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The California Gold Rush was sparked by the discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley. This redirected the technologies of communication, transportation and accelerated and expanded the reach of the American and British Empires.​

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Panning: Gold pans, picks and sholves were used to pan for surface gold.
Cradling: Some miners used a gold cradle to search for surface gold.
Puddling: A puddling tub was used to search for surface gold in clay.
Sluicing: Several miners could use a sluice at once to search for surface gold.

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Chinese immigrants in the 19th century worked in the  California Gold Rush and the Central Pacific Railroad. They also worked in agricultural jobs, and factory work,

especially in the garment industry. They suffered racial discrimination at every level of society. The white people were stirred to anger by the " yellow peril”.

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By 1870 there were 63,000 Chinese in the United States. 77% of this population were in the state of California. The rest of the Chinese population were everywhere in the West,

Southwest, New England, and the South.

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By the end of the Gold Rush, more complicated methods

for gathering the gold had been invented. These methods included equipment for mining the gold from the surrounding underground rock formations.

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North America’s first transcontinental Railroad was a 3,075 km continous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing US railroad network with the Pacific Coast. It was constructed by three prívate companies over public land provided by the US.

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It was caused by disagreetments over slavery, states vs federal rights, the election of Abraham Linconln and the attack of fort Summer. Some important figures were Linconln, Jefferson Davis and Andrew Johnson.

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It was the period after the American Civil War from 1865 to 1877, during which the United States grappled with the challenges of  reintegrating into the Union the states that had seceded and determining the legal status of African Americans.

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We had the Thirteenth Amendment (1865), Fourteenth Amendment: (1866; 1868) and the Fifteenth Amendment: (1869; 1870). However, states were allowed complete autonomy regarding local and state electoral laws. State and local governments to limit the voting abilities of Black people.

Despite this, Blacks would engage actively in voting and in political life. And we had the first Black Representatives in Congress.

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Commonly referred to by some authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history.