# data[].attributes.body
-What are the signs of a healthy Urinary System;
*A good sign of a healthy urinary system includes  a yellowish, clear amber liquid anything dark would be abnormal.
*A good PH on average is 6.0 can rage around 4.5 – 8.0 , if affected it may cause infections or odour.
*If the Urinary system is healthy the urine can stay up for 5 hours in the body Without any "accidents".

-Functions of the urinary system include;
*Removes waste from the body by filtering blood etc.
*Balances the bodies fluids and electrolytes.
*Releases hormones for controlling blood pressure and red cell production.
*Helps with bone health by controlling calcium and phosphorus.

-Keeping the urinary system healthy by;
*Clean and healthy diet(try and keep salt out) and drinking plenty water daily.
*Clean and wipe the right way after going to the toilet.
*Empty bladder when needed and don't hold it.

# data[].attributes.body
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe.

Signs of a healthy respiratory System include;
*Being able to easily inhale and exhale oxygen.
*Good oxygen levels
*Clear voice, ability to change pitch easily and hold voice if needed.
*Ability to pace breathing and keep breathing steady during physical exercise.

Functions of the respiratory systems are;
*Gas exchange, acid base balance, phonation, pulmonary defense and metabolism etc.
*Breathing in of oxygen and its exchanged with cardon dioxide.
*External respiration is the breathing process.
*Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions.

Keeping the respiratory system healthy by;
* Don't smoke.
*Exercise/keep an active lifestyle.
*Healthy diet and healthy weight.
*avoid harmful environmental factors such as smoke, dust and chemicals (could cause breathing difficulties).

# data[].attributes.body
Circulate oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

circulation of blood through the heart

To help maintain fluid balance within the body

It helps thermoregulation

or maintain constant body temperature

maintenance of blood pressure

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Reproductive system - Better Health Channel

# data[].attributes.body
GROUP 1

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM has three main functions relating to food: digestion of food, absorption of nutrients from food, and elimination of solid food waste.

It breaks nutrients into parts small enough for your body to absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair.

Proteins break into amino acids

Fats break into fatty acids and glycerol

Carbohydrates break into simple sugars

SIGNS OF A HEALTHY SYSTEM:

Regular and pain-free bowel movements

Consistent energy

Normal amount of gas and bloating

Healthy bowel transit time

Mental clarity

Healthy reactions to food and stress

HOW DOES IT WORK?
MOUTH

When someone eats, the teeth chew food into very small pieces. Glands in the cheeks and under the tongue produce saliva that coats the food, making it easier to be chewed and swallowed.

Saliva also contains enzymes that start to digest the carbohydrates in food.

Oesophagus

The oesophagus is the muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach after it is swallowed. A ring of muscle at the end of the oesophagus relaxes to let food into the stomach and contracts to prevent stomach contents from escaping back up the oesophagus.

Stomach

The stomach wall produces gastric juice (hydrochloric acid and enzymes) that digests proteins. The stomach acts like a concrete mixer, churning and mixing food with gastric juice to form chyme — a thick, soupy liquid.

Small intestine

Bile from the gallbladder and enzymes in digestive juices from the pancreas empty into the upper section of the small intestine and help to break down protein into amino acids and fat into fatty acids. These smaller particles, along with sugars, vitamins and minerals, are absorbed into the bloodstream through the wall of the small intestine.

It is called small because it is about 3.5cm in diameter, but it is about 5m long to provide lots of area for absorption. Most of the chemical digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates is completed in the small intestine.

Large intestine and anus

The lining of the large intestine absorbs water, mineral salts and vitamins. Undigested fibre is mixed with mucus and bacteria — which partly break down the fibre — to nourish the cells of the large intestine wall and so help keep the large intestine healthy. Faeces are formed and stored in the last part of the large intestine (the rectum) before being passed out of the body through the anus.

# data[].attributes.body
There are eight main glands that run through your body as part of the endocrine system. The glands produce hormones which run through your bloodstream to your organs and tissues. The hormones move slowly but they do have an effect on the entire body, including: Development and growth Metabolism which includes breathing, digestion, maintaining body temperature, elimination, and blood circulation Sexual function Procreation Disposition Hormone levels can go high or low due to various conditions such as infection, stress, etc., leading to endocrine system diseases.

# data[].attributes.body
Lymphatic system helps to maintain fluid levels in our body tissues by removing all fluids that leak out of our blood vessels

Also it produces immune cells like lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma

It returns the interstitial fluid to the blood

It helps also in removing cellular wastes

signs of healthy lymphatic system- not regularly getting sick, not retaining fluid or swelling, no body aches or pains

# data[].attributes.body
This is the result of the thyroid gland not putting out enough of the thyroid hormone to keep the body’s functions from slowing down. Symptoms of hypothyroidism are based on how strong the hormone deficiency is. Problems in this area show up slowly and span over the years. Signs include: Always tired Sensitive to cold Skin that is dry Constipation Face gets puffy Gaining weight Weak muscles Hoarse voice High cholesterol numbers Tender muscles, achiness, stiffness Hair is thinning Menstrual periods that are heavy and irregular Depressed moods Decreased heart rate Forgetfulness

# data[].attributes.body
SUNBURN It is caused by overexposure to ultraviolet light Sunburn causes painful reddened skin and sometimes blisters, fever, and chills. People can prevent sunburn by avoiding excessive sun exposure and by using sunscreens. Cold-water compresses, moisturizers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ease pain until the sunburn heals. The amount of sun exposure required to produce a burn varies with the amount of melanin in the skin (usually visible as the amount of pigmentation), the ability to produce more melanin, and the amount of UV light in the sunlight on the day of overexposure. But if the skin cells get more UV exposure than they can handle, the damage may be beyond repair, and the cells die off. Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow and bring immune cells to the skin to help clean up the mess. All this causes the redness, swelling and inflammation we associate with a sunburn.

# data[].attributes.body
Your brain is fed by blood carrying oxygen and nutrients through blood vessels called arteries. A stroke happens when blood cannot get to your brain, because of a blocked or burst artery. As a result, your brain cells die due to a lack of oxygen and nutrients

There are two types of Stroke:
1. Ischaemic Stroke-
A stroke that is caused by a blood clot (is-key-mick)
There are 2 ways an Ischaemic Stroke can occur:
a. Embolic stroke

If a blood clot forms somewhere in the body (usually the heart) it can travel through the bloodstream to your brain. Once in your brain, the clot travels to a blood vessel that’s too small for it to pass through. It gets stuck there and stops blood from getting through.
b. Thrombotic stroke

As the blood flows through the arteries, it may leave behind cholesterol-laden ‘plaques’ that stick to the inner wall of the artery. Over time, these plaques can increase in size and narrow or block the artery and stop blood getting through.

2. Haemorrhagic stroke

Strokes caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel in the brain are called haemorrhagic strokes (hemm-orr-ragic).

This causes blood to leak into the brain, stopping the delivery of oxygen and nutrients.

SIGNS OF STROKE
F.A.S.T- Asking these simple questions:
Face Check their face. Has their mouth drooped?

Arms Can they lift both arms?

Speech Is their speech slurred? Do they understand you?

Time Is critical. If you see any of these signs call 000 straight away.

SYMPTOMS OF STROKE
Facial weakness, arm weakness and difficulty with speech.

The way a stroke effects and changes the normal body structure and function depends on several factors including:

type of stroke

location of the blocked or burst artery

which area of the brain is damaged

how much brain tissue is permanently damaged

general health before the stroke

level of activity before the stroke.

How stoke can affect the bodies structure/function:

-Weakness on one side of the body, including arms and legs

-Problems controlling or coordinating movements (also arms and legs)

-Ignoring one side of your body, which is called neglect

-Difficulties swallowing food, drink or your own saliva

-Personality and behaviour changes

-Having uncontrollable outbursts of emotion without cause, which is called emotional lability

-Problems with thinking, memory and insight

-Difficulty receiving messages from your senses – smell, touch, taste, sight and hearing

-Problems speaking and understanding, or with reading and writing

-Feeling worried about having sex or having physical changes that make it difficult

-Vision loss

-Incontinence

-Fatigue

FACTS
-Stroke is one of Australia’s biggest killers. It kills more women than breast cancer and more men than prostate cancer

-More than 80 percent of strokes can be prevented

# data[].attributes.body
This occurs when the thyroid cells start to grow out of control and the cells change creating a tumour. A tumour is either benign, which means it is not cancerous, or malignant which means it is cancerous and can spread throughout the body. Symptoms of thyroid cancer are basically non-existent in the beginning but as the cancer grows it can cause the following: A large lump in your neck that you can feel through your skin Problems swallowing Lymph nodes that have become swollen Throat and neck pain Voice changes that include hoarseness

# data[].attributes.headline
gastroesophageal reflux disease - Haruka

# data[].attributes.subject
gastroesophageal reflux disease - Haruka

# data[].attributes.body
Common signs and symptoms of GERD include:

A burning sensation in your chest (heartburn), usually after eating, which might be worse at night or while lying down.

Backwash (regurgitation) of food or sour liquid.

Upper abdominal or chest pain.

Trouble swallowing (dysphagia)

Sensation of a lump in your throat.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus). This backwash (acid reflux) can irritate the lining of your esophagus. Many people experience acid reflux from time to time.

# data[].attributes.body
Dermatitis:
- a general term that describes a common skin irritation.
Three common types of dermatitis include (eczema), seborrheic dermatitis and contact dermatitis

Common signs for the three types include:
Itchy, dry skin or a rash.
Skin that is blisters, oozes, crusts or flakes off.
Inflamed skin.

Contact dermatitis is caused by an irritant that a person is allergic to.
Treatment for contact dermatitis involves working out what irritant is causing the dermatitis and then avoiding it.
Doctors may also recommend a moisturiser, creams or tablets.

Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
Eczema is a case where your skin doesn’t keep the moisture in very well, so it becomes dry and easily irritated.]

The cause of eczema is unknown but common triggers include chemical, artificial colours, perfumes, heat and stress.

Treatment for eczema includes:
- moisturising daily
-
Seborrheic Dermatitis (Seborrheic Eczema)
- A form of skin inflammation that usually occurs on the scalp, face or torso in area that naturally produce an oily substance known as sebum.
Seborrheic dermatitis can lead to dandruff.
Symptoms are oily, falling or scaly skin.

It may be caused y an immune reaction to a microscopic fungus called malassezia.
Can be treated with over-the-counter treatments including anti-dandruff shampoos when the scalp is affected.

# data[].attributes.body
Lymphedema refers to tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid that's usually drained through the body's lymphatic system. It most commonly affects the arms or legs, but can also occur in the chest wall, abdomen, neck and genitals.

Lymph nodes are an important part of your lymphatic system. Lymphedema can be caused by cancer treatments that remove or damage your lymph nodes. Any type of problem that blocks the drainage of lymph fluid can cause lymphedema.

Severe cases of lymphedema can affect the ability to move the affected limb, increase the risks of skin infections and sepsis, and can lead to skin changes and breakdown. Treatment may include compression bandages, massage, compression stockings, sequential pneumatic pumping, careful skin care and, rarely, surgery to remove swollen tissue or to create new drainage routes.

Symptoms

Lymphedema signs and symptoms include:

Swelling of part or all of the arm or leg, including fingers or toes

A feeling of heaviness or tightness

Restricted range of motion

Recurring infections

Hardening and thickening of the skin (fibrosis)

Signs and symptoms can range from mild to severe. Lymphedema caused by cancer treatment may not occur until months or years after treatment.

Causes

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels that carry protein-rich lymph fluid throughout the body. It's part of your immune system. Lymph nodes act as filters and contain cells that fight infection and cancer.

The lymph fluid is pushed through the lymph vessels by muscle contractions as you move through the tasks of your day and small pumps in the wall of the lymph vessels. Lymphedema occurs when the lymph vessels are not able to adequately drain lymph fluid, usually from an arm or leg.

The most common causes of lymphedema include:

Cancer. If cancer cells block lymph vessels, lymphedema may result. For instance, a tumor growing near a lymph node or lymph vessel could enlarge enough to block the flow of the lymph fluid.

Radiation treatment for cancer. Radiation can cause scarring and inflammation of lymph nodes or lymph vessels.

Surgery. In cancer surgery, lymph nodes are often removed to see if the disease has spread. However, this doesn't always result in lymphedema.

Parasites. In developing countries in the tropics, the most common cause of lymphedema is infection with threadlike worms that clog the lymph nodes.

Less commonly, lymphedema results from inherited conditions in which the lymphatic system doesn't develop properly.

There's no cure for lymphedema. Treatment focuses on reducing the swelling and preventing complications.

# data[].attributes.body
Asthma is a common condition that affects 1 in 9 Australians. It affects airways in the lungs. When people are exposed to triggers it can cause the airways to inflame and narrow and swell.

Triggers for this condition include
-Allergies to fur, pollen and smoke etc
-Medicines such as anti inflammatory pain killers.
-High Emotions such as laughter and stress.
-Household Items such as cleaning products and aerosol sprays.
-Physical activity can also trigger asthma.

Symptoms of asthma include
-Difficulty breathing
-Coughing
-Wheezing
-Tightness and/or pain in the chest.
Symptoms can be minor from daily activities to severe and can potentially cause a life threatening attack (asthma attack).

Complications from asthma can be
-Fatigue
-Reduced lung function
-Poor sleep
-Poor productivity
-An inability to be physically active

Treatment for asthma includes
-Preventer medicines to relax the airways. They are commonly in tablet or inhaler form.
-Asthma controllers for when preventor medicines are insufficient or there is a flare up.
-Asthma reliver is used to open the airways to relieve symptoms when they are severe. The most common one is Ventolin.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
ureteral stones - one of the possible causes of UTI

# data[].attributes.body
Signs and Symptoms of UTI:
.Blood in urine
.Pain when voiding
.Poor urine system, passing small amounts frequently
Blood in urine can be caused by Kidney stones , accidents or falls.
Pain when voiding can be caused by infections in the urethra.
Poor urine system, passing small amounts frequently can be caused by infection, small kidneys stones lodged in the urethra or stones in the urinary bladder obstructing normal urine voiding
Treatment: Take medications, take a lot of water and rest

# data[].attributes.body
Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate. The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland in males that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Many prostate cancers grow slowly and are confined to the prostate gland, where they may not cause serious harm. However, while some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or even no treatment, other types are aggressive and can spread quickly.

Prostate cancer that's detected early — when it's still confined to the prostate gland — has the best chance for successful treatment.

Early-stage prostate cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms.

Symptoms commonly noted during the advanced stage include:

Trouble urinating

Frequent urination

Decreased force of urination

Difficulty starting or stopping the urine stream

The presence of prostate cancer in other organs and tissues can interfere with the organs ability to carry out its normal functions. Cancerous cells can have an abnormally high metabolic rate. As such, when present in other tissues, they may dominate the supply of nutrients to that organ, essentially starving the host organ.

Blood in semen

Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area

Bone pain

# data[].attributes.body
Signs + Symptoms
- Severe chest pain that gets worse
-Shortness of Breath
-Nausea or vomiting
-Dizziness or fainting
-Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulders, neck, arms or jaws
-Unexplained weakness or fatigue
-Rapid or irregular pulse

Heart attack happens when one or more areas of the heart muscle don't get enough oxygen. This happens when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked. The blockage is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries (atherosclerosis). Plaque is made up of deposits, cholesterol and other substances. When a plaque ruptures, a blood clot quickly forms. The blood clot is the actual cause of the heart attack. If the blood and oxygen supply to the heart is cut off, muscle cells of the heart begin to suffer damage and start to die. Irreversible damage begins within 30 minutes of blockage. The result is heart muscle affected by the lack of oxygen no longer works as it should.

# data[].attributes.body
Symptoms of lactose intolerance include:

abdominal pain

abdominal swelling (bloating)

nausea, somtimes vomiting

flatulence (excessive wind) or farting

diarrhoea.

If your body does not produce enough lactase, lactose is not digested and absorbed in the small intestine in the usual way. Instead, it continues to travel along the digestive tract to the large intestine, where bacteria partially break it down into acids and gases. This fermentation process causes excessive wind, bloating and associated pain.

Any undigested lactose continues along the intestinal tract. This lactose attracts water molecules. So rather than being absorbed into the bloodstream, water remains in the faecal matter (poo) and watery poo (diarrhoea) is the result.

# data[].attributes.body
Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder involving the accelerated loss of muscle mass and function that is associated with increased adverse outcomes including falls, functional decline, frailty, and mortality.

Signs of Sarcopenia:
falling
muscle weakness
slow walking speed
difficult performing normal daily activities

How it changes the normal body function:
. Reduce the ability to perform simple task of daily living like walking up the stairs or getting out of a chair.
. increase disability which may lead to loss of independence and the need of long-term care.
. increase frailty, falls and fractures.
This condition can lead to hospitalization and surgeries, which increase the risk of complication including death.

# data[].attributes.body
Cystic fibrosis primarily affects the lungs and digestive system because of a malfunction in the system that’s responsible for producing saliva, sweat, tears and mucus. There is currently no cure.

People with CF develop an abnormal amount of excessively thick and sticky mucus within the lungs, airways and the digestive system.

How common is CF:
In Australia, 1 in 2,500 babies are born with CF. that's one every four days. CF is more common in Caucasian babies compared to other ethnic groups.

Common symptoms of CF:

chronic coughing

shortness of breath

frequent lung infections

frequent sinusitis

frequent nasal polyps

inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)

trouble gaining weight

salty and sweaty skin

inability to tolerate heat

fertility problems

arthritis

Treatment for CF:

physiotherapy every day to clear the lungs

capsules to replace enzymes to help digest food

antibiotics for lung infections

puffers to open the airways

salt and vitamin supplements

a special diet

in severe cases people will need a lung transplant.

There is no cure for CF. It can only be manged with the above

Complications of CF:

CF can affect the skin, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and sex organs.

Eventually, people with CF develop lung failure.