriate and effective instead of whether we like or dislike our writing. This is important because we want our writing to appeal to the audience we want to reach and not think about if we like it or not.

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Carillo talks about how learning to read and write  simultaneously is important. It is important because research shows that students learn to read and write better this way.

Another point Carillo makes is how reading and writing are equally creative. She introduces the idea that students need to take reading to the next level and question the reading.

Carillo states that teachers need to do a better job in teaching students strategies to break down readings so that they can understand readings better.

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A literacy sponsor can be anyone or anything that impacts your literacy, and it could benefit or hurt you.

People can grow with different and better literacy sponsors, however that doesn't mean you can’t be as successful as them.

Literacy is like land, it is a valued commodity in this economy, it is a key resource in gaining profit and edge.

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Edward's and Paz's "Only Geniuses Can Be Writers"

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Edward's and Paz's "Only Geniuses Can Be Writers"

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1) There are writers and authors considered as The Greats which lead to almost impossible expectations for writers to follow.

2) The views of authors as geniuses has taken a negative effect on present day writers because they worry so much about originality and creativity which are associated with what it means to be defined as a real author.

3) Practicing other alternative procedures that contrast to what it takes to be a true author can actually shape and form better writers.

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1. Environmental influences can have a strong impact on one's literacy just as much as genetic influences
2. Having the mental strength of wanting to grow, can shape one's intelligence (growth mindset)
3. Someones' intelligence cannot be determined since it is constantly evolving

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Parrot's "Some People Are Just Born Good Writers"

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Parrot's "Some People Are Just Born Good Writers"

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1) Writing is considered art, therefore people infer that when writing, one has to complete a piece that’s good enough to consider an artistic masterpiece too.

2) Individuals’ high expectations on their own writing has led them to believe that those who achieve those standards, obtain natural writing skills and those who struggle, weren’t born with such skills.

3) Those who believe that they can become better writers are those who actually develop advanced writing skills with good writing instruction as well.

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1) Many teachers haven’t allowed students to spend an adequate amount of time prewriting even though it is an important step in the writing process.

2) There are forces that a writer should keep an eye out for and implement in their writing in order to effectively write and achieve their goal.

3) Understanding the pressures a writer is under when writing helps one gain an understanding of why they made the literary choices they made on their paper.

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Knoblauch's "Literacy and the Politics of Education"

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Knoblauch's "Literacy and the Politics of Education"

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1) Those literate would frequently teach the less illiterates for their benefit. The Christian missionaries spread literacy to the people in nineteenth-century Africa for them to read the Bible, for instance. In cases like these, the learner is not equipped to learn all aspects of literacy, only for the ones that will benefit the sponsor (literate individuals)

2) Those who are literate are seen as being deserving of power for obtaining literacy skills and are seen with high importance; they are more privileged and take away cultural values from the less privileged when delivering their knowledge to them for the reason that the English language is the foundation of it all (US).

3) Social classes vary on literacy skills, some individuals feel insecure about their proficiency level and future goals for not being literate which is entailed by cultural literacy.

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1) When Harvard tested their applicants on an entrance writing exam, more than half of them had failed. As a result, composition courses were created and it serves as a lesson to all instructors that it is important to prepare students for writing and learning how to speak through paper not just through actual speech.

2) New articulated composition is needed in order to prepare students for their lives and careers, not just school. It is essential to help students learn how to write for our world today because they are the future that impacts us all.

3) Knowing how to write in a “twenty-first-century way” is critical in order to deliver a certain message to your intended audience.

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Miller and Schulz: University Literacies... 

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Miller and Schulz: University Literacies... 

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1) Students need more than one literacy to be prepared for future settings and situations other than school-related assignments. University multi-literacies are necessary to learn in order to use them for future purposes.

2) Students need "contemporary" literacies in order to learn "traditional" literacies. Technology is being used more frequently each day, becoming the most contemporary method we learn today. For this reason, it would be effective for students to learn in such methods.

3) An individual's "virtual schoolbag" influences their education path. It is defined as the things students have learned from their family, friends, or other literacy sponsors around them. Students will be predicted to do well with the skills they acquired from their sponsors but it also depends on the extent of the learning they did.

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1. Literacy sponsors are anything that helps one read or write (could be a person, or device, etc)
2. Many people do not have the same access to certain types of literacy sponsors
3. Literacy is an important standard in society

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1) Taking notes and marking up the text allows students to identify important points they would like to bring to attention to themselves, others, or on their papers as well. It allows them to identify claims that will strengthen the purpose of their papers.

2) It is essential to take into consideration the audience of your writing. Taking into account your audience will allow you to find a technique that is best fit for them, it would be more effective in grasping your readers’ attention.

3) Reading like a writer helps one identify and understand the choices the author makes. When one understands the reasoning behind this, we will learn when and how to properly use it in our papers.

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1. When you practice your skills with others, you will benefit from it
2. Reading and writing are heavily correlated with each other
3. Being proficient with one of the literacies can cause difficulties in day-to-day life

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Carrillo's "Reading and Writing are Not Connected"

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Carrillo's "Reading and Writing are Not Connected"

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1) Just because students read a text word by word, it doesn’t mean that they are actually understanding it. One has to read with purpose in order to grasp the information the author is delivering.

2) Colleges and universities privilege writing over reading because students are expected to acquire reading skills already. This establishes a burden on students learning how to improve their writing skills because they are not being taught to read with purpose.

3) Main claim: Reading and writing are not connected as one, they are two different practices that need to be taught together in order for a student to learn how to read with purpose and enhance their writing skills. When one doesn’t read with a goal, they can’t pick up on new techniques and knowledge on the choices of the authors.

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1) Because being involved in the literary achievement of those sponsored makes them literacy sponsors, they are the cause of the extended potential the sponsored reach.

2) Sponsors share a common relationship with the sponsored that is similar to the concept of "compadrazgo." This term is the patron-client relationship which is established by the need of resources and stability of the client which benefit the patron as well because the client is getting the work done. Like "compadrazgo", the sponsor provides the sponsored with the necessary skills and resources to enhance their literacy skills while it benefits them as well as they might be getting paid for it, for instance.

3) Many individuals from different backgrounds, societies, and income levels, for instance, have literacy sponsors that they can reach which determines the extent to their literacy skills.

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1. As you are reading, you must think as a writer
2. Analyze the reason for which the writer has included specific diction, format, writing style, etc.
3. Ask yourself questions as you are reading

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1) Environmental factors influence intelligence just as much as genetics do. Intelligence gained from environmental factors can then be passed on through genes.

2) When a person believes more in themselves and believe they are capable of developing their current abilities for the better, the more success they will have in the future.

3) One of the most positive influences to enhance a child's ability to talk or read include reading early and often to them which is backed up by national research evidence.

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1. Everyone does not have the same access to the same tools/technology; different people have learned differently.
2. Students need to learn new literacies while in college while recalling their previous knowledge.
3. 4 types of college literacies: academic, traditional, institutional, and critical

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1. Reading is more essential than writing
2. Technology used for writing/reading have drastically changed over the past century
3. Techniques for reading and writing have been influenced by the times

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1. Literacy is defined differently for everyone and is essential to life
2. Four literacy groups: critical, cultural, functional, and personal growth
3. Literacy is power

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1. Procrastination can actually be good for a writer since they can process and organize their thoughts
2. The process of writing has a stage before you start writing where you think of what you are going to write
3. Failure is apart of the writing process

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1. The "greatest" writers are just like anyone; they tend to delay the writing process.
2. Feedback from others is key
3. Many people believe that great writers are born with it, yet it is a learned talent.

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1) In writing, there are restrictions in students' work that don't allow them to think outside other than what they've learned which has made them feel that writing is a hard task because educators have used writing as a way for students to prove that they hold knowledge on a certain topic.

2) College writing allows students to learn as they write. It provides the opportunity for them to use their mind and implement their background knowledge on a certain topic in order to uncover how their life experiences or thoughts connect to what they are being taught.

3) Those who can't unlearn and relearn things as well as let go of old habits are incapable of learning and implementing new methods into their writing which prevents them from becoming better writers. Old methods and the habits aren't always the best choices to make.

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Key Claims of Carillo's "Reading and Writing are Not Connected"

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Key Claims of Carillo's "Reading and Writing are Not Connected"

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Reading and writing should be taught simutaneously since they are connected

Some students might have poor writing ability related to their poor reading ability (reading and writing are connected)

Writing is putting words and ideas together while reading is doing the same thing too, although someone has put the words together for the reader

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1. Great writers are taught through practice
2. Some people have god given talent for writing, like a sport, but no one is born a "good writer"
3. A fixed mindset won't help ones' writing; writers that are exceptional are those who want to grow and learn

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Key Claims of Brandt's "Sponsors of Literacy"

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Key Claims of Brandt's "Sponsors of Literacy"

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Literacy sponsors do not have to be teachers or parents. They can be anyone or even anything that brought no matter good or bad impact on one's literacy.

Events such as recession, relocation, immigration, etc. all can affect one's literacy

Literacy is like "commodity," which has a large power and everyone trying to gain to get profit and edge, not only for themselves but might also for their children.

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1) Educators' main focuses when teaching how to write include ensuring that students know how to use specific and complex language. This allows students to grasp readers' attention by using out of the ordinary language that add more shine to their paper.

2)  Word usage has its cons because it has turned writing for students in lower grade levels into a "confidence game" where students feel the need to sound smart with their audience rather than actually communicating their main point.

3) Writing is a complex practice that requires individuals to put into use more than one writing style and literary devices in order to deliver the main point of their writing to their audience. Sometimes, using what individuals are most comfortable with because they've learned it, isn't the best choice for their writing. Therefore, it is important to be open to learn new things in writing.

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1. Intelligence is tremendously affected by environmental factors (e.g. being exposed to more words as a child).

2. One’s intelligence can be improved upon with a “growth mindset”.

3. One’s intelligence isn’t set in stone

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1. People’s access to literacy as they grow up depends on their literacy sponsors (can be people or things).

2. Different people have different types of/access to literacy sponsors.

3. Access to literacy sponsors/beneficial literature can tremendously impact someone’s socioeconomic status.

4. There needs to be a greater effort to give everyone equal access to quality literacy sponsors.

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1. Writing is (or at least should be) thinking and learning .

2. High school writing is writing to memorize what you already learned.

3. College writing is writing to learn.

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1. There is a disconnect between high school writing and college writing that needs to be fixed.

2. High school writing is overly focused on a fixed structure and rules.

3. College writing is much less restrictive, allowing/challenging students to think when they write, not just follow a structure.

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Key Claims of Shenk's "The 32-Million Word Gap"

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Key Claims of Shenk's "The 32-Million Word Gap"

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4-year-old children can have a word gap of 32 million words between those who were grown in professional homes and welfare homes

Ways to help children develop more literacies include speaking to children and reading early and often, nurturance and encouragement, etc.

Intelligence is not fixed or general. People with higher achievements might not be smarter than others but just more hard working and self-discipline

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Key Claims - Only Geniuses Can be Writers

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Key Claims - Only Geniuses Can be Writers

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-writing is hard

-good authors also go through the same struggles that we do

-previously believed that good authors were original & found inspiration from within

-imitation is a good thing!
-to an extent of course (no plagiarism!)

-COLLABORATION !!

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Key Claims - Some People Are Just Born Good Writers

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Key Claims - Some People Are Just Born Good Writers

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-Lone genius is just a myth

-everyone can improve their writing regardless of their background
-persistence is key!

-skill: set of habits of mind and practices that can be taught and learned

-good writers are taught

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-prewriting process may be invisible, but is essential

-it is okay to delay your writing
-there are many forces for writing
-creating ideas/arguments before the actual writing is being done is more beneficial

-there are many signals for writing

-genre, point of view, voice, news, line, image, pattern

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Key Claims - Literacy and the Politics of Education

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Key Claims - Literacy and the Politics of Education

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-being literate or illiterate influences agency/power

-new technology is negatively impacting the learning of literacy

-literacies: functional, cultural, critical, and personal growth

-knowledge of literacy is endless

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Key Claims - Writing in the 21st Century

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Key Claims - Writing in the 21st Century

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-three challenges: developing new models of writing, designing a new curriculum supporting those models, creating models for teaching that curriculum
-should view these as opportunities
-before: more emphasis on reading than writing

-writing required more labor/effort
-positive associations w/ reading

-we must adapt to this new writing brought about with the development of new technologies

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Key Claims - University Literacy: A Multi-literacies Model

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Key Claims - University Literacy: A Multi-literacies Model

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-important to provide first-years w/ four key literacies in order to be successful in college
-institutional, critical, traditional, academic
-why?
-everyone comes from different backgrounds thus have different levels in their knowledge of literacy
-many college students lack the necessary reading skills for successful writing
-there is always more to learn, "we are never literate enough" (85)

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-think about the context of the writing, intended audience, & purpose

-were the choices made by the writers effective

-why is the writer making these choices

-would you want to “adopt” the writing techniques used in the writing you’ve read

-annotate the text you are reading

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Key Claims - Reading and Writing are Not Connected

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Key Claims - Reading and Writing are Not Connected

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-reading and writing are connected practices

-should be taught simultaneously
-colleges tend to neglect this fact

-students adopt writing styles and techniques from the texts they read

-students should be able to analyze, interpret, and fully understand the texts they are reading

-reading skills influence writing skills
-reading & writing skills influence communication skills

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-almost anything can be a literacy sponsor
-the people surrounding you
-economic factors & competition
-government
-social media, internet, TV, radio
-self-initiated learning
-sponsors and those sponsored are in this almost symbiotic relationship (mutual benefits/gains)
-sponsors pass the knowledge they have to others (ideological freight ??)
-those of HSES have an advantage over those of LSES
-easier access to education & more knowledgable sponsors

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-there is a disparity between those who are poor and those who are wealthy in terms of their literacy knowledge
-both genetics AND environment will affect learning ability & access
-"growth mindset"
-we can always learn new things
-believe in yourself! = greater success
-everyone is intelligent in their own ways
-there is no set standard for intelligence

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Key Claims - How do I Write a Text for College? Making the Transition from High School Writing

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Key Claims - How do I Write a Text for College? Making the Transition from High School Writing

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-writing is "an opportunity to think"
-college writing encourages students to discover new things, not write about what we already know
-YOU are responsible for your success in college
-no one there to hold your hand
-we must "unlearn" many writing practices we were taught in high school in order to become better writers for college

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Key Claims - Academic Writing in College

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Key Claims - Academic Writing in College

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-high school
-lots of rules & guidelines to follow (rubric)
-very restricted
-college
-no more rules
-a lot more freedom
-there are choices we have to make in writing
-we have to take into consideration the audience and purpose

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-Children of higher socioeconomic classes tend to be exposed to more words than those from lower classes, which leads to differences in literacy levels.

-If we believe that our capabilities are limitless, we might be better.

-One's personal genuine intelligence cannot be assessed and is a process that is constantly evolving

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-Writing gives you the chance to consider what you are truly writing about, which is different from writing for high school and college.
-Writing in college provides students with additional opportunities to study, which benefits them more overall.
-Writing is a task that necessitates a lot of introspective thought before beginning.

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Key Claims of Strong's "The World is a Text Writing"

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Key Claims of Strong's "The World is a Text Writing"

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- "Writing is thinking" - writing can help students to think and proving what students know in there head.
- High school students were writing under a lot of limitations, which also limited the expression of their thoughts
- Students have to try to unlearn what they learned in high school and relearn in college

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-Plagiarism is pervasive due to the belief that talented writers commonly borrow ideas from one another and run the risk of losing their distinctiveness and originality in their writing.

-Writing is a group endeavor.

Many of the ideas that are expressed in writings are influenced and inspired by other concepts.

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-Maintaining a good outlook and being persistent will help you develop as a writer and improve your literary experiences.

-If writers are determined to change, they can all get better.

-Excellent writers are not born, but grow to become one

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-Resistance to writing is an issue that many writers deal with. Either you wait for an idea to deliberately fly through your mind, or you put off writing.

-Writing is about exploring

-4 literary forces, including the expansion of information writers become fixated on the knowledge they acquire for their work and will strive to make it obvious in their writing.

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- The past of literacy education is long, with a primary concentration on writing and handwriting that evolved as literacy resources became more frequently available.

- In light of the fact that the "public" is regarded as one of the most significant "audience(s)" in the current world, new teaching paradigms ought to be implemented in order to encourage people to write "for the public."

-Outside of the classroom, reading is frequently emphasized over writing. Thinking along these lines promotes a culture of consumption rather than one of the invention.

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- Concentrate on literacy topics like taxes and common topics that people truly desire to learn.

- People desire to veer away from notions of literacy that are based in schools and universities.

- Since literacy is what maintains politics, power, and the rule of people, changing the foundations upon which everyone bases literacy will be challenging.

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- (While student’s eyes may make their way over every word, that does not mean that students have comprehended a text or that they are prepared to successfully complete the writing tasks...” (39).

- “...since comprehension is a crucial step toward these more advanced interpretive practices.) (39).

- (Although writing is more often thought of as a creative act, reading is just as creative.) 40).