# data[].attributes.body
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.741083/full

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/conquest/second-hand-smoke.h37-1588257.html#:~:text=Exposure%20to%20second%2Dhand%20smoke,Alexander%20Prokhorov%2C%20M.D.%2C%20Ph.

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https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/IJPH/article/view/17078

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https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A21077&dswid=-4231

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Passive Smoking in Children: The Importance of Parents' Smoking and Use of Protective Measures 2004 (English) Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)

Abstract [en]

Passive smoking has been recognised as a health hazard, and chidren are especially vulnerable. The general aim of this thesis was to describe and analyse the importance of parents' smoking and smoking behaviour for children's tobacco smoke exposure. The studies were conducted in the South-East part of Sweden and pre-school children and their parents constituted the study samples. Five studies are described in six papers. Smoking prevalence among parents (14%) and commonly used measures of protection were surveyed. An instrument designed to measure children's tobacco smoke exposure in the home was developed and validated. It was used on 687 families with a smoking parent and a child 2½-3 years old, included in a prospective cohort study on environmental variables of importance for immun-mediated diseases ABIS (All Babies in South-East Sweden). Almost 60% of the parents stated that they always smoked outdoors with the door closed, 14% mixed this with smoking near the kitchen fan, 12% near an open door, 7% mixed all these behaviours and 8 % smoked indoors without precautions. The smoking behaviours were related to the children's creatinine adjusted urine cotinine. All groups had significantly higher values than had children from non-smoking homes, controls. Outdoor smoking with the door closed seemed to be the best, though not a total, measure for tobacco smoke protection in the home.

Most parents were aware of the importance of protecting children from tobacco smoke exposure but all were not convinced of the increased risk for disease for exposed children. The majority of parents were not satisfied with the smoking prevention in health-care and 50% did not think that their smoking was of any concern to the child health care nurse.

Further research is warranted to describe if the difference in exposure score related to smoking behaviours is related to different prevalence of disease. Efforts are needed to convince those who still smoke indoors that tobacco smoke exposure influence children's health and that consequent outdoor smoking with the door closed seemed to give the best protection.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages

Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2004. , p. 80

Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 831
Keywords [en]

ETS, infant, child, cotinine, smoking behaviour, protective measures, parents, home, tobacco, child health care, ABIS National Category Medical and Health Sciences

Identifiers

URN: DiVA, id: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5174 ISBN: 91-7373-801-8 (print) OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-5174 diva2:21077

Public defence

2004-02-13, Victoriasalen, Campus US, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 09:00 (English)

Opponent

Supervisors

Note

Article I: copyright (2003), with permission from Oxford University Press. On the day of the public defence the status of article III was: Submitted and the status of article VI was: Revised and resubmitted and the original title was: Attitudes to children's tobacco smoke exposure among smoking and non-smoking parents and their opinions on how the issue is handled in health care.

2004-03-122004-03-122020-04-01 Bibliographically approved List of papers

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Passive Smoking in Children: The Importance of Parents’ Smoking and Use of Protective Measures

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DiVA portal is a finding tool for research publications and student theses written at the following 50 universities and research institutions.

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https://www.quit.org.au/articles/the-health-risks-of-smoking/

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Smoking kills around 2 out of every 3 people who smoke. In this article, we'll look at how smoking affects your health.

Smoking harms nearly every organ in your body

To unpack this alarming fact, there are 79 organs in your body. The vital organs of your brain, lungs, liver, kidney and heart are all harmed by smoking. Also, the many organs of your body's systems, such as the stomach, intestines, skin, spine, bladder, skeleton, mouth, muscles, joints, lungs, teeth, eyes, ears, skin, glands, nose, tongue, pancreas, joints, muscles, tendons, arteries and veins, to name just some, are also harmed by smoking.
Nearly every part of your body is damaged by smoking.
Smoking causes disease

Smoking causes many diseases and reduces your health in general. It causes cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease, heart attack, heart failure, stroke and aneurysms, .

Even if you only smoke one cigarette a day it can have serious health consequences.

Recent research has found that smoking just one cigarette a day has nearly half the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke compared to a person who smokes 20-cigarettes-a-day.

Smoking causes cancer

There are thousands of chemicals in cigarette smoke, including around 70 known cancer-causing chemicals called carcinogens. These carcinogens enter your bloodstream and are circulated through your body.

Smoking causes cancer of the lung, mouth, throat, voice box, oesophagus, pancreas, bladder, kidney, liver, cervix, ureter, nose, nasal sinuses, stomach and bowel. Smoking also causes acute myeloid leukaemia and increases breast cancer risk.

Smoking worsens mental health and mood

Smoking can worsen mental health symptoms such as depression, anxiety, panic attacks or schizophrenia. Most people with a mental health condition find that, in the long term, their mental health and/or mood improves when they quit smoking.

Smoking ages you

Smoking effects the appearance of your face. People who smoke are more likely to show signs of premature ageing: wrinkles and loss of skin elasticity.

A recent study found that people who smoke appear up to nearly 5 years older than those who don't. Even people who smoke in their 20s and 30s may have early fine wrinkles.

Other health risks of smoking

Chronic bronchitis - frequent and increased production of phlegm.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This long-term lung disease limits airflow which causes shortness of breath. It includes emphysema and obstruction of the small airways.

Snoring is more common among people who smoke and increases with the amount of cigarettes smoked.

Inflammation and damage to the way your body heals itself.

Greater risk of infection including chest and lung infections, and meningococcal disease.

There are many risks to the unborn child associated with smoking and pregnancy.

Smoking reduces both men's and women's fertility. Secondhand smoke also effects fertility.

Problems with getting and maintaining an erection.

Women who smoke are more likely to have painful and irregular periods and have earlier menopause.

People who smoke are more likely to get the flu and take days off work.

Smoking exacerbates asthma.

Smoking causes type 2 diabetes.

For people with diabetes, smoking worsens symptoms and makes the illness harder to manage.

Smoking effects the health of people around you

Secondhand smoke or passive smoking cause many of the health effects associated with active smoking.

Also, babies and children who are exposed to secondhand smoke have a higher risk of getting serious illnesses. The risks include:

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) or 'cot death'

chest illnesses such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia

weaker lungs

cough, phlegm, wheeze and breathlessness

more frequent and worse asthma symptoms

'glue ear' (middle ear disease) which is the most common cause of hearing loss in children

meningococcal disease, which can sometimes cause death, mental disability, hearing loss, or loss of a limb

missed school due to illness

Read more about the health effects

This page does not list all of the health risks of smoking. For more detail, visit Tobacco in Australia.

When you quit smoking your body begins to repair

It can be distressing to read such a list of health effects. The good news is that as soon as you stop smoking, your body begins to repair itself. Read more about how the body repairs, or chat to a one of Quitline counsellors. You can also request a Quitline callback.

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Smoking kills around 2 out of every 3 people who smoke. In this article, we'll look at how smoking affects your health. To unpack this alarming fact, there are 79 organs in your body. The vital organs of your brain, lungs, liver, kidney and heart are all harmed by smoking.

# data[].attributes.body
https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Passive_smoking?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=id&_x_tr_pto=tc,sc

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“Perokok pasif” dialihkan ke sini. Untuk album Sublime, lihat Second-hand Smoke .

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https://www.studiocambridge.co.uk/why-it-is-important-to-learn-english/

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Learning English is important, but firstly, why is it a good idea to learn any new language?

Learning a new language can be an enjoyable experience at any age. People learn new languages for many different reasons, such as travel or work, and the benefits can be incredibly worthwhile, whatever the reason.

Studying a foreign language can increase cultural knowledge and can help you feel more confident when travelling. It's also a fact that learning a second language improves brain functionality. Studies show that people who speak more than one language have improved memory, problem-solving and critical-thinking skills, enhanced concentration, ability to multitask and better listening skills.

Sounds great, right? So, now you know that it's a good idea to learn a language, why is it important to learn English?

1. English is a global language

English is spoken at a useful level by some 1.75 billion people worldwide - that's one in every four! Being able to speak English is not just about being able to communicate with native English speakers - if you want to speak to someone from another country then the chances are that you will both be speaking English to do this!

2. Studying English can help you get a job

English is the language of science, aviation, computers, diplomacy, and tourism. Knowing English increases your chances of getting a good job in a multinational company within your home country or of finding work abroad.

3. With English, you can study all over the world

Since English is spoken in so many different countries there are lots of schools and universities around the world that offer programmes in English. If you have a good level of academic English, there are lots of opportunities for you to find an appropriate school and course to suit your needs. In addition, many of the world's prestigious universities are situated in English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, United States and Australia. To earn a position at one of these prestigious universities it is paramount to be able to read, write, speak and listen in English.

4. English is the language of the media industry

If you speak English, you won't need to rely on translations and subtitles anymore to enjoy your favourite books, songs, films and TV shows!

5. It is the language of the Internet

English is also a particularly important language online with the highest percentage of content on the internet written in English. As well as this, some of the world's largest tech companies are based in English speaking countries.

6. It will help you to understand other languages

Generally speaking, English is one of the easiest languages to learn with its simple alphabet. And once English is mastered you will have developed abilities and practices that you did not have before. These skills will transfer to any other language that you learn.

7. Travelling is a lot easier with a good knowledge of English

Even if you are in a country where English is not the official language, chances are that English will still be used as a tool for communication!

8. You can learn more than just the language!

Good knowledge of English will allow you to access films, music and literature from hundreds of countries around the globe. Not to mention the fact that numerous books from across the world are translated into English. Therefore, by understanding English, you are unlocking the door to a whole world of new information and knowledge!

Have we convinced you yet? If you've been inspired to learn English, consider enrolling on one of our English as a Foreign Language (EFL) courses and develop your English skills in the company of like-minded students in the beautiful city of .

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Why it's important to learn English - Studio Cambridge

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Learning a new language can be an enjoyable experience at any age. People learn new languages for many different reasons, such as travel or work, and the benefits can be incredibly worthwhile, whatever the reason. Studying a foreign language can increase cultural knowledge and can help you feel more confident when travelling.

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https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/amp/article/passive-smoking

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Passive or second-hand smoking occurs when a non-smoker involuntarily breathes in smoke from other people's cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars or pipes.

Passive smoking can occur when you are in the same room, house, car or public place as smokers. The smoke contains toxic substances that can damage the health of anyone who breathes it in, especially babies, children and pregnant women.

Where does second-hand smoke come from?

The smoke comes from:

the burning ends of cigarettes, pipes or other tobacco products

the lungs, noses or mouths of smokers

Do e-cigarettes (vaping) create second-hand smoke?

Breathing in vapours from other people's e-cigarettes (or, 'vapes') is not the same as passive smoking because no cigarette smoke is involved.

However, passive vaping may still harm your health because the vapour from e-cigarettes contains liquid chemicals and other toxic substances which are linked to heart and lung diseases, including cancer.

Under existing state and territory laws in Australia, the sale of nicotine e-cigarettes and liquid nicotine to someone without a doctor's prescription is illegal. But this does not guarantee all e-cigarettes sold legally are nicotine-free.

From 1 October 2021, importing nicotine e-cigarette products and refills from overseas websites without a valid doctor's prescription will also be illegal.

Learn more at the Therapeutic Goods Administration website.

How does passive smoking affect your health?

Passive smoking can increase the risk of illness and premature death in babies, children and adults. Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of toxic chemicals, including about 70 substances that can cause cancer. Even small amounts are harmful.

In babies, passive smoking can contribute to sudden infant death syndrome, possibly because chemicals from the smoke affect the brain and interfere with breathing.

Babies and children exposed to passive smoking may also get other illnesses such as:

In adults, second-hand smoke can increase the risk of:

In pregnant women, the effects of passive smoking can include:

Who is at greatest risk?

Babies and children are at risk from passive smoking because they cannot control or move out of their environment.

People who live in overcrowded conditions with smokers are also at risk.

How to reduce exposure to passive smoking

The only way to totally protect people from second-hand smoke is not to allow smoking in homes and other indoor spaces.

In Australia, state and territory laws ban smoking in public indoor spaces such as nursing homes, schools, offices, shopping malls, buses and trains. Some states ban smoking in cars if any children under the age of 16 or 18 years old are present.

Smoke-free and tobacco control laws vary from state to state, so check your state's legislation to ban smoking in public spaces for the latest information. In most states and territories, you can't use e-cigarettes in public places where you're also prohibited from smoking cigarettes.

There is also national legislation banning smoking on domestic and international flights, as well as interstate buses. The law allows airports to put up no smoking signs.

To protect yourself and your children:

insist your home is smoke-free

ask your partner, family or friends to smoke outside - it is not enough for them to go to another room, since smoke can move through the house

encourage the smoker to quit - even the smoke particles on clothes can harm people

Ask colleagues or family members using e-cigarettes to vape outside.

What can I do about second-hand smoke if I am a smoker?

If you are a smoker, consider quitting. If you'd like help and support, go to the Quitline website or call 13 7848.

To protect non-smokers from your smoke:

obey the law in smoke-free public spaces

at home, smoke outdoors, far away from other people, especially babies and children

don't smoke near playgrounds or other places where there are children or pregnant women

stay downwind of people in parks or picnic spots

respect other people's right to a smoke-free environment

Last reviewed: June 2020

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Passive or second-hand smoking occurs when a non-smoker involuntarily breathes in smoke from other people's cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars or pipes. Passive smoking can occur when you are in the same room, house, car or public place as smokers. The smoke contains toxic substances that can damage the health of anyone who breathes it in, especially babies, children and pregnant women.

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Breathing in other people's smoke is known as exposure to second-hand smoke or passive smoking. When you smoke, it's not just your health that's put at risk, but the health of anyone around you.

Most second-hand smoke comes from the tip of a burning cigarette. This makes it almost impossible to direct smoke away from those around you. If you only smoke in one area of your home the harmful chemicals will spread rapidly from room to room and can linger for up to 5 hours. If you smoke in a confined space such as a car, you're exposing your fellow passengers to even more harmful chemicals. This is why smoking in cars with children on board has been banned in Scotland since December 2016.

Risks to other people

People exposed to second-hand smoke face the same dangers as smokers themselves. They too inhale the same poisonous gases and thousands of toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke. Their risk of developing smoking-related diseases will also increase.

Pregnant women exposed to second-hand smoke will pass on harmful chemicals to their babies. Second-hand smoke is also particularly harmful for children, and others with long-term heart and/or breathing conditions.

Short-term effects

Some short-term effects from exposure to second-hand smoke include:

Long-term effects

Long-term effects from exposure to second-hand smoke include increased risk of:

coronary heart disease (risk increased by 25-30%)

lung cancer (risk increased by 20-30%) and other cancers

stroke (risk increased by 20-30%)

increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other breathing problems

Breathing in second-hand smoke makes the blood stickier, meaning there is an increased risk of blood clots forming, even with brief exposure. A blood clot can block an artery and cause:

In pregnant women exposed to second-hand smoke, there is an increased risk of complications during the pregnancy and after the birth. The most likely risk is that your baby could weigh less than expected.

Risks to children

Children breathe faster than adults, which means they take in more of the harmful chemicals in second-hand smoke. They're even more sensitive to smoke than adults because their bodies are young and still developing.

Research shows that babies and children exposed to a smoky atmosphere are likely to have increased risk of:

breathing problems, illnesses and infections

reduced lung function

wheezing illnesses and asthma

sudden and unexpected death in infancy (SUDI)

certain ear, nose and throat problems, in particular middle ear disease

There is also an increased risk of developing bacterial meningitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and acute respiratory illnesses.

Risks to pets

Second-hand smoke can be damaging to pets health too.

Family pets are at a high risk of disease and illness due to second-hand smoke. This can result in higher vet costs and emotional distress on families. Over 7,000 harmful chemicals are found in smoke, with 70 known to directly cause cancer. These pose a threat to all kinds of pets including dogs, cats, birds, guinea pigs and even fish.

There are small steps you can take to reduce harm from exposure to second-hand smoke:

smoking outside won't completely protect our pets - but it will reduce the risk

don't leave cigarette butts or ashtrays in easy access of pets

regularly clean and steam carpets to reduce the toxic particles at home

Quit Your Way can provide you support to quit

Take it Right Outside

Visit our Take it Right Outside campaign for quizzes, hints and tips on second-hand smoke.

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Breathing in other people's smoke is known as exposure to second-hand smoke or passive smoking. When you smoke, it's not just your health that's put at risk, but the health of anyone around you. Most second-hand smoke comes from the tip of a burning cigarette.

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https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/pioneer-health/dockyard-----a-silent-killer.html

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Smoking disables the lungs making it harder for the body to ward off Coronavirus and other infections. Tobacco is additionally a significantly perilous factor for non-communicable diseases
The risk of serious infection, prerequisites of ventilatory help and death rate are multiplied in patients who are active smokers. Without appropriate treatment for COVID-19, smoking remains an adverse factor in the result.

Tobacco kills more than 8 million people internationally every year. More than 7 million of these are from direct tobacco use and around 1.2 million are because of non-smokers who are being exposed to passive smoke.

Tobacco smoking is a proven risk factor for some respiratory contaminations and builds the seriousness of respiratory illnesses. Various investigations uncovered that active smoking and a background marked by smoking are altogether connected with expanded COVID-19 seriousness. Tobacco smokers (cigarettes, bidis, warmed tobacco items) might be more dangerous against COVID-19, as the process of smoking includes contact of fingers with the lips, which increases the chance of transmission of infections from hand to mouth.

COVID-19 is a serious infection that fundamentally harms the lungs. Smoking disables the lungs making it harder for the body to ward off COVID and other infections. Tobacco is additionally a significantly perilous factor for non-communicable illnesses like cardiovascular infection, malignancy, respiratory sickness and diabetes which put individuals with these conditions at higher risk for creating serious disease when influenced by COVID-19. Accessible exploration recommends that smokers are at higher risk of suffering from severe sickness and demise.

Within 20 minutes of quitting tobacco, there is a raised pulse and circulatory strain drop. Following 12 hours, the carbon monoxide level in the circulatory system drops to typical. Within two-12 weeks, the course improves and lung function increases.

Nicotine substitution treatments such as gum and fixes are intended to help smokers quit tobacco. The Government prescribes that smokers find quick ways to stop by utilising demonstrated strategies like nicotine substitution treatments. The SARS-COV-2 pandemic should fill in as a force for patients and those in danger to keep up great wellbeing practices and end smoking.

An appeal from healthcare workers on World No Tobacco Day:

As the COVID-19 pandemic keeps on troubling social orders around the world, our investigation proposes that quitting smoking addresses perhaps the most quickly modifiable danger variables to lessen the significant bleakness related to the sickness and severity brought on by COVID. Considering this discovery, governments, policymakers and other key partners should guarantee that fitting measures are taken to help and quit smoking to secure weak populations.
The writer is Dr Devender Singh Consultant Vascular & Endovascular Surgeon at Yashoda Hospitals, Hyderabad

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Smoking disables the lungs making it harder for the body to ward off Coronavirus and other infections. Tobacco is additionally a significantly perilous factor for non-communicable diseases The risk of serious infection, prerequisites of ventilatory help and death rate are multiplied in patients

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https://www.medindia.net/patients/lifestyleandwellness/cigarette-smoking-a-silent-killer-passive-smoking.htm

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Passive Smoking – How it Hurts Others

Smoking harms, not just the smoker, but everyone around them, i.e., family members, co-workers, and others who breathe in the smoker's cigarette fumes. This kind of smoking is called passive smoking. Passive smoking exposes infants to middle ear problems, causes coughing and wheezing. It worsens asthma, and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Smoking is the slowest form of suicide. Second-hand smoke, as and when breathed in by a child, increases his/her chances of middle ear problems, asthma, and bronchitis. If both parents smoke, the child is more likely to be exposed to the above ailments.

Passive smokers are at higher risk of developing smoking-related diseases than the active smokers. Children, whose parents smoke, are more likely to suffer from asthma/asthmatic bronchitis. Infants under two years of age are more likely to suffer from allergies, severe respiratory infections, and cot death.

Smoking is also harmful to the unborn fetus in case of a pregnant woman. If a pregnant woman indulges in smoking, the risk of miscarriage, early delivery (prematurity), stillbirth, infant death, and low birth weight increases.

Exposure to passive smoking also causes cancer, and augments the risk of stroke and heart disease. A teenager is more likely to smoke if both parents do, when compared to those adolescents whose parents are non-smokers. In households where only one parent smokes, young people are more likely to start smoking.

The prevalence of infertility is higher in women who are passive or active smokers, and the time it takes for them to conceive is much longer, when compared to non-smokers. Cigarette smoking is harmful to a woman's ovaries, as it accelerates the loss of eggs and deteriorates the reproductive function. It may advance menopause by several years. Components in cigarette smoke often interfere with the ability of ovarian cells to produce estrogen, and cause a woman's eggs (oocytes) to be more prone to genetic abnormalities.

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Smoking harms, not just the smoker, but everyone around them, i.e., family members, co-workers, and others who breathe in the smoker's cigarette fumes. This kind of smoking is called passive smoking. Passive smoking exposes infants to middle ear problems, causes coughing and wheezing. It worsens asthma, and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

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S moking, a silent killer - smoking is the practice of burning a substance to inhale the resulting smoke for taste is a common practice world-over. Tobacco smoking is very injurious and being practiced by over one billion people around the globe, of whom the majority are in developing countries. Tobacco products are made up of leaf tobacco as raw material entirely or partly; which are intended to be smoked, sucked, chewed, or snuffed.

Often I wonder, that why people still smoke even after being well aware of the hilarious health effects of smoking. What do you think?

It is perhaps the most popular adventure for teenagers, without considering its consequences. Initially, people begin to smoke for the fun and gradually become addicted to it. They adopt it as a fashion, thinking that it is very easy to quit smoking at any time. However, it is very difficult to stop, once you get addicted to it, and thus, smoking leads to many lethal diseases.

Continuous smoking results in skin allergies, cancer, and lung destruction. It has been reported that cigarette smoking caused 87% of lung cancer deaths. Many other cancers and health problems are found associated with it. Smokers often have dark lips and trouble breathing. It causes mouth and lung cancer and slowly leads to loss of appetite. Smoking gradually destroys vital organs in our body that stops the continuity of this precious life and hence, it may refer as a 'silent killer'.

Are smokers more vulnerable to contracting COVID-19?

Tobacco smokers (cigarettes, waterpipes, bidis, cigars, heated tobacco products) may be more vulnerable to contracting COVID-19, as the act of smoking involves contact of fingers (and possibly contaminated cigarettes) with the lips, which increases the possibility of transmission of viruses from hand to mouth.

Smoking water pipes, also known as shisha or hookah, often involves the sharing of mouthpieces and hoses, which could facilitate the transmission of the COVID-19 virus in communal and social settings.

Most people start smoking one cigarette a day followed by smoking more than thirty cigarettes a day. Some people get addicted to smoking in such a way that they need to smoke cigarettes even more than drinking water requirements. It is called 'chain-smoking'. When we sit beside a smoker, we mistakenly inhale smoke, this is called 'passive smoking' which is equally bad for our health and causes several diseases leading to death.

Passive smoking is the inhalation of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or second-hand smoke, by persons other than the intended " active " smoker. It occurs when tobacco smoke saturates an environment and causes its inhalation by people within the immediate vicinity. Smoking should be strictly prohibited at open places by law to avoid the risk of passive smoking.

Education, awareness, and counseling by physicians of children, and especially teenagers have been found very effective in decreasing the risk of smoking cigarettes. Many countries have started to impose high taxes on tobacco products manufacturing companies owing to the health hazards of the smoking killer. There should be also some legislation regarding its commercialization. For instance, social media should promote to run ads to discourage tobacco use and limit ads that promote tobacco. There should be proper awareness campaigns for helping people to quit smoking. Overall, as a nation, we have to follow the motto "stop smoking and save lives".

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S moking, a silent killer - smoking is the practice of burning a substance to inhale the resulting smoke for taste is a common practice world-over. Tobacco smoking is very injurious and being practiced by over one billion people around the globe, of whom the majority are in developing countries.

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https://www.thelanguagegallery.com/blog/the-importance-of-the-english-language

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Passive smoking means breathing in other people's tobacco smoke. The smoke drifting from a lit cigarette plus the smoke breathed out by a smoker is called second-hand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke.

Second-hand smoke is a serious health risk for both those who smoke and those who do not. Children are particularly at risk of serious health effects from second-hand smoke.

Tobacco laws in Victoria

In Victoria, it is to , including shisha tobacco, and to use vaping products ():

in most indoor workplaces

within the grounds of, and at and within 4 metres of an entrance to, all Victorian childcare centres, kindergartens (or preschools) and primary and secondary schools

at and within 4 metres of an entrance to children's indoor play centres and Victorian public premises (all public hospitals and registered community health centres, and certain Victorian Government buildings)

in cars carrying people who are under 18 years of age

at all of Victoria's patrolled beaches within 50 metres of a red and yellow flag

within 10 metres of outdoor children's playground equipment

within 10 metres of outdoor skate parks

within the outdoor areas of all public swimming pool complexes

within 10 metres of outdoor sporting venues during under 18s events and training sessions

on public transport

in all areas of train stations, covered bus shelters, raised platform tram stops and all tram stop shelters

on the grounds of prisons

at underage music or dance events

in all outdoor dining areas where food (other than pre-packaged food or uncut fruit) is provided on a commercial basis

at certain food fairs and organised events

in outdoor areas that local councils have made smoke-free.

For more information on tobacco laws in Victoria, visit the Victorian Government's Department of Health page on .

Toxic effects of passive smoking

Tobacco smoke inside a room tends to hang in mid-air rather than disperse. Hot smoke rises, but tobacco smoke cools rapidly, which stops its upward climb. Since the smoke is heavier than the air, the smoke starts to descend.

A person who smokes heavily indoors creates a low-lying smoke cloud that other householders have no choice but to breathe.

Tobacco smoke contains around 7,000 chemicals, made up of particles and gases, over 70 of which are known to cause . Second-hand smoke has been confirmed as a cause of by several leading health authorities.

Chemicals in second-hand smoke such as ammonia, sulphur and formaldehyde damage the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. These compounds are especially harmful to people with lung conditions such as or . Exposure to second-hand smoke can trigger or worsen symptoms.

Health risks of passive smoking - pregnant women and unborn babies

When a pregnant woman breathes in any tobacco smoke, her unborn baby is exposed to the chemicals in the smoke too. About 10% of Australian women smoke during pregnancy. Both smoking and passive smoking can seriously affect the developing baby.

Women who smoke are at greater risk of .

Health risks for mothers who smoke during include increased risk of:

When a non-smoking pregnant woman is exposed to second-hand smoke in the home - for example, if her partner smokes - it increases the risk for:

Active smoking by men can damage their sperm. Some health problems may be due to a non-smoking mother breathing in second-hand smoke, or sperm damage from the father's tobacco use, or both. These include:

Health risks of passive smoking - children

Children are especially vulnerable to the damaging effects of second-hand smoke. Some of the many health risks include:

A child who lives in a smoking household for the first 18 months of their life has an increased risk of developing a range of illnesses of the lung, including bronchitis, and . They are also more prone to coughs, and glue ear (). Their lungs are weaker and do not grow to their full potential.

A child exposed to second-hand smoke in the home is more likely to develop asthma symptoms, have more and use more often and for a longer period.

School-aged children of people who smoke are more likely to have symptoms such as cough, phlegm, wheeze and breathlessness.

Health risks of passive smoking - partners who have never smoked

People who have never smoked who live with people who do smoke are at increased risk of a range of tobacco-related diseases and other health risks, including:

- second-hand smoke affects your blood vessels in several ways:

It makes the blood more 'sticky' and likely to clot.

Passive smoking is associated with lower levels of antioxidant vitamins in the blood.

Just 30 minutes of passive smoking can affect how your blood vessels regulate blood flow, to a similar degree to that seen in people who smoke.

Passive smoking over a long time may lead to the development of atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries by fatty streaks).

Lung cancer - people who are exposed to second-hand smoke over a long time have a 20 to 30% higher risk of developing lung cancer.

There is increasing evidence that passive smoking may increase the risk of nasal sinus cancer, , , larynx cancer, long and short-term respiratory symptoms, loss of lung function, and among people who do not smoke.

Your family and friends - a good reason to stop smoking

When you stop smoking, you are not only doing great things for your own health, but for your loved ones.

You will protect your partner, children or other household members from becoming ill from second-hand smoke.

You will have more energy and time to spend with your kids.

You will save a lot of money for you and your family.

You are your child's first role model - parents who stop smoking reduce the likelihood that their children will take up smoking later in life.

What are your reasons to have a go at quitting?

Help is available if you want to stop smoking. To find out all your options, call Tel. for advice and support, and talk to your doctor or pharmacist about how they can help you quit.

Protecting others from second-hand smoke

If you smoke but you are unwilling or unable to stop immediately, there are various ways to help protect the health of the people you live with. Suggestions include:

Make your home totally smoke-free. Always smoke outdoors and shut windows and doors so smoke doesn't drift inside. Limiting your smoking to one or 2 rooms will not protect your family - tobacco smoke can easily drift through the rest of the house.

Make sure that visitors to your house smoke outdoors - that includes shisha as well as cigarettes.

Make your car totally smoke-free. The other occupants will still be exposed to tobacco smoke even if the windows are open. In Victoria, it is illegal to smoke in cars carrying people who are under 18 years of age.

Don't allow smoking in any enclosed space where people who do not smoke spend time - for example, in the garage, shed, cubby house, boat or caravan.

Try to avoid taking children to outdoor areas where people are smoking and you can't easily move away.

Make sure that all people who look after your children provide a smoke-free environment.

Where to get help

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Passive smoking means breathing in other people's tobacco smoke. The smoke drifting from a lit cigarette plus the smoke breathed out by a smoker is called second-hand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke. Second-hand smoke is a serious health risk for both those who smoke and those who do not.

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https://www.languagelabsystem.com/why-is-english-important-for-students.html

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As we are aware that English language skills depend upon four core skills. These skills are essential for learning the English language that is:

Listening skills: It improves the imagination and vocabulary of a learner. While listening we used to visualize the scene and memorize in our memory.

Speaking skills: When a learner speaks, he gets to know his mistakes and he can improve it further.

Reading skills: Reading a book or a passage helps in improving the vocabulary and concentration of a learner.

Writing skills: When we write we get to know, what we are writing and do we know the spellings of all words.

If a student master these four skills then his English will automatically improve and gain confidence in presenting his skills.

Why Learning English language is important?

Perfect communication - It is important to speak effectively. People get impressed by those who have good communication skills.

Gain Confidence - If you own good communication skills then your confidence will automatically be high.

Achieve your goal early - Effective English language skills help you meet your career goals quickly.

Effective personality - When we speak effectively and with confidence, anyone can get attracted.

Part of the Global community - English language is a part of the global world. So, if one knows good English then one can interact with others.

Multiple Career Prospects - A person possessing effective communication skills have more career opportunities than others.

How to improve your English language skills?

There are various ways of improving English language skills, we discuss a few of them.

Learn ten new words on a daily basis.

Try to speak in English with friends and family members.

Make a list of daily used items in English and try to use them on a regular basis.

Watch English news channels, movies, serials, etc. and they to understand them.

Read English Magazines, newspapers, novels, etc. The word you find tough underline and find its meaning in the dictionary.

Participate in group discussions, this will give you confidence.

Try to make notes on daily the basis or start writing a diary.

Practice speaking skills for 5 minutes daily in front of the mirror.

Practice grammar exercises of noun, verbs, adverbs, idioms, etc.

Start thinking in English and write stories to improve both speaking and writing skills.

Never feel shy while speaking, no one is perfect. One can learn only by speaking.

Make friends who are native English speakers, it will help you a lot in learning English language skills.

The importance of the English language is wider in education. A student studies other subjects in the English language only like Science, Economics, Geography, History etc. if he knows the general rules of grammar well then the student can easily write the notes and ace in exams.

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As we are aware that English language skills depend upon four core skills. These skills are essential for learning the English language that is: Listening skills: It improves the imagination and vocabulary of a learner. While listening we used to visualize the scene and memorize in our memory.

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Tobacco Smoking in India

Indians have been pioneers in smoking since 2000BC when cannabis was smoked and is first mentioned in the Atharva veda. There are about 120 million active smokers in India and they constitute approximately 12% of worldwide smokers.

Before cigarettes were manufactured smoking was done with chillums or pipes. Hookah smoking is still prevalent in villages where the smoke passes through a water container before inhalation. Smokeless tobacco is more commonly used in India than cigarette or bidis (tobacco rolled in leaf). A statutory health warning was introduced on cigarette packs in 1975 in our country and Cigarette and other Tobacco Products Act (COPTA) was enforced in May 2004.

However, the published estimates show that 35% of males still smoke and the incidence of smoking is increasing amongst females. About 80% of children below the age of 16 years have used some form of tobacco and about 50% may continue to do so in their adulthood.

Effects of Tobacco Smoking

Although the ill - effects of tobacco are well known, its addictive nature (due to nicotine) does not allow a person to give up the consumption of tobacco. According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), tobacco contributes to 30% of all cancers amongst men and women of our country. Mouth cancer followed by lung cancer is the commonest cancer in men. 42% of male and 18% of female deaths are attributed to tobacco-related cancers in India.

69 of the 4800 chemicals found in tobacco cause cancer. As per the statistics, tobacco is responsible for one death every second.

Tobacco either smoked or smokeless is a silent, relentless killer that is responsible for the ill health of not only the consumer but also the family due to second - hand - smoke, especially for young children and pregnant women, and loss of life at a younger age.

Besides lung and mouth cancer, tobacco causes cancer of the voice box (larynx), oesophagus (food - pipe), bladder, kidney, stomach, pancreas and colon. A pledge to stop tobacco use either as cigarette/ bidi or as smokeless tobacco can reduce the total burdens of cancers by 30% and save many young lives.

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Indians have been pioneers in smoking since 2000BC when cannabis was smoked and is first mentioned in the Atharva veda. There are about 120 million active smokers in India and they constitute approximately 12% of worldwide smokers. Before cigarettes were manufactured smoking was done with chillums or pipes.

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https://www.india.com/health/harmful-effects-of-secondhand-smoke-why-is-it-called-a-silent-killer-expert-reveals-5630588/

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https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/passive-smoking#

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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See the data and statistical information on the health effects of secondhand smoke.

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https://vivahealth.co.id/article/detail/8095/perokok-pasif

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Passive smoking means breathing in other people’s tobacco smoke. All passive smoking is unsafe. Find out more from Cancer Research UK.

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https://www.learn-english.us/5-things-why-learning-english-is-important/

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Multilingualism is becoming increasingly vital in todays world. Being able to communicate in a foreign language not only helps you find work, but it also allows you to interact with others and learn more about different cultures, regions, and lifestyles. The more skilled you are, the more effectively you can communicate.
Out of the 6 500 spoken languages in the world today, why choose to learn English?
English, the world's third most widely spoken language, is spoken and taught in over 118 countries and is frequently used as a commerce or diplomatic language around the world. Science, aviation, computing, diplomacy, and tourism all use it. Last but not least, it is the international communication, media, and internet language.
Understanding the importance of English, whether for professional or personal reasons, will assist you in achieving your objectives. Here are a few reasons why you should continue to study and practise your English skills.
1.English is the Language of International Communication:
Despite the fact that English is not the most widely spoken language on the planet, it is the official language of 53 nations and is spoken as a first language by around 400 million people. But that's not all; it's also the world's most widely spoken second language. According to the British Council, around two billion people will be studying English around the world by 2020.
As a result, it's very likely that if you meet someone from another country, you'll be able to communicate in English. It provides you with an open door to the rest of the globe and allows you to communicate with people from all over the world.

2. English gives access to more entertainment and more access to the Internet
Many films, television shows, novels, and music are now written and produced in English. You will no longer need to rely on translations or subtitles if you know English. You will continue to develop your English listening and reading skills by using these mediums.
The internet's primary language is currently English. Every day, an estimated 565 million individuals use the internet, and English is shown on 52 percent of the world's most popular websites. As a result, mastering this language provides access to more than half of the internet's material, which would otherwise be unavailable. If you know English, you will be able to communicate with more people online and use a wider range of things, whether for enjoyment or for work.

3. English makes it easier to travel
As previously said, learning English makes it much easier to travel anyplace because it is spoken as a first language in 53 nations and as a second language in over 118 nations. Indeed, even in countries where the local language employs a different sort of alphabet, airport announcements, rail schedules, emergency alerts, and street signs are frequently available in English. It goes without saying that if you travel to a nation where you don't speak the language, you'll almost certainly encounter someone who can communicate in English.

4. English can make you 'smarter'
Learning a second language improves your analytical and cognitive skills. Learning a new language is challenging and requires a lot of mental effort. Learning a new language modifies the brain architecture, affecting the areas of the brain responsible for memory, conscious thought, and creativity, according to a 2012 Swiss study. Bilingualism can help the brain stay strong and healthy into old age, as well as improve concentration and memory. On an individual level, it enhances personality and boosts self-esteem. Simply put, learning a foreign language strengthens and expands the brain's capabilities.

5- You can find more job opportunities
Employees at many significant companies across the world are required to speak English. In some circumstances, some businesses require their employees to solely speak English.
It's only logical that as the globe grows more global (and hence more connected), huge businesses will want and need to communicate more. Everyone is currently attempting to learn and converse in English. People from various countries and cultures are increasingly using English as a common language to interact with one another.

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5 things Why learning English is important - Learn English Academy

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Multilingualism is becoming increasingly vital in todays world. Being able to communicate in a foreign language not only helps you find work, but it also allows you to interact with others and learn more about different cultures, regions, and lifestyles. The more skilled you are, the more effectively you can communicate.

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WHY IS LEARNING ENGLISH IMPORTANT

https://engvarta.com/reasons-why-english-learning-is-important-for-students/

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Why is English Important for a Student?

We all know that English is a universal language. It is understood and spoken in almost every corner of the world. We cannot expect anyone, particularly in a working environment, to not know this universal language. And, to prepare for the cut-throat working environment one needs to start early. Learning English during student life is a part of this preparation.

English is the most essential language in the field of education. There are many countries where English is learned as a second language. It won't be wrong if we say that English dominates the learning and research field. Not just this field, English has become a basic language of communication.

Here are a few reasons why English is important for students:

It makes communication easy
A student meets thousands of people from every walk of life. A good command on English helps them to communicate with others in the most impactful manner.

It boosts the confidence
A student or working professional who knows English brims with confidence. It adds up to the personality.

It helps in grabbing lifetime opportunities
No company would ever hire a person who lacks English communication skills. A thorough knowledge of this language is considered as the basic requirement for any post. Hence, in order to grab a good opportunity, a student must know English.

It helps in enhancing the educational skills
Once a student becomes adroit in English, there is no barrier that could stop him from learning more and becoming more educated. Every type of courses and classes are taught in English.

It makes traveling for education easy
Students who want to pursue higher education in a foreign country must learn English. A student who knows English well can travel to any corner of the world to gain higher education.

How to Improve English Effectively?

Now that you know how important English is, let us take a look at some effective ways to boost your English speaking capabilities.

Trust yourself
If you are struggling to learn English and you lack confidence, you must first work on boosting your confidence. Do not get scared of being the butt of jokes or being judged. If you are confident, no one could ever try to make fun of you.
Have faith in yourself and speak with confidence.

Listen English
Make it a habit to listen to English. Watch English movies, TV shows, News, and Music. This will introduce you to many new words and clear basic concepts while boosting your grabbing and learning capacity.

Use mirror
Stand in front of the mirror and try speaking English. This will boost your confidence.

Learn grammar
At the initial stages, you should not worry about making grammatical errors while speaking. But, you must keep working on your grammar throughout. You must aim at reaching a stage where you could speak English fluently without making grammatical errors.

Use websites and apps
There are many websites and apps that help English learners to improve their English learning skills. One of the best apps to improve your spoken English and boost your confidence is EngVarta: English Practice App. EngVarta is the best interactive app to learn English. It is ranked among the best English learning apps. This app is a great way of boosting English communication skills, particularly for those who understand the basics of the language but feel shy to communicate in English. Many English experts help the learners to gain a grip at English conversation. The app, which is compatible with both, and , helps in boosting the confidence.

Read more
Read newspapers and novels. Note down a few new words every day. Learn a new word every day. This will boost your vocabulary. Whatever you get, just grab and read. Read newspapers, literature, online articles, blogs, etc. Keep reading to improve your writing skills.

Use new words
Once you learn a new word, don't hesitate it from bringing in use. Using it will boost your confidence.

Practice
Practice makes one confident and so, you must keep practicing.

How to improve written English?

If you want to improve your English writing skills, follow the following mentioned tips:

Work on your vocabulary
If you want to put your thoughts into words, you would need a good vocabulary. You must work on your vocabulary to effectively put everything on a paper.Read a dictionary, novels, and newspapers to boost your vocabulary.

Pay attention to spellings
What all words you learn, make sure you learn their spellings too. If you write incorrect spellings, it will change the meaning of the entire sentence.
There are many words in English that sound the same but their meanings and spellings differ. Hence, you must make it a point to learn the spellings too.

Improve your grammar
Just like grammar is important in English speaking, so it is in English writing. A good grammar will enhance the quality of your written work.
Use of proper tenses and punctuations is a must in English writing.

Keep writing
Whatever comes to your mind, just note it down. Keep a diary and a pen handy. Sit at a peaceful place and start writing. Write many versions of each and every text. If you commit mistakes, do not worry and write it down again. Proofread your work and write it down again in a better way. This practice will definitely enhance your writing skills.

For Regular English Practice with Expert: Download EngVarta Mobile App

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Why learning English is important for students

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We all know that English is a universal language. It is understood and spoken in almost every corner of the world. We cannot expect anyone, particularly in a working environment, to not know this universal language. And, to prepare for the cut-throat working environment one needs to start early.

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https://www.wattanosothcancerhospital.com/en/all-about-cancer/cigarette-poison

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Smoking cigarettes can unfavorably affect the body in many ways, particularly raising the risks of serious heart and respiratory diseases. The effect of smoking is caused when substances are burned and absorbed into the bloodstream. These highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds contained in cigarettes significantly increase the risks of developing lung cancer, tracheal cancer, bladder cancer and pancreatic cancer. Moreover, toxic chemicals such as carbon monoxide and tar cause serious damages to the vessels which eventually lead to ischemic heart disease and stroke. Although smoking is a hard habit to break since nicotine is highly addictive, smoke cessation is highly recommended to lower chances of heart and lung conditions.

Statistical data revealed by World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that the tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats, killing more than 7 million people a year. Cigarettes are smoked by over 1.1 billion people globally. More than 7 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while around 890,000 deaths are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke.

Cigarette smoking is a toxic and carcinogenic mixture of more than 7,000 chemicals which badly affect the body. Among these substances, cigarette contains over 250 toxic substances and 70 carcinogens - substances that promote cancer formation such as acetaldehyde, aromatic amines, arsenic, benzene and formaldehyde.Apart from lung cancer, smoking can potentially cause other serious health problems such as cardiovascular and neurological diseases. More importantly, nonsmokers (secondhand smokers) who are exposed to smoke at home, at work or environment increase their risk of developing lung cancer.

Non-smokers who breathe in secondhand smoke take in nicotine and other toxic chemicals similar to smokers do. If women are exposed to second-hand smoke during pregnancy, both mothers and babies are put at greater risk to develop the abnormalities. Some of the health conditions associated with being exposed to second-hand smoke are a miscarriage, low birth weight, preterm birth, birth defects of the mouth and lip, learning or behavioral deficiencies in the child and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the world. Recently, global data indicates that lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world with 1.8 million deaths per year. Particularly in Thailand, lung cancer (both small cell and non-small cell) is the second most common cancer in men and the fourth most common cancer in women. Although lung cancer does not rank number 1 in terms of its incidence, it remains the most common cause of cancer deaths. Since lung cancer might not produce any warning signs and symptoms in its early stages, it has been frequently caught when disease has already progressed with metastasis (spread) to other organs in the body.Compared to other cancers with higher incidence rates e.g. breast cancer and prostate cancer, survival rate and life expectancy of lung cancer seems to be lower due to poor prognosis. Therefore, smoke prevention and cessation is the best possible way to remain healthy.

Cigarette and lung cancer

Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer cases, both in smokers and secondhand smokers. Several types of carcinogens have been found in cigarettes. Other risk factors for lung cancer include exposure to radon gas which is produced by the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water, exposure to asbestos and other carcinogens in the environment such as arsenic, chromium and nickel. Family history of lung cancer and genetic mutations also play a role in lung cancer formation.

Decades ago, lung cancer was considered rare disease. After several forms of cigarettes had been invented, the incidence of lung cancer dramatically increased. Clinical studies have drawn a conclusion that a wide range of carcinogens -substances promote cancer formation is the major cause of lung cancer.

Cigarette or tobaccosmoke is made up of thousands chemicals, including several toxic substances and carcinogens. Tar or tobacco residue -partially combusted particulate matter made by the burning of tobacco can form a sticky layer on the inside of the lungs. Carcinogens commonly found in tar include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzene, acrylamide and acrylonitrile. Smoking exposes delicate cells inside the lungs directly to these compounds, resulting in mutations in the DNA of the cells, which can eventually leads to lung cancer.

It has been statistically estimated that without cigarette smoking, the incidence of lung cancer should reduce significantly up to 80-90% worldwide. However, in Asian population e.g. Thais, 40-60% of lung cancer cases are not primarily caused by smoking. Obtained from an extensive study, the major contributing factor of lung cancer development in these population groups is assumed to be the abnormal gene mutations e.g. EGFR mutations.

Does it also induce other cancer types?

Smoking causes the majority of lung cancer cases, both in smokers and secondhand smokers. Several carcinogens, substances that promote cancer formation have been found in cigarettes such as acetaldehyde, aromatic amines, arsenic, benzene and formaldehyde. Apart from lung cancer, smoking can potentially cause other cancers including breast cancer andbladder cancer.

Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

During early phase, lung cancer may not cause any specific signs and symptoms until it has spread presented with advanced manifestations. However, some patients with early lung cancer might have symptoms. The most common symptoms of lung cancer are:

A chronic cough

Coughing up blood or rust-colored sputum (spit or phlegm)

Chest pain which is often worse with deep breathing or coughing

Shortness of breath or wheezing

Hoarseness

Weight loss and loss of appetite

Fatigue and weakness

In addition, bone pain is possible symptom, representing advanced or metastatic stage. To early screen lung cancer without any signs and symptoms, people with high risk of lung cancer should consider annual lung cancer screening using low-dose CT (computerized tomography) scan. High risk groups are defined as having at least a 30 pack-year history of smoking and currently smoke or having smoke quitting within the past 15 years. A pack year is calculated by multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked. For example, 30 pack-year is equal to smoking 2 packs (40 cigarettes) per day for 15 years. An early screening by using low-dose CT largely helps to find lung cancer at an earlier stage even before symptoms arise. Early detection significantly increases the chances of being cured and results in a better quality of life".

In case that lung cancer is suspected, additional test is tissue sample. A sample of abnormal cells in the lungs will be further removed by performing a procedure called a biopsy. A biopsy sample may also be taken from lymph nodes or other areas where cancer might spread. The pathogenic results obtained from biopsy reveal the specific characteristics of abnormal cells and type of lung cancer that determine disease prognosis. After lung cancer has been diagnosed, imaging tests might be required to determine the extent (stage) of lung cancer. Staging tests may include CT, MRI and PET/CT. The results from imaging procedures will be used to guide appropriate treatment plans.

Treatment of lung cancer

The two general types of lung cancer include small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung cancer can be treated in several ways, depending on the type, size, location and stage whether it has spread to other organs while taking into consideration of individual patient's conditions and underlying diseases. Non-small cell lung cancer can be treated with surgery (as a first line therapy for early stages), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments while small cell lung cancers are usually treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In stage 4 lung cancer, chemotherapy, targeted and immunotherapy are major treatments. Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities within cancer cells. Targeted drug treatments works by blocking these abnormalities, causing cancer cells to die. Several targeted therapy drugs are approved to treat lung cancer, even though most are reserved for patients with advanced or recurrent cancer. In addition, some targeted therapies only work effectively in patients with certain genetic mutations. Immunotherapy is considereda novel therapy that uses medicines to stimulate a patient's immune system (cytotoxic T-cells) to recognize and destroy cancer cells more effectively. Nevertheless, immunotherapy is generally reserved for patients with advanced or relapsed lung cancer.

Even though, the advancements in cancer treatment has progressed, resulting in prolonged life expectancy and improved survival rates, lung cancer has ranked number 1 as the leading cause of cancer related deaths. Smoking cessation can considerably decrease risks of develop lung cancer while early detection with low-dose CT significantly helps to identify lung cancer at its earlier stages, leading to more chances of being cured.

Medical Oncologist and Hematologist, Bangkok Cancer Hospital Wattanosoth.

For more information, please contact:Bangkok Cancer Hospital Wattanosoth

Tel: +662-310-3000 or 1719 (local call only)

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Cigarette smoking: The silent killer of life

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Smoking cigarettes can unfavorably affect the body in many ways, particularly raising the risks of serious heart and respiratory diseases. The effect of smoking is caused when substances are burned and absorbed into the bloodstream. These highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds contained in cigarettes significantly increase the risks of developing lung cancer, tracheal cancer, bladder cancer and pancreatic cancer.

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" Passive Smoking is a silent killer"

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Dangers of Secondhand Smoke: Risks and Prevention

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Secondhand smoke is smoke you don't mean to breathe in. Exposure to secondhand smoke comes from side stream or mainstream smoke. Burning tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars or pipes, releases side stream smoke. A person actively smoking nearby exhales mainstream smoke. Both sources release harmful chemicals into the air that affect nonsmokers.

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1. English is a global language

English is the most commonly spoken language in the world. One out of five people can speak or at least understand English!

2. Studying English can help you get a job

English is the language of science, aviation, computers, diplomacy, and tourism. Knowing English increases your chances of getting a good job in a multinational company within your home country or of finding work abroad.

3. Learning English can help you meet new people

English is the official language of 53 countries and is used as a lingua franca (a mutually known language) by people from all around the world. This means that whether you're working in Beijing, or travelling in Brazil, studying English can help you have a conversation with people from all over the world.

4. Many scientific papers are written in English

In the last century, the number of scientific papers written in English has started to outweigh the number of papers written in the native language of the researcher. In the Netherlands, for example, the ratio is a surprising 40 to 1. For this reason, having a knowledge of English is incredibly important to those working in the scientific field.

5. English is the language of the media industry

Because of the prominence of Hollywood in global media, an enormous amount of films, TV shows and popular songs are written in English. If you speak English, you won't need to rely on translations and subtitles anymore to enjoy your favourite books, songs, films and TV shows.

6. English is the language of the Internet.

English is a particularly important language online with more than half the content on the internet written in English. As well as this, some of the world's largest tech companies are based in English speaking countries.

7. Travelling is a lot easier with a good knowledge of English

Imagine you're a Spanish person on holiday in Thailand, while your hotel receptionist might not be able to answer your question in Spanish, it's likely they will be able to answer your question in English.

8. English is one of the most important languages for business

Whether you're a business owner, student or employee, English is incredibly important in the business world. English is considered to be one of the most important business languages due to being the de facto language of the United States and the official language of the UK, Canada, India and South Africa.

9. With English, you can study all over the world

Since English is spoken in so many different countries there are thousands of schools and universities around the world that offer programmes in English. If you speak good academic English, there're lots of opportunities for you to find an appropriate school and course to suit your needs. Find out about going to university in an English speaking country.

10. English gives you access to multiple cultures

Good knowledge of English will allow you to access films, music and literature from hundreds of countries around the globe. Not to mention the fact that numerous books from across the world are translated into English. Few experiences will make you grow as a person more than learning the values, habits and way of life in a culture that is different from yours.

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The Importance of the English Language: 10 Reasons to Learn English

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We all know English is a global language, but have you ever wondered why learning English is so important? Find out the reasons to learn English here.

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http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/92666http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/92666

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Latar Belakang: Paparan asap rokok adalah polutan dalam ruangan umum di rumah terutama di Indonesia, membuktikan perokok pasif mempunyai risiko sama besar dengan perokok aktif untuk terkena penyakit kronik. Konsekuensi dari paparan asap rokok ini menimbulkan berbagai efek kesehatan untuk anggota keluarga terutama perempuan. Seringkali sebagian besar wanita tidak dapat menyuarakan pendapat mereka dalam meminta suami mereka untuk tidak merokok di rumah karena mereka dibatasi oleh tradisi dan budaya serta keyakinan yang tidak memungkinkan mereka untuk melawan suami. Wanita dengan tingkat pengetahuan yang lebih baik tentang merokok pasif memiliki tingkat ketegasan yang lebih tinggi dalam meminta suami mereka untuk tidak merokok di rumah. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan tentang merokok pasif pada wanita dan tingkat ketegasan dalam meminta suami mereka untuk tidak merokok di rumah. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan oleh Quit Tobacco Indonesia dari Desember 2013 sampai dengan Januari 2014 di beberapa desa; Rukun Warga (RW) 4 Terban, RW 1 Bener, RW1 Wirobrajan, RW 4 Notoprajan, RW 5 Patehan, RW 9 Bausasran. Subjek penelitian ini adalah perempuan, yang suaminya merokok di rumah. Para wanita ini diwawancara melalui kuesioner survei. Data dikumpulkan berdasarkan analisis berdasar kuesioner. Akhirnya, data ini dikumpulkan dan dikelola dengan analisis isi yaitu dengan mengorganisasi data secara sistematis dan struktural dari coding kategori hingga ke tema hasil penelitian.
Background: Second-hand smoke is a common indoor pollutant in the home especially in Indonesia, making this involuntary smoking a serious health risk for both those who smoke and those who do not. The consequence from this involuntary smoking poses numerous health effects to the family members especially the women. Often most of the women are unable to stand up and voice out their opinion to ask their husband not to smoke at home as they are bounded to tradition and cultural beliefs that do not allow them to go against their husband. It is also believed women with better level of knowledge about passive smoking have higher assertiveness level in asking their husband not to smoke at home. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to access the relationship between the level of knowledge about passive smoking in women and the assertiveness level in asking their husband not to smoke at home. Method: This research was a type of cross sectional study. The research was conducted by Quit Tobacco Indonesia from December 2013 until January 2014 at several villages here; Rukun Warga (RW) 4 Terban, RW 1 Bener, RW1 Wirobrajan, RW 4 Notoprajan, RW 5 Patehan, RW 9 Bausasran. The subjects for this research were women, whose husband smokes at home. These women were examined through survey-completed questionnaires. The data was collected based on the analysis from the questionnaire answered by these women. Finally, these data were collected and managed with analysis content that is by organizing data systematically and structurally from coding the categories until the theme of the research.
Kata Kunci : second hand smoking, knowledge, assertiveness, women,

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LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PASSIVE SMOKING AND ASSERTIVENESS AMONG PASSIVE SMOKERS ( WOMEN ) IN CITY OF YOGYAKARTA

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Latar Belakang: Paparan asap rokok adalah polutan dalam ruangan umum di rumah terutama di Indonesia, membuktikan perokok pasif mempunyai risiko sama besar dengan perokok aktif untuk terkena penyakit kronik. Konsekuensi dari paparan asap rokok ini menimbulkan berbagai efek kesehatan untuk anggota keluarga terutama perempuan.

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https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/smoking-and-cancer/what-is-passive-smoking#:~:text=Most%20harmful%20tobacco%20smoke%20is,cancer%2C%20heart%20disease%20and%20stroke.

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Gee IL, Semple S, and Watson A, C. A. Nearly 85% of tobacco smoke is invisible - a confirmation of previous claims. Tob. Control . 22, 429 (2013).

International Agency for Reseach on Cancer. Personal Habit and Indoor Combustion: Second-hand Tobacco Smoke. Vol 100 E (2012).

International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. Vol 83, 1-1413 (2004).

Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. Passive Smoking and Children. (2010).

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Gee IL, Semple S, and Watson A, C. A. Nearly 85% of tobacco smoke is invisible - a confirmation of previous claims. Tob. Control . 22, 429 (2013). International Agency for Reseach on Cancer. Personal Habit and Indoor Combustion: Second-hand Tobacco Smoke. Vol 100 E (2012). International Agency for Research on Cancer.

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https://www.elc-schools.com/blog/4-reasons-why-learning-english-is-so-important/

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English is the language of science, of aviation, computers, diplomacy, and tourism. Knowing English increases your chances of getting a good job in a multinational company within your home country or for finding work abroad. It's also the language of international communication, the media and the internet, so learning English is important for socialising and entertainment as well as work!

Let's look at the top 4 reasons why studying English is so important:

1. English is the Language of International Communication

English may not be the most spoken language in the world, but it is the official language of 53 countries and spoken by around 400 million people across the globe. Being able to speak English is not just about being able to communicate with native English speakers, it is the most common second language in the world. If you want to speak to someone from another country then the chances are that you will both be speaking English to do this.

The British Council projects that by 2020 two billion people in the world will be studying English. Learning English is important as it enables you to communicate easily with your fellow global citizens. When you study English at ELC schools, you will be making friends with people from lots of different countries, using English as your common language!

2. English is the Language of Business

English is the dominant business language and it has become almost a necessity for people to speak English if they are to enter a global workforce. Research from all over the world shows that cross-border business communication is most often conducted in English and many international companies expect employees to be fluent in English.

Global companies such as Airbus, Daimler-Chrysler, Fast Retailing, Nokia, Renault, Samsung, SAP, Technicolor, and Microsoft in Beijing, have mandated English as their official corporate language. In addition, in 2010 the company Rakuten, a Japanese cross between Amazon and eBay, made it mandatory for their 7,100 Japanese employees to be able to speak English.

The importance of learning English in the international marketplace cannot be understated - learning English really can change your life.

3. Speaking English gives you Access to a World of Entertainment

Many of the world's top films, books and music are published and produced in English. Therefore, by learning English you will have access to a great wealth of entertainment and will be able to have a greater cultural understanding.

If you speak English, you won't need to rely on translations and subtitles anymore to enjoy your favourite books, songs, films and TV shows. Watching movies and television programmes in the English language is also a great and fun way to learn it!

At ELC we encourage students to participate in the social programme to practice English outside a class environment. Activities include watching popular English films, sports, art galleries, museums, trips and excursions to local and historical areas. The programme is designed to encourage students to use and learn English in British culture.

4. Learning English gives you Access to more of the Internet

According to a report by Education First, English is the language of the internet. An estimated 565 million people use the internet every day, and an estimated 52 percent of the world's most visited websites are displayed in the English language.

Learning English is important as it gives you access to over half the content on the internet. Knowing how to read English will allow you access to billions of pages of information which may not be otherwise available!

The Importance of Learning English Today

Although learning English can be challenging and time-consuming, we can see that it is also very valuable to learn and can create many opportunities!

Want some advice on fun ways to learn English? Why not check out our blog 'Is Learning English Your Biggest Challenge Yet? These 7 tips will help you.'

The English Language Centre is a not-for-profit organisation. This means that all our profits are re-invested in the school, our purpose is to provide the highest possible quality in English language teaching at our schools in Brighton, Chester and Eastbourne.

Find us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, where you can see what is going on in the school and message us with any questions!

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Reasons why learning English is important

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Reasons why learning English is so important and useful, English is widely spoken globally and has become the number 1 business language making it vital for many people to learn if they are to join a global workforce, it is vitally important for international business and commerce

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Why is learning English important for a student?

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Why is learning English important for a student?

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https://engvarta.com/reasons-why-english-learning-is-important-for-students/

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Why is English Important for a Student?

We all know that English is a universal language. It is understood and spoken in almost every corner of the world. We cannot expect anyone, particularly in a working environment, to not know this universal language. And, to prepare for the cut-throat working environment one needs to start early. Learning English during student life is a part of this preparation.

English is the most essential language in the field of education. There are many countries where English is learned as a second language. It won't be wrong if we say that English dominates the learning and research field. Not just this field, English has become a basic language of communication.

Here are a few reasons why English is important for students:

It makes communication easy
A student meets thousands of people from every walk of life. A good command on English helps them to communicate with others in the most impactful manner.

It boosts the confidence
A student or working professional who knows English brims with confidence. It adds up to the personality.

It helps in grabbing lifetime opportunities
No company would ever hire a person who lacks English communication skills. A thorough knowledge of this language is considered as the basic requirement for any post. Hence, in order to grab a good opportunity, a student must know English.

It helps in enhancing the educational skills
Once a student becomes adroit in English, there is no barrier that could stop him from learning more and becoming more educated. Every type of courses and classes are taught in English.

It makes traveling for education easy
Students who want to pursue higher education in a foreign country must learn English. A student who knows English well can travel to any corner of the world to gain higher education.

How to Improve English Effectively?

Now that you know how important English is, let us take a look at some effective ways to boost your English speaking capabilities.

Trust yourself
If you are struggling to learn English and you lack confidence, you must first work on boosting your confidence. Do not get scared of being the butt of jokes or being judged. If you are confident, no one could ever try to make fun of you.
Have faith in yourself and speak with confidence.

Listen English
Make it a habit to listen to English. Watch English movies, TV shows, News, and Music. This will introduce you to many new words and clear basic concepts while boosting your grabbing and learning capacity.

Use mirror
Stand in front of the mirror and try speaking English. This will boost your confidence.

Learn grammar
At the initial stages, you should not worry about making grammatical errors while speaking. But, you must keep working on your grammar throughout. You must aim at reaching a stage where you could speak English fluently without making grammatical errors.

Use websites and apps
There are many websites and apps that help English learners to improve their English learning skills. One of the best apps to improve your spoken English and boost your confidence is EngVarta: English Practice App. EngVarta is the best interactive app to learn English. It is ranked among the best English learning apps. This app is a great way of boosting English communication skills, particularly for those who understand the basics of the language but feel shy to communicate in English. Many English experts help the learners to gain a grip at English conversation. The app, which is compatible with both, and , helps in boosting the confidence.

Read more
Read newspapers and novels. Note down a few new words every day. Learn a new word every day. This will boost your vocabulary. Whatever you get, just grab and read. Read newspapers, literature, online articles, blogs, etc. Keep reading to improve your writing skills.

Use new words
Once you learn a new word, don't hesitate it from bringing in use. Using it will boost your confidence.

Practice
Practice makes one confident and so, you must keep practicing.

How to improve written English?

If you want to improve your English writing skills, follow the following mentioned tips:

Work on your vocabulary
If you want to put your thoughts into words, you would need a good vocabulary. You must work on your vocabulary to effectively put everything on a paper.Read a dictionary, novels, and newspapers to boost your vocabulary.

Pay attention to spellings
What all words you learn, make sure you learn their spellings too. If you write incorrect spellings, it will change the meaning of the entire sentence.
There are many words in English that sound the same but their meanings and spellings differ. Hence, you must make it a point to learn the spellings too.

Improve your grammar
Just like grammar is important in English speaking, so it is in English writing. A good grammar will enhance the quality of your written work.
Use of proper tenses and punctuations is a must in English writing.

Keep writing
Whatever comes to your mind, just note it down. Keep a diary and a pen handy. Sit at a peaceful place and start writing. Write many versions of each and every text. If you commit mistakes, do not worry and write it down again. Proofread your work and write it down again in a better way. This practice will definitely enhance your writing skills.

For Regular English Practice with Expert: Download EngVarta Mobile App

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Why learning English is important for students

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We all know that English is a universal language. It is understood and spoken in almost every corner of the world. We cannot expect anyone, particularly in a working environment, to not know this universal language. And, to prepare for the cut-throat working environment one needs to start early.

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Dangers of secondhand smoke and how to prevent it

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Dangers of Secondhand Smoke: Risks and Prevention

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Secondhand smoke is smoke you don't mean to breathe in. Exposure to secondhand smoke comes from side stream or mainstream smoke. Burning tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars or pipes, releases side stream smoke. A person actively smoking nearby exhales mainstream smoke. Both sources release harmful chemicals into the air that affect nonsmokers.

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Article about
"why is learning English important?"
Source : https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/kpknl-serang/baca-artikel/14903/Why-Learning-English-is-Important-and-How-to-Improve-Your-English-Quickly-4-Tips.html

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Congratulation! If you click this article, it already shows that you're interested in improving your English and I'm here to give you some good tips! Now let's move to the next step.

First, we need to know why learning English is important so that it gives you motivation to keep on learning and never give up. We already know that English is the language for international communication. But you may ask yourself, still what can I do with it? My answer will be: everything. By knowing that English is the language for international communication means you will increase your chance in everything through learning English, from education, career, entertainment, to your relationship with others. I will explain them one by one.

By learning English you will increase your chance in continuing your education abroad. Most of scholarships offered will require minimum 6 or 6.5 score for IELTS or similar with any other English Proficiency Test. You also can have access to more reputable papers and sources which mostly written in English.

From increasing your education of course it'll increase your chance in developing your career as well. English is also the language of business. So if you plan to enter a global workforce, learning English will surely be beneficial for you. It also can open many more future opportunities in your career path.

World's top music, books, films are published and produced in English. "But we have subtitles, and translated books!" - you argue. Yes, but doesn't it more fun if we can understand it in their original language? Also do you recognize the recently famous Indonesian Series - Layangan Putus use English in most of their dialogues? It seems that Indonesian entertainment will arguably be more comfortable in using English from now on.

By learning English you will have chance to broaden your friendship with foreign people. It will give you some sort of confidence to begin conversation with other people around the world, example when you travel abroad.
'Okay, so after we know the benefits, now how can I improve my English quickly?' - you may ask.
I got four practical tips to share on how to improve your English quickly and in fun ways:

If you love movies, this is a great way to improve your English fast. Start using English subtitle when you watch a movie or series. It'll increase your listening and reading skill in entertaining way. When you feel like you're ready to step up, stop using subtitles at all.

By reading in English, you will get used with the structures and the grammar. The more you read English writings, the more it will stuck in your brain.

Another way to learning English in entertaining way is through music. You can try to listen on a song and guess what it says in the lyric. It will increase your listening skill.

The fastest way to speak English is by practicing. The more you get used with the language, the faster you will improve. So, you need a partner or people to speak English with. That's why English speaking community is so important because it will gather all the people who share the same interest which is improving their English. Now let's try to find the nearest English community around you!

So, that's all about the importance of learning English and tips I got for you. Keep on learning and never give up! Good luck!

Written by : Debora Siburian, Subbagian Umum KPKNL Serang

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Why Learning English is Important and How to Improve Your English Quickly (4 Tips)

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Congratulation! If you click this article, it already shows that you're interested in improving your English and I'm here to give you some good tips! Now let's move to the next step. First, we need to know why learning English is important so that it gives you motivation to keep on learning and never give up.