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First of all, I am taking this class because it is a requirement for general education. But more importantly, I want to learn about people, why they act the way they do, and whether the environment affects the way individuals live. I find social behavior interesting. I want to know how different social groups can influence individual lives. I chose your class because my sister took it last semester, and she liked the way you teach.

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What is Sociology?

Sociology is a fascinating and enlightening academic discipline that examines and clarifies significant issues in our lives, societies, and the wider globe. Sociology examines the societal origins and effects of problems including romantic love, ethnic and gender identity, family conflict, deviant behavior, aging, and religious faith on an individual basis. The social science of Sociology examines human societies, their interactions, and the forces that shape and maintain them. To achieve this, it looks at the dynamics of the institutions, communities, populations, and age, racial, and gender groups that makeup societies. Along with societal disorder in the form of crime, deviance, and revolution, sociology also examines social rank or stratification, social movements, and social transformation.   In our textbook, the author talks about how Sociology differs from other fields of study.  For example, historians study ancient times and places up to today's history. Historians look at events that have happened.  Whereas, Sociologists look at the people and culture of a period.  They want to understand why people act the way they do. For example, on the subject of delinquency. “But sociologists would place a strong emphasis on social class (which is based on occupation, income, and education).” (Henslin, 14).  Whereas, the police would be looking at gang affiliations and previous interactions with the police. Sociology studies and explains issues such as poverty and wealth, crime and the law, discrimination and prejudice, schools and education, businesses, urban communities, and social movements at the societal level. These are just some of the reasons it is important to learn about sociology.

Henslin, J. M.  2007. Down To Earth Sociology Introductory Readings New York Free Press

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The first thing I bought

The first thing I remember buying was a CD of Snoopy Dogg.  I was so excited to get home and play the record.  Snoop Dogg is one of the most influential people in the music business. I saved my allowance for a month to be able to buy the album.  I love playing that CD over and over for about a year. The social pressure that made me think that the CD was a good purchase was that Snoopy sings about the struggles of black and poor people.  His music shows how dissatisfied and upset Americans are. The lyrics talk about social problems that society was to forget.  My idea was shaped because I am a young Black male who lives in the ghetto and is trying to dig his way out. The mass media also played a part in why I wanted to purchase Snoop's CD. Snoop was on a couple of shows on MTV explaining how he felt about being an American and the struggles he faced.

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Sociological imagination was developed by C. Wright Mills. Sociological imagination allows us to see the connections between “private troubles” and public issues. According to Mills, “Without a sociological imagination, we tend to reduce our private issues to personal fails and foibles.” (Johnston, Cairns Baumann p. 3) The author asks the question why are there people who are willing to buy expensive jeans when they are made out of the same material the less expensive jeans are made of?  It boils down to do you want to be fashionable and popular within your group of people.  For example, a famous movie star or recording artist wears a certain brand of shoes like Nike.  Society sees a picture of them wearing the Nikes.  So everyone runs out and buys the same shoes.  Mass media tells the public you have to have these shoes to be stylish or to be in the in-crowd.  I could not believe my friend paid 200 dollars for a pair of jeans that had holes in them. Capitalism runs everything.  Commercials on TV and radio are expensive to have on the air.  However, the producers of items and services are willing to pay big money because they know more people will buy or utilize their services.  One year Budweiser paid over 200,000 dollars for a 30-second commercial during the Super Bowl.

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Sociologists study the world of mankind.   The Sociologist will study the events that engage man’s beliefs, their moments of tragedy and grandeur and ecstasy.” (Henslin. P.3) In other words sociologists want to know everything about mankind. What makes them act the way they act? Why do they believe in the things they do? Sociologists investigate things that others may think are too sacred, or distasteful for dispassionate investigation.  A sociologist investigates things such as class, gender, group, and deviance. They want to know why people conform to things that they think are wrong. There is a strong desire to investigate and understand everything about mankind. Culture explains a lot about a person’s beliefs and behavior. The first wisdom of Sociology is Things may not be as they seem.  If you have a sociological imagination the field of Sociology can be exciting. Some sociologists like to observe human behavior others experiment with rats, and they both boil down to why humans live the way they do. You can learn more about the basic and complicated characteristics of people and their civilizations by studying sociology. You can draw similarities, try to solve problems, and gain a logical understanding of some of society's most annoying customs by researching how people behave in different contexts.

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The author starts by saying men feel trapped in their everyday lives.  “Underlying this sense of being trapped are seemingly impersonal changes in the very structure of continent-wide societies”. (Henslin. 20) Why do people think there are only a lot of traps in life? They typically do not attribute their level of well-being to the major ups and downs of the cultures in which they reside. This refers to their perception that they are unable to overcome difficulties in their daily life, and this perception is accurate. People's perceptions of the world are constrained. You feel more confined the more you are conscious of what other people expect of you.  The more you comprehend things the more your mind expands and we see different things it can make us feel more trapped. People's opinions have been shaped by their friends, family, and the media.  The sociological imagination lets people understand the historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external careers of a variety of individuals.  Furthermore, “the sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within a society.” (Henslin. 22)This is the promise.

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This happens once a year.  It highlights the accumulation of success for many years.  I have to get a haircut and get a manicure.  Everything has to be perfect.  First I will be picked up in a special car.  Then we must eat. Going to a perfect restaurant will make us extremely good food.  You look beautiful like a queen.  After dinner, we will go dancing.  The music is loud but exciting.  There is a banner with balloons. We saw some of our friends.  Some are couples and some are by themselves.  I hope we are voted into a position of admiration. At the end of the night, I will take you home.

(This is the contemporary American culture of prom night).

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The sociological imagination when applied to blue jeans is a common article of clothing It draws on interviews and observations of how people select and wear blue jeans to create a theory of the ordinary and its place in social science. This theory of the ordinary has major consequences for topics ranging from immigration to questions of identity, We can focus on an everyday item—blue jeans—to learn what one simple article of clothing can tell us about our individual and social lives and challenging, by extension, the foundational anthropological presumption of the normative. To some blue jeans is just an article of clothing that shows what fashions are popular right now.  No one thinks about how blue genes are made, under what circumstances, and what role capitalism plays in the production of jeans. The production of blue jeans is a capitalistic market driven by greed. In some countries where denim the material jeans are made of the working conditions are horrible.  Children are forced to work by their parents so that the family can earn more money.  They work long hours, without breaks.  The workplace is either too cold or too hot.   People are paid very little. The company is the one who is making all the money. Sociologists study and explore the meanings and motivations behind the daily use of wearing blue jeans.  A few years ago, a new fad started with jeans.  The jeans were made with holes in them.    The jeans looked like old torn-up jeans.  People went crazy for them and paid 100 or 150 dollars a pair. Today some people pay 2 to 3 hundred dollars a pair.  Companies are getting rich while the people that make them in other countries are paid pennies to make them.

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Nacirema is a term used in anthropology and sociology to describe aspects of the behavior and society of citizens of the United States of America. The term is deliberately created to encourage American anthropologists to look at their own culture more objectively. Nacirema culture is characterized by a highly developed market economy and rich natural habitat.  While economic pursuits occupy much of their time, a significant portion of their day is also spent in ritual activity. (Henslin. 87) Some of the popular aspects of Nacirema culture include: medicine men and women (doctors, psychiatrists, and pharmacists), a charm-box (medicine cabinet), the mouth-rite ritual (brushing teeth), and a cultural hero known as Notgnihsaw (Washington spelled backwards).    The cleaning of the mouth ritual is strange. They put a small bunch of hog hair in their mouth and move it around a certain way. A magical powder is added. The individual puts These ritual purification practices are prescribed as how humans should comport themselves in the presence of sacred things. These sacred aspects are the rituals that the Nacirema partake in throughout their lives.  Every household has one or more shrines.  Ritual ceremonies are done in secret. In the shrine, the chest is built into the wall. Potions and charms are kept in the box. Underneath the box is a font. Twice a year the Nacirema people seek out the holy man.  In the exorcism of evil spirits, the holy man uses various tools. augers, awls, probes, and prods. The individual's mouth is opened and any teeth with holes in them these tools and magic potions are placed in the side of the hole. Medicine men take care of the sick.  They have no medical training.  The treatment of the sick can only be done inside of the temple. The latipso ceremonies are so harsh that many of the people who go in for this treatment never recover. (Henslin 90)

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The study of human civilizations and their food consumption patterns is the focus of the soft science of food sociology, which is associated with anthropology and agriculture. Its focus is on the past, present, and future of society, including its production, preparation, consumption, and distribution, as well as its uses in medicine, ritual, spirituality, ethics, and culture, as well as associated labor and environmental concerns. Cultural sociology, which focuses on the meanings and values that groups of people project onto the world and how those meanings and values ultimately have a profound impact on how those people think and act, finds food to be a perfect subject because of its highly symbolic nature. Since meals teach people the rules of social interaction, food serves as the cornerstone of socialization. Therefore, food has a biological purpose as well as aids in the development of both individual and societal identity. Every culture has its variety of foods they eat. A hierarchical class system's various lifestyles and positions are reflected in good food flavor.  Our textbook illustrates the differences of food between cultures.   To me, it is disgusting that people eat dogs, cats, snails, puffer fish which is dangerous, horse meat, and spiders.  Environmental and animal issues are of concern.  Has the animal you are about to eat ben injected with antibiotics? (JCB 32) Behavior while eating depends on the culture.  Here in the United States burping at the table is seen as rude. N In the Asian culture burping is a sign of good food.

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According to Marx, "commodity fetishism is a key concept here, which is particularly useful for understanding our relationship with food." Food is given so much attention in society that other facets of the social environment are neglected. According to Marx, most customers are unaware of the occasionally exploitative and estranging relationships that exist between bosses and employees. Marxist viewpoints have historically placed a strong emphasis on how worker relations are obscured during the production process. (JCB 36) The Marxist viewpoint is supported by a wealth of facts. In several nations, youngsters labor in the food-producing industry. For instance, the majority of the youngsters employed in the coca industries in West Africa are slaves. Durkheim, on the other hand, is concerned with comprehending how society comes together to work as a coherent whole. (JCB 37) To put it another way, Durkheim investigates how food unites people. Think about Thanksgiving. The turkey and its trimmings stand for the importance of family, as eating is central to a group's identity. For instance, Texas is known for its barbecued meats, whereas New Orleans is known for its gumbo. Given that food totems can traverse international borders in unexpected and unanticipated ways, national food identities are potent and divisive. People's sense of self can be shaped by cuisine; tacos, for example, can also be used to influence how others see a group.

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Socio 1A Sound of silence Padlet

When we refer to communication people think of words.  Individuals use more than just words to communicate.  The tone and loudness of your voice communicate meaning. Nonverbal communication is important when conveying feelings and attitudes. Nonverbal communication conveys anger, happiness, frustration, and many more emotions.  Body language is another form of communication.  Our textbook gives several examples of individuals' body language.  And there was a subtle power of nonverbal communication in each scenario. ur nonverbal communication makes up a significant amount of our communication. According to some academics, nonverbal communication makes up four times as much of communication as verbal communication, with 80% of our messages being expressed through gestures and movements and only 20% through spoken words. “Few of us realize how much we all depend on body movement Talking and listening are so intertwined one cannot be done without the other. in our conversations or are aware of the hidden rules that govern listening behavior. “ ( Henslin 110)Eye contact is very important.  Black people look at each other eyes and speak even if they do not know the person.  A friendly Good morning or what’s up.  Whites avoid eye contact so that gives a bad impression.  In crowded spaces people tend to tense up, therefore, sending the message that they do not want their space to be invaded. Touch is also important. A light touch, a firm touch, a blow, and a caress are all involved in communication.  Why are there so many ways to communicate?  “One reason is people do not like to spell out certain types of messages.” (Henslin 116). Nonverbal communication was utilized way before oral communication was developed.

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Socio 1A Sympathy in Everyday Life.

Being a sympathizer or a sympathizee are the two guiding concepts that guide our society's tendency to sympathize with others. Demonstrating empathy for others conveys a sense of community and concern for others.  Sympathy is not simply a natural outpouring from within but is a reflection of the culture we learn. It promotes group survival. Although we seldom recognize it we live within an elaborate system of rules regarding feelings and expressing sympathy.  The author states that “Sympathy feeling sorry for or with another person is basic to human society.” (Henslin. 119) a set of loose, unwritten rules governs how feelings flow. It promotes group survival just as a money-based, goods and services economy does.   Sympathizers are expected to display sympathy not indiscriminately, but in a manner to the individual and the situation appropriately. Some sociologists conclude the more distant individuals, who appear to have a greater social or economic standing than the person in need of sympathy, decide how much sympathy one receives.  That person may not require as much compassion as others have chosen to show them, or they may require far more care and compassion than they are getting simply because some groups of people don't think their problems are that serious. Here, Candace Clark aims to pinpoint the part pity plays in creating American society's social structure. She investigates how one person's decision to show or not show sympathy for another affects people, relationships, and collective cohesion.” (Clark) Receiving sympathy is obligatory as assuming the role of the sympathizee necessitates returning the favors of acceptance and sympathy with a range of emotional resources, including appreciation, respect, and future sympathy.

Clark, Candace. “Misery and Company: Sympathy in Everyday Life.” (1997).

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First, I want to establish the social perspective of drinking coffee. Numerous scholars contend that coffeehouses served as hubs for significant social rituals, making them just as significant as or perhaps more significant than the coffee itself. "At the start of the modern age, the coffeehouses were places for renegotiating the social hierarchy and for challenging the social order” During the coffeehouse's existence, it was common practice to bar women from the establishment. Although they were prohibited from going to them in England, they frequently visited them in Germany. 1674 "Women's Petition Against Coffee" might have been the reason for the prohibition. (Coffee)

Coffee culture - Wikipedia

I went to a diner that served coffee. Starbucks is a fast-paced coffee diner.  I ordered aa caramel cappuccino.  When I received my coffee, I sat down near the front.  A lady walked in.  I noticed that she was dressed nicely.  She had an orange shirt, black jeans, and a black hoodie.  Her shoes were Nikis. While placing her order she got a phone call.  Receiving her order, she sat down at a table on the other side of me.  As she drank her coffee she was looking at something on her phone.  Shortly after that another lady with a child came in place and ordered and after receiving her order she went and sat down with the first lady.  This lady was dressed in a red shirt, black jeans, a black hoodi, and black shoes. The little girl had on a green outfit and a black sweatshirt.  As the ladies began to talk the woman with the child reached into her bag brought out a tablet and gave it to her daughter.  The little girl was 4 or 5. The first woman was telling her friend about a party they were going to have.  She was waving her hands around with great delight.  The second lady also got excited. The first lady went to the restroom. The second lady was pulling her daughter’s hair back in a ponytail.  When the first lady came back to the table, she showed the second lady a ring she was wearing.  The second lady took her hand a looked at the ring.   The expression on her face showed there might be a little jealous. Both ladies got up and took the little girl by the hand they walked out.

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Advertising is pervasive because it is central to the functioning of capitalism and to consumer society.  When Sociologists do research they gather and measure empirical evidence. Empirical evidence is data obtained either directly or indirectly through experimentation or observation that can be used to support or refute a scientific hypothesis or to show that a particular opinion is reasonable. If there is enough evidence to support a view, it can be considered justified.  Sociologists use the term empirical to describe different approaches that use data about the world as it is. (JBS p 403)   There are different kinds of explanations. Idiographic explanations provide a complete picture of what happened so all the factors can be included in the explanation.  A nomothetic explanation looks less in-depth at a particular case and instead looks at multiple cases.  Idiographic explanations are stepping stones to building a theory.  Another part of doing research is using inductive and deductive reasoning.   Each produces knowledge in a certain way. Sociologist use the psychological process of deductive reasoning to solve issues and make decisions. Being a cognitive function, it is an intentional intellectual effort similar to comprehending and reasoning. In deductive reasoning, a specific conclusion is reached by using broad concepts or premises. Entering a social environment and observing its dynamics is a fantastic method to learn how people interact with one another. Ethnography is the term for this kind of data collection. Researchers observe social conduct as it naturally and normally occurs in a social situation. hen conducting research, there are a lot more options available. The survey method involves gathering information and posing questions. In research, both qualitative and quantitative methodologies are employed. The goal of qualitative research is to better comprehend concepts or subjective judgments by gathering and analyzing non-numerical data.  Numerical data collection and evaluation are part of quantitative research.

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Research Methods p. 29

Sociologists employ a variety of study methodologies. Experiments, interviews, and documents or secondary sources are a few of the methods that are mentioned in our textbook. (Henslin, 30) Sometimes using multiple approaches is insufficient to get the information across. The goal of research is to validate or refute a theory. A theory is a hypothesis, or a set of concepts meant to explain something, particularly one that is founded on broad principles unrelated to the subject of the explanation: Theory, to put it another way, is a conceptual framework used to interpret facts. The three main tenets of symbolic interactionism are that humans have a self, that they create meanings and base them on them, and that they consider how others could react to them. The second theory is functionalism. Functionalist stress society is an integrated system made up of many parts. One of the main theoretical stances in sociology is functionalism, which emphasizes how different facets of society support the general stability and efficiency of social institutions. According to this perspective, society is a complex system whose components cooperate to foster stability and solidarity. The third theory is the conflict theory. According to sociological conflict theory, disparities in power, wealth, and social standing lead to a variety of injustices and conflicts that define society. It highlights group rivalry and frequently frames problems in terms of dominance and subordination. According to functionalist Society is more like an imbalanced machine running wildly out of kilter and ready to break down. (Henslin 33).

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Would you hire an ex convict

The United States now has the highest incarceration rate in the world after the number of prisoners there has grown by more than 600% over the past three decades. Although contemporary tough-on-crime laws may be successful in removing criminals from society, not much has been done to prepare for their post-crime lives. (Henslin. 64) For African Americans, the growth in the jail population has had an especially significant impact. In 2000, the incarceration rate for African American youth was close to 10%, whereas the rate for white male youth of the same age was just 1%. The lifetime incarceration rate for young African Americans is 28%.  Our textbook shows a chart 34% of white men with no record will receive a call back when applying for a job. While only 17% of White mean with a criminal record get a call back.  Whereas only 14% of African American men will get a call back with no criminal record.  Only 5% of African American men with a criminal record will get a call back. (Henslin. 69)   Having a criminal record affects African Americans more then it affects whites. The United States' criminal justice system is a trap designed to lock up young Black men. These young men are humiliated upon their eventual release from prison, which makes it challenging for them to obtain work. Since crime is their only option for survival, these young guys have little choice but to turn to it when the system fails. Instead of providing these young guys with an education, our country sends them to prison.

A large number of people behind bars had previously served time in jail. According to Durose, Cooper, and Snyder (Citation 2014), recidivism rates were almost 70% within three years and 77% within five, with nearly half of re-arrests taking place within the first six months following release. The Second Chance Act, which former President George W. Bush signed into law in 2004, was intended to lower the high recidivism rate. The Second Chance Act was supposed to assist in connecting ex-offenders to public health and social services, employment opportunities, apprenticeships, skilled training, and job placement services. Additionally, it was anticipated that the Act would speed up case management and temporary housing services. Me personally it would depend on why the individual went to prison.  I would be less likely to hire an individual who had been convicted of a violent crime. For example, murder, assault, or rape.

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Advertising is pervasive because it is central to the functioning of capitalism and consumer society (JBC 402) In other words, without advertising, companies would not be able to sell their products to consumers. Scientific research refers to acquiring knowledge gained based on a scientific method. This research is obtained by empirical evidence. Empirical evidence is data obtained either directly or indirectly through experimentation or observation that can be used to support or refute a scientific hypothesis or to show that a particular opinion is reasonable. Theories do not explain individual situations; they explain classes of events or cases. The phrases nomothetic and idiographic explanations encapsulate the difference. The idiographic theory emphasizes personal perceptions and feelings while explaining the facts in a specific instance. In many instances, nomothetic theory considers the facts by relying on statistical and numerical data to reach generalizations. Qualitative research entails gathering and analyzing non-numerical data to comprehend ideas or subjective viewpoints. Numerical data is gathered and assessed using statistical techniques in quantitative research. Quantitative research draws general conclusions about populations, whereas qualitative research concentrates on in-depth observation and interviews. Two types of data are utilized when conducting research. Primary data is any data that a researcher gathers firsthand. Secondary data collected by a previous sociologist or institution is secondary data. The necessity to address a wide range of empirical issues has prompted the development of a broad set of methodological tools, some of the most often used techniques in sociological research.

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Erving Goffman introduced the dramaturgical perspective in his 1959 book "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life." In it, Goffman provides a framework for comprehending human behavior and interaction through the metaphor of theatrical staging. The "front stage," "backstage," and "off stage" are the three locations where he contends that social life is a "performance" performed by "teams" of individuals. The notion that people exhibit various types of behavior and play various roles throughout their everyday lives based on their location and time of day is well-known. Most people act slightly differently as their private or intimate selves and their professional selves, whether they know it or not. According to Goffman, people engage in "front stage" behavior when they know others are watching. Front-stage behavior reflects internalized norms and expectations for behavior shaped partly by the setting, the particular role one plays in it, and one's physical appearance. How people participate in a front-stage performance can be highly intentional and purposeful, or it can be habitual or subconscious. Either way, front-stage behavior typically follows a routinized and learned social script shaped by cultural norms. Backstage behavior allows people to escape the conventions and expectations that govern frontstage behavior. Because of this, people tend to be more at ease and calm backstage; they lower their guard and act more like their "true" or unrestrained selves.

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Stigma of Handling of the Dead (H) page 249

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Stigma of Handling of the Dead (H) page 249

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A person's career or profession is essential to their social and personal identity in today's complicated, industrialized society. People can utilize their occupation as a conversation starter when interacting with strangers.  (Henslin 135) Funeral directors and morticians are well aware of the stigma attached to their profession, which primarily stems from dealing with the deceased and being perceived as making money off of death and sorrow. The author identifies and analyzes funeral directors and morticians' symbolic and dramaturgical strategies to counteract and lessen the stigma attached to their profession within the broader theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism. These include wearing the "shroud of service," emphasizing professionalism, exercising role distance, symbolically reframing their employment, and prioritizing socioeconomic position over professional prominence. Morticians and funeral directors work especially hard to change the focus of their profession from caring for the deceased to offering vital services to the living. A study was done to understand how funeral directors and morticians strive to change the public's opinions about working with the dead. The study analyzes how morticians and funeral directors who make their living by handling the dead attempt to overcome the stigma associated with their work. It reflects over 2 years of fieldwork involving extensive ethnographic interviews with 19 morticians and funeral directors in four different states. (Henslin250).  Two major stigmas are handling the dead and making money off the grieving family. Some of the terminology used by those who work with the deceased has been altered. They use "passing on" rather than "dead," "remains" rather than "dead bodies," and "final resting place" rather than "cemeteries." This reframes them as bereavement counselors who are comforting the family. Henslin( 252). Another method used by morticians and funeral directors to reduce occupational stigma is to emphasize professionalism.

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Consuming can undoubtedly make us feel more unique. Purchase patterns, fashion choices, and a variety of consumer goods can all seem to reflect a person's identity (JCB 277). Charles Cooley was the first to invent the term "looking-glass self," which refers to the idea that one's sense of self or social identity is based on how one appears to other people. Cooley's studies of the social development of children served as the foundation for this original hypothesis. A person's self-concept, often known as their self-image, is formed in reaction to how they perceive and internalize the opinions and assessments of others about them. This is supported by the notion that a person's identity can be defined by the socialization milieu in which they were raised. Sociologists have long held that persons may have no basic self or a self-image shaped by their interactions with others.  Mead asserts that social interactions help people develop their sense of self in three ways: Individuals envision their appearance to others.  People judge others based on their looks and self-presentation because they imagine how they are; they also infer how others feel about them from their assessments. Cooley highlighted the autonomy of the individual in determining which judgments to focus on while forming their identity and in managing and assessing other people's reactions. (JBC 279) The concept of identity helps connect our multiple selves to larger social structures.

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Sneakers have always been associated with basketball or running. But footwear can be a powerful way of expressing oneself and one’s status and self-expression of African American youths.  (JBC 289) Sneakers have evolved into a vehicle for self-expression, allowing users to express their personality and principles1. From a sociological standpoint, shoes are a symbol of broader societal tendencies that impact both scholarly investigations and cultural practices. Brand preferences, behaviors, and aspects of group identity have all been studied in Sneakerhead cultural research. Few studies have looked at the impact of a particular sneaker subculture known as "Sneakerheads," despite the fact that the popularity of athletic footwear, or "sneakers," has been extensively evaluated in the academic literature. Furthermore, much research hasn't been done on the possible brand identities and preferences within the Sneakerhead subculture. Twelve male Sneakerheads who self-identified participated in semi-structured interviews to fill this study gap. The study's primary objective was to investigate Sneakerhead culture while learning about group identity elements, brand preferences, and practices. For this study, the Social Identity Theory served as the theoretical foundation. Three main issues emerged from the interviews' qualitative analysis,  In the past,  Everything Concerning the Jumpman, and Exclusively for Members. Results pertaining to Sneakerheads' distinct culture show a distinct sense of group identification in relation to the community's motives, actions, and brand identity. Furthermore, the study's conclusions clarify the Sneakerhead lifestyle and provide insight into their distinctive cultural practices and behaviors.

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Hitler was a mad madman that implemented the slaughter of millions of Jews.  Thousands of people went along with and took part in it.  If Hitler asked me to kill someone, I would tell him to burn in hell. Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, carried out the Milgram Experiment in 1961 to gauge study participants' willingness to follow orders from a higher authority that went against their moral convictions. To illustrate the human propensity to follow orders from superiors, participants were given the task of shocking a defenseless victim with electricity in what appeared to be agony. Milgram investigated defenses of genocide presented by defendants in the Nuremberg War Criminal proceedings during World War II. Their defense frequently rested on claiming they were merely carrying out their superiors' instructions. One year after Adolf Eichmann's trial in Jerusalem, the experiments started in July 1961. As a prevalent explanation for the Nazi murders during World War II, Milgram (1963) wanted to see if Germans were especially submissive to authoritative figures. To this end, he designed the experiment. Sample Size: Forty male participants, ages 20 to 50, participated in the study.
Method: Participants were found through direct mail solicitations and newspaper ads. Every participant thought they were willingly participating in a Yale University study on memory and learning. This technique is referred to as self-selecting or volunteer sampling. Demographics: The participant pool included people from New Haven and the neighboring areas. The sample represented a diverse range of professions, including laborers, engineers, salespeople, high school teachers, and postal clerks. People with doctorates and other professional degrees were among the participants, as were people who had not completed elementary school. The participant and the confederate drew slips from a hat to determine their roles. The drawing was rigged so that both slips contained the word “Teacher.” The ‘true’ participant was always first to choose. This ensured that the naive subject (real participant) was always assigned the role of teacher, while the confederate was always the learner.  “The object is to find the shock level at which you disobey the experimenter and refuse to pull the switch.  (Heslin 272) The shocks in Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments were not real. The “learners” were actors who were part of the experiment and did not actually receive any shocks. 65% (two-thirds) of participants (i.e., teachers) continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts. 14 defiant participants stopped early: stopped at 300v, 4 at 315v, 2 at 330v, and 1 each at 345v, 360v, and 375v. Milgram did more than one experiment – he carried out 18 variations of his study.  All he did was alter the situation (IV) to see how this affected obedience (DV).

McLeod, S. 2025, Stanley Milgram Shock Experiment Milgram Shock Experiment | Summary | Results | Ethics

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JBC acknowledges that “Having a sense of “we-ness or connection with others is what sociologists refer to as social solidarity.” (JCB 126) According to Durkheim, an organic solidarity developed in the contemporary, industrialized societies that defined Western Europe and the fledgling United States at the time and operated through a division of labor. This solidarity was founded on the mutual reliance that individuals and groups had on one another.  Durkheim viewed the features of the belief system as a collective conscience. Sociologist Émile Durkheim coined the phrase organic solidarity to refer to the cohesiveness that arises from people's interdependence in a community, which is founded on differences and complementary needs.  But Durkheim referred to social values as the collective conscience. Social solidarity is first based on the collective conscience, which maintains society's structure and functionality. An organic solidarity based on mutual reliance between individuals and groups arises in contemporary, industrialized societies marked by the division of work. According to Durheim, civilizations must foster a sense of social solidarity by teaching people the norms of proper conduct and giving them a sense of belonging to something greater. In more developed civilizations, organic solidarity is social cohesion founded on people's mutual trust. Its foundation is the dependency that arises from people's complementarity and work specialization. To highlight the external normative order that governs people's behavior and exists outside of them, Durkheim discussed the communal conscience. Mechanical solidarity occurs in comparatively small societies where people carry out comparable jobs. In the meantime, societies with highly specialized and diversified tasks see the development of organic solidarity. This indicates that members of social groups had a strong sense of social integration and identification with one another.  People were successfully socialized by their families and religious leaders under societal norms before the Industrial Revolution (1760–1840). Moreover, they had such a great sense of belonging to society that conformity to the greater good was valued more than individualism, which was viewed as dangerous and deviant.  Early societies were often small-scale communities in rural or village settings with a restricted division of labor, typically based on sex or age. People in this kind of civilization were similar to one another. Since they performed similar duties, people might share the kind of work they do.

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Niki's shoes are made in Vietnam. In earlier days, the shoes were made in Japan.  Indonesia accounts for around 23% of Nike’s shoe production. China is another significant location for Nike shoe manufacturing, responsible for approximately 25% of production. Vietnam is a crucial hub for Nike’s footwear production. The country produces about 50% of Nike’s shoes, thanks to its cost-effective labor and proximity to raw material suppliers. Other third world countries manufacture the shoes. These include Thailand, South Korea, Mexico, and even the United States for some high-end models.

Socks-Made in the United States. I am a diabetic, so foot health is a major concern for diabetics. Appropriate footwear is crucial since diabetes can lead to impaired circulation, nerve damage (neuropathy), and an increased risk of foot infections. Wearing diabetic socks, which are specifically made to increase comfort, improve circulation, and lower the risk of problems, is one of the best ways to preserve diabetic feet.

Bras—My bras are made in the United States. The company's founder is a woman in her sixties who designed her bras.

Underwear I buy my underwear from Thunderpants, made in the U S A. Founded in 1995 by two sisters who wanted to produce comfortable underwear for women of all sizes, Thunderpants is a company dedicated to ethical labor practices and sustainable manufacturing to ensure a quality finished product.

Some of my pants, shirts, and shorts are made in China, and others in Thailand. Other manufacturers of pants exist worldwide, especially in third-world countries.

Bathing suit- My bathing suit is made in the U.S.A. The company's name is OFEEFAN

Night gowns made in Vermont.  The company is called the Vermont Country Store.

I try to buy clothing made in the U.S.A. because in most third-world countries, children are forced to work. Africa and South America are home to the vast majority of nations that continue to engage in child labor. Ethiopia, Cameroon, Chad, Togo, Madagascar, Laos, Zambia, Nepal, Ivory Coast, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Sudan, Fiji, Peru, Honduras, Mongolia, Bolivia, Samoa, Afghanistan, Mali, and Cambodia are among the 47 nations that continue to engage in child labor routinely. Several countries have very low child labor numbers. Barbados and Saint Lucia share a score of 1. Brazil, Argentina, Panama, Georgia, Tunisia, Jordan, and Palestine all have ratings of just 2. Several countries have a rating of 3 regarding child labor workers, including Belize, North Macedonia, Jamaica, Albania, and Algeria.  (Child para 2) Children work incredibly long hours with little breaks.  The workplace has little or no ventilation.  Some working environments are downright dangerous.

Child Labor by country. 2024

worldpopulationreview.com › child-labor-by-country

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One of the main issues facing sociologists and stratification experts is income disparity. Fewer studies have attempted to comprehend the effects of public policies on income disparity, even if the majority of sociological evaluations focus on the economic and demographic factors. The function of state-level minimum salaries is a significant element that has been overlooked in both economics and sociology studies. Ehrenreich is a middle-class woman who wanted to know if people can live on a low-paying job. So, she experimented.  She got a low-paying job.  “The odds against a typical welfare recipient at such a living wage is 97 to 1.” (Henslin 412).  Although challenging, it is not impossible to make ends meet on minimum wage123. You must monitor your expenses, reduce costs, and establish a reasonable monthly budget to survive on minimum wage. Additionally, you might need to think about workforce development initiatives and search for government support. Ehrenreich applies for 20 jobs but does not receive an answer. The federal minimum wage has not been adjusted for inflation and has been set at $7.25 per hour since 2009. According to the Economic Policy Institute, the value of the dollar has decreased by almost 17%. Many politicians contend that the minimum wage is no longer a livable income. Ten days into it, this is beginning to look like a livable lifestyle” (Henslin 415) Income inequality is one of the primary manifestations of social stratification. The increasing concentration of the income distribution in the United States during the latter part of the 20th century has put this topic into especially acute perspective. On the other hand, the state minimum wage is a significant policy factor that academics have overlooked. Examining the minimum wage is crucial since it has been a widely accepted public strategy for redistributing money and lowering poverty. I do not believe a person can live on a low-paying job

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Henslin argues “to ensure that all McDonald's restaurants serve products of uniform quality, " the company uses centralized planning, centrally designed training programs, centrally approved and supervised suppliers.” (Henslin497) The introduction of highly specialized equipment has made enforcing McDonald's standards easier over the years. McDonald's was started in San Bernardino, California.  The McDonald brothers owned it. McDonald's marketing is strongly linked to the severe homogeneity of its employees and its products. The business uses mass advertising. Every McDonald's restaurant is guaranteed to meet high standards for quality, service, and cleanliness thanks to the nationwide promotion. McDonald's restaurants are portrayed as family-friendly, fun, and the company has tried to attract senior citizens and housewives to work. wholesome in the company's advertising. McDonald's main management training is done in Oak Brook, Illinois. The McDonaldization of society, which is the term used to describe the growing impact of fast-food business principles on institutions, cultures, and daily life, is represented by McDonald's restaurants from a sociological point of view. Efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control are some of these guiding concepts. The McDonaldization of society, which is the term used to describe the growing impact of fast-food business principles on institutions, cultures, and daily life, is represented by McDonald's restaurants from a sociological point of view. Efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control are some of these guiding concepts. Despite this long-standing argument, the minimum wage appears to be becoming increasingly important as the debate over the direction and importance of unemployment effects has recently gained more attention. Furthermore, institutional economists have traditionally supported the minimum wage to redistribute income. Notwithstanding this long-standing contention, the minimum wage seems to be gaining ground as the issue over the significance and direction of unemployment impacts has recently drawn more attention. Additionally, institutional economists have long defended the minimum wage as a means of income redistribution.

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An organization's shared values, attitudes, and practices make up its corporate culture. As a business consultant, I have discovered that social norms and unspoken rules frequently dictate how staff members behave, make decisions, and approach their jobs. The political process model is a complementary way of studying social movements.: (JBC 76) Then the current political system is vulnerable, there are political opportunities—that is, chances for intervention and reform inside the system. The primary cause of systemic vulnerabilities is a crisis of legitimacy, which occurs when the public no longer accepts the social and economic conditions that the system has created or upheld. This model can be utilized to teach consumers about their lifestyle.  For example, Niki shoes symbolize the coolness, acceptability, and status of those who wear them. Social status is relevant because shoes are expensive.

In general, the labor union participation rate has been on the decline.  JBC argues that “Less than 7 percent of private sector workers in the US are union members, the lowest rate in a century.” (JBC 73) Several factors have contributed to declining union membership in the fast-food business. Union concentration in the eating industry has been diluted due to the growth of fast-food restaurants such as McDonald's.  Fast-food employees won the fight to get paid 200 an hour. Labor historians also blame the drop in union membership on industry shifts, such as adopting temporary or part-time employment and the influence of states that prevent workers from organizing.

McDonald's has charts on the wall so individuals can see how many calories are in a meal, especially if the meal is high in fats, salt, or sugar. This was McDonald's response to people wanting to eat healthier, and the chart can help individuals make more nutritious decisions.  I feel McDonald's is doing this to make customers believe the company is health conscious.

According to several branding and marketing experts who spoke with Newsweek, conservatives are criticizing Chick-fil-A, one of the most well-known and successful restaurants in the US, because they believe the company's ideological changes go against the principles, they think it has always upheld.

As stated on the company's website, "One of our core values at Chick-fil-A, Inc. is that we are better together," according to the DEI page. "We can find innovative methods to improve the quality of care we provide to our clients, the communities we serve, and the world by blending our distinct experiences and backgrounds with a culture of belonging. We know that improving together entails improving our ability to learn, care for, develop, and serve.

Mordowanec, Nick. 2023. Inside Chick-fil-A's Generational Shift of Values. Inside Chick-fil-A's Generational Shift of Values - Newsweek

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I believe that fast-food employees deserve at least 15 dollars an hour for their pay.  They have to put up with a lot of rude and indecisive customers.  The job is fast-paced and demanding.  Like everything else, meal prices have skyrocketed in the last few years. When the employees got a raise, prices went up even higher.  According to the Fight For a Union website, it is argued that “Our fight goes beyond a number. It is a fight for respect, dignity, racial justice, higher wages, and improved living conditions –the fundamental rights we are owed as workers. Rights we only gain through unions!” (Thousand para 1) There is more to the battle than a number. It is a struggle for the fundamental rights to which we as employees are entitled, including respect, dignity, racial justice, increased pay, and better living conditions. Only through unions do we acquire these rights! As low-wage employees, they have fought against union busters, demonstrated, marched, testified, been arrested, gone on strike, and won significant victories over the last ten years. They secured raises for 26 million workers countrywide totaling more than $150 billion. Fast-food restaurants might have difficult and troublesome working conditions. Almost two-thirds of workers have experienced wage theft, which is one of the prevalent problems. More than half of workers are exposed to health and safety risks, resulting in 43% of workers being hurt. Other frequent issues include retribution, harassment, and inadequate hours. Therefore, the fast food workers deserve the 20 dollars they are making now.  If employees wanted to join the union, they should have that right.

Thousands of Workers. Hundreds of Cities. One Movement and a union! Fight For A Union

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People change over time.  Different eras have produced different ways of thinking and behavior. Other trends have been happening. The first trend is that, for the first time in human history, the world is forging an awareness of our existence as a single entity. planetary life aspects are woven into national economies, political systems, cultural norms, and international interactions. There are differences between Western ideologies and other foreign nations. The question of identity is at the core of the world's accelerating problem of globalization. Thus, globalization is reflected in technological, political, and economic interdependence and psychological shifts in human identity, behavior, and experience. The deterritorialization of identity is one of them.  Increased international trade, the relaxation of limitations on the flow of capital and commodities, and the emergence of multinational corporations with economies far more significant than many countries are all examples of economic globalization. The advancement of technology is the second trend that is bringing us closer to the past. There has never been an era like this in the history of science and technology. The advancement of technology is the second trend that is bringing us closer to the past. There has never been an era like this in the history of science and technology. Communication, business, government, travel, fundraising, and agriculture have all been profoundly impacted by advanced technology12. Additionally, it has sparked ground-breaking medical advancements and discoveries. However, nations without a strong domestic IT industry may be affected by US versus Chinese technology decisions. Both the complexity and interconnectedness of technologies are growing. More computer software is used in automobiles, aircraft, medical equipment, financial operations, and electrical systems than ever before, which makes them appear more difficult to comprehend and, in certain situations, more challenging to manage. Because digital technologies and artificial intelligence play a significant role in government and corporate surveillance of individuals and information processing, there is less human-to-human interaction than ever before, and there are more opportunities for biases to be ingrained and codified in our technological systems in ways that we might not even be able to recognize or identify.

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The video starts with showing a chart of what Americans think the distribution of wealth is. Then it showed a chart of the ideal distribution should be.  The third chart shows the real distribution of wealth. 92 percent chose the ideal distribution of the wealthy.  The actual distribution was dramatically different.  The first four groups were dramatically decreased, barely on the chart.  The top 20 percent is about 70 percent of the actual distribution. Poor people are barely on the chart.  Middle class begins to suffer. 1 percent has all the wealth, stocks, bonds, etc.  Workers would have to work one month to make what a CEO makes in an hour. According to a Congressional Budget Office analysis, the wealthiest 10% of Americans now own 60% of the country's wealth, while the poorer half own only 6%. This month's latest report demonstrates how Social Security helps to support middle-class and working-class Americans' wealth. The bottom half holds only 3% of the country's wealth, while the top 10% controls about 70% when Social Security is taken out of the picture. The wealth of the top 1% of families is now more than four times that of the whole bottom half, as this CBO analysis demonstrates," Whitehouse told USA TODAY.

De Vise, D. 2024. America's richest 10% controls 60% of the wealth

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One way to communicate social class and position is through conspicuous consumption. It describes the use of luxury goods and services, as well as the public display of wealth, which are frequently employed as a means to indicate one's social standing and identity. The study of consumption sociology examines how people and societies utilize products and services, analyzing the social connotations associated with consumption patterns and their impact on social relationships, identity, and status. Material belongings are frequently used to define and display our social standing in today's consumer-driven world. The psychology of status symbols plays a significant role in our drive to obtain and display particular objects. Our sense of identity is greatly influenced by these symbols, which also represent our individual preferences and inclinations. The innate human desire for social approval is a primary driver of our pursuit of status symbols. We can communicate to others that we are members of a specific social group or class by flaunting certain brands or owning upscale possessions. For instance, buying a fashionable handbag, such as a Louis Vuitton, or driving a Mercedes-Benz, are examples of ways to convey wealth and accomplishment. We raise our self-esteem by identifying with these symbols in an attempt to gain acceptance and respect from our peers. Thorstein Veblen, a sociologist, first coined the phrase "conspicuous consumption" to describe the practice of purchasing and displaying expensive items to showcase one's wealth or social status. This conduct frequently results from the conviction that having these status symbols would make us appear more attractive or superior to others. For example, someone who owns a luxurious estate or wears a Rolex watch is probably seen as powerful and wealthy. Social hierarchies are established, and dominance is asserted through conspicuous purchasing.

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There are thirteen functions of poverty.  I am concentrating on the first four. Poverty provides a pool of low-wage labor, It creates jobs in the poverty industry. For example, social work and law enforcement foster a sense of superiority among the non-poor.  and It ensures that society's "dirty work" is done. (Gans 377) Dirty and dangerous jobs are done by the poor.  It's like working in the sewers or working in the oil fields.  Gan identifies them for the interest groups, socio-economic classes, and other population aggregates with shared values that 'inhabit' a social system. I suspect that in a modern heterogeneous society, few phenomena are functional or dysfunctional for the society as a whole and that most result in benefits to some groups and costs to others. At first look, it seems impossible to link poverty to constructive purposes. Naturally, it is well known that slumlords and loan sharks take advantage of poverty. Still, because they are perceived as malevolent individuals, their actions are categorized as one of the dysfunctions of poverty. Less frequently acknowledged, at least by the mainstream, is the fact that poverty also facilitates the emergence or growth of respectable professions and occupations, such as public health, social work, criminology, and psychology.  This is a positive function of poverty. The second function is that the poor are required to work at low wages, which subsidizes a variety of economic activities that benefit the affluent. For example, domestics subsidize the upper middle and upper classes, making life easier for their employers and freeing affluent women for a variety of professional, cultural, civic, and partying activities. Similarly, because the poor pay a higher proportion of their income in property and sales taxes, among others, they subsidize many state and local governmental services that benefit more affluent groups. In addition, the poor support for innovation in medical practice is evident, as patients in teaching and research hospitals are often used as guinea pigs in medical experiments. The third function is a variety of professions and occupations that either serve or shield the rest of society from the impoverished, which are made possible by poverty. As already mentioned, without the underprivileged, both the police and the penal system would be extremely weak. The numbers game, the sale of heroin and cheap wines and liquors, Pentecostal ministers, faith healers, prostitutes, pawn shops, and the peacetime army which mainly enlists men from the poor (Gan 378) impoverished—are other organizations and activities that thrive because of poverty.  Fourth, the poor purchase items that others do not desire, extending their economic value. Examples include stale bread, produce that would otherwise have to be thrown out, used clothing, and decaying homes and cars. Additionally, they provide doctors, lawyers, professors, and other professionals who are too old, untrained, or incompetent to attract more affluent clientele with a living.

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Morris and Grimes discuss the challenges faced by working-class youngsters who want to "make something for themselves" or advance in their social class. They also discuss those who have risen from a working-class background to a higher socioeconomic level. The primary concept is that a child's early social standing has a profound impact on their life trajectory. Additionally, they discuss the "culture shock" that these children experience as they transition from the working-class family lifestyle to the middle-class one. According to Morris, a family's "capital" resources determine how much "capital" is accessible for a child. According to him, there are three types of capital: social, cultural, and economic. The money a family possesses and makes available to their offspring is known as financial capital. (Henslin 386) Knowledge about the world that is useful in everyday settings is known as cultural capital. A family network of relationships with other people or businesses is known as social capital. You can employ both social and cultural capital to increase your economic capital or financial resources.  One factor that determines how social structure is reproduced is cultural capital. However, it is significant that they have not been able to replicate the class system in which they were brought up. Meaning, values, and knowledge are the foundations of capital. Perhaps the most significant influences are the expectations and support provided by parents.   Another example of how the idea of equal opportunity and the conviction that hard work always pays off permeates many Western nations, enabling individuals to overlook structural and systemic inequities, is the issue of social class. Economically disadvantaged persons are viewed as belonging to a class of poverty, whereas those who are unduly fortunate are viewed as belonging to a higher class.

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Students in the upper classes are exposed to a variety of cultural activities, including fine dining, travel, music, and art, all of which can enhance their social standing and foster a sense of community within their class. The upper class is considered the pinnacle, and only the powerful elite are afforded the view from there. In the United States, individuals with extreme wealth comprise approximately one percent of the population, and they own roughly one-third of the country’s wealth. Access to top-notch educational possibilities is one of the central experiences of upper-class students. Families from higher socioeconomic classes can afford to send their children to elite private schools and provide them with extracurricular activities and tutoring. These benefits can help students succeed academically and give them access to prestigious universities, as well as potential employment opportunities. (Social 1)Some of the most prestigious schools are St. Paul, located in New Hampshire, The Phillips Academy, the Phillips Exeter Academy, and Harvard University. A sociological perspective suggests that children from the upper class have significantly more advantages when it comes to choosing the school they attend. At a large public university in the Midwest, a study examined the impact of fraternity and sorority membership on various aspects of college experiences and outcomes for both first-year and senior students. (Asel. par 1) The results paint a nuanced picture of the connections among learning outcomes, engagement, and affiliation. Being a member of a fraternity or sorority seemed to encourage social interaction during college, although it may have limited the variety of connections. It was linked to more fantastic community work, but it also raised the risk of binge drinking. Private social clubs are another institution that plays a significant role in the lives of upper-class adults. These clubs are formed around a variety of activities, with many families having memberships in several types of clubs in different cities. It was demonstrated that the Social Register served as a gauge of the upper class.  Using the social register, sociologists have identified several upper-class activities that were employed to foster class cohesiveness and consolidate upper-class reputation. Here, the 1977 and 1995 Social Registers are analyzed for continuity of registration listing and specific naming methods, including recombinant appellation and numerical serialization. According to the data, these behaviors are still in use, suggesting that the upper class of society has reaffirmed its desire to maintain family ties.

Social Classes in the United States  Social Classes in the United States – Sociology in Everyday Life

Asel, A.   The Effects of Fraternity/Sorority Membership on College Experiences and Outcomes: A Portrait of Complexity (PDF) The Effects of Fraternity/Sorority Membership on College Experiences and Outcomes: A Portrait of Complexity

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“Symbolic boundaries demarcate who belongs to what group, who is an insider and an outsider.” ( JCB 147)  Being somewhat knowledgeable about sports is a means of demonstrating or reaffirming one's social status; you should be aware of the identity and performance of your local team. Sports are a big part of our daily social lives, even if you don't consider yourself a fan. Many athletes, like Tom Brady, Kobe Bryant, Usain Bolt, and Serena Williams, have achieved fame and become household names. Major league sports, international events like the Olympics, collegiate athletics (officially categorized as amateur but bringing in billions of dollars), and various locally organized sports like community leagues, clubs, and sports facilities are all part of the vast and diverse modern sports landscape. The current state of sports may appear clear-cut and natural, much like many other facets of our social environments. People enjoy sports, so it's no surprise that athletic competition has become a vast industry. To notice the oddity in the seemingly normal acts of playing sports, watching sports on TV, or purchasing sports memorabilia, however, our social imaginations force us to look closer. As we do so, it becomes evident that the current state of sports is a remarkable evolution from previous decades in terms of popular sports, their organization, the players, and their transformation into consumer commodities. Sociologists have demonstrated that discussing sports allows people to engage with various people, including friends, family, and coworkers. “The implications of social boundaries drawn through sports are heightened for the athletes themselves, especially in the case of team sports.. “ (JCB 151) Sociologists state that Social construction is vitally important in our sociological toolkit and has special utility for studying races. The idea of racial classification itself is not as simple or clear-cut as it may appear, and it has changed over time.

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I am black, white, and Puerto Rican. I know this because of the color of my skin and the texture of my hair. Also, my mother and grandmother told me what I am. I make that decision based on my features. I learned what race I am when a little white kid called me a nigger and told me to go back to Africa. I was six years old. I was told that black people are lazy and stupid. That they are cannibals. I was told I came from a monkey. I look at people's features and try to guess what race they are. Like Asians pretty much look the same except for the eyes. I do not remember, but one group of Asians has almond-shaped eyes. I look at people's features, their language, and how they behave to think what race they are.

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I come from a poor family. We lived in the housing projects or ghettos. We survived on food stamps. It was a terrible way to live. Now that I am older, I would say I am low middle class. I have a nice car and apartment. My bills are paid. I am living a better life now.

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Being poor negatively impacted my life. I was made fun of because of the clothes and shoes I wore. I did not have many friends. I had low self-esteem.

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Sociologically, music can teach us about our tastes, subcultures, and the power of subcultural capital. (JBC 331) The sociology of music examines the relationship between music and society. Even when a musician performs alone, music is both a social activity and a social production. Several theorists have employed sociology to explain what music means. While Gestalt views it through the embodiment of meaning, symbolic interactionism examines how shared meaning is created through music. In society, music is significant, particularly as a means of resistance. Music has always been a way to express one's satisfaction or disdain for what is happening in society and at that moment. Music has been a tool of social injustices in which society has taken part. Our textbook says we do not need music.  I disagree with that statement.  Music is a way to vent our frustration about global issues. Look at the sociological significance of music for cultural survival and resistance to oppression, especially racism. During slavery, music was a way of resisting the oppression that the slaves had to endure. In addition to being a richly symbolic art form, music is also interesting from a social perspective for another, more recent reason: A critical item in consumer culture is music. (JBC 334) Music has played an essential role in the Black Lives Matter movement. Numerous studies have been conducted on the contribution of music to anti-racist campaigns. Nonetheless, most research has concentrated on the connections between particular musical cultures, genres, and political movements. Specific music genres cannot be understood without understanding the relationships between music and (anti-)racism. This is because music has been important in some societies, like the U.S.A. and the UK, in igniting protest movements and establishing and maintaining collective political, racialized identities (Rastas & Seye. 592). A subculture like Hip Hop has incredible influence over mainstream conceptions of cool. Subcultures come together around a set of symbols, norms, and values frequently different from those of the general population. Since its inception, the hip-hop subculture has gained admirers for its music and dress sense.

Rastas, A., & Seye, E. (2018). Music and Anti-Racism: Musicians’ Involvement in Anti-Racist Spaces. Popular Music and Society, 42(5), 592–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007766.2018.1526527

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Despite being a fundamental aspect of social life, color's place in sociological theory is unclear. How people perceive color is a subject of debate and instability, influenced by material and social variables. Henslin acknowledges that “Martin Luther King Jr. quoted is his oft-stated dream of the day when everyone would not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (Henslin 360). This is how people should be judged, but racism is still alive and well in today's society. As long as color remains a significant factor in deciding choices and chances in life, America does not need to be colorblind. In thirty years, Black people have went from being Negro to Black, African American and today as person of color.  White folks are irritated by the renaming of these names. Some Black nationalists do not wish to interact with white people. There are assimilationist Black folks who don't want to interact with other Black people. As long as they pay the fee, Black folks can travel anywhere they like. Many of our children appear to be picking up on racial codes despite all of the color-conscious efforts to teach the nation's youth a color-blind ideal of racial equality. Compared to one out of seven white children, one out of every two Black children lives below the poverty level. In America, the mortality rate for black infants is double that of white infants. Half of the nation's prison population, which is a record-breaking million convicts, is Black. More significant issues of identity, or our sense of who we are, where we belong, and where we are headed, lie behind the racial issues.

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White Americans' thoughts and sentiments about embracing racism are examined in The Racist Mind.  The militant white racist looks at the world where white  Americans and non-white Americans are treated differently in almost all interactions. (Henslin  369)We learn from Raphael Ezekiel that not all white Americans are racists. Racism was caused by various facets of an individual's life. The bulk of people impacted by racism were African Americans. Socially constructed notions from the past are still prevalent because they have been passed down from generation to generation. The past's acceptance of violence and the injustice of executions is the reason for this. Ezekiel gave us insight into the supremacist movement's point of view. Their hatred is a manifestation of their intimidation and fear.  For example, George Floyd was murdered by a white policeman. Floyd was handcuffed, lying on the ground, and not resisting, but the cop kept his Knee on Floyd's neck even after saying he could not breathe.  Five or six other cops were standing around watching but did nothing to stop the situation. The election of the former US president was one of the most recent occurrences. As racism increased, supremacist organizations arose from the repressed environments in which they were housed. The notion that President Donald Trump used to unite his campaign and supporters has perpetuated bigotry. He exposed the wounds and brought back the past for both members of the majority and minority groups. With the growing acceptance of racial diversity, he reignited the fear of losing authority. Donald Trump emphasized that the country is a white American nation and that the rest of the population has no power over it. Trump is a racist, and the people of America are letting his racist views change the laws.  People like Trump poison the minds of our children.

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Generations ago, little girls wore pink and played with baby dolls, kitchen and cooking play sets.  Little boys wore blue, played with trucks, played cowboys and Indians, and generally were tough and rough. When children are playing with toys, they teach us about gender. "How children develop is severely limited when we wall off toys that foster spatial skills or are devoted to science and say, 'These are only for boys,' and when we wall off toys that foster empathy and verbal skills and say, 'These are only for girls.'" Over time, children may become less proficient in such skills if they aren't exposed to the types of play and objects that foster their development. Even more pernicious, though, is the way it perpetuates the myth that girls are weak in math and science and boys are strong. Because they believe it's not for them, it discourages women and girls from pursuing that career. Recognizing and subsequently adopting gender roles is a crucial aspect of the socialization process. The social standards and conduct that are deemed suitable for men and women in a given cultural and historical setting are known as gender roles. Your mother used to tell you to keep your legs shut when you were a little girl. Men don't cry, little boys were told.  Bottling up your emotions is not healthy for anyone. Stereotyping starts at this point. Just ass baby boys wore blue, and newborn girls wore pink. Some toy producers have suggested making their products pink to appeal to girls. "I don't think that's the right strategy," Sweet says. "That, in my opinion, reinforces the stereotype that girls require special toys because they are so different." Gender and sex are not synonymous. The biological traits you are born with are your sex. Gender is the way you conceive yourself. The gendering of toys varies over history. Who cares is the question you should ask yourself. Importantly, the socialization that toys promote not only highlights gender disparities but also sustains them.

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Attractiveness has long been a part of the construction of femininity. American women's preoccupation with beauty prevents them from focusing on more constructive aspects of themselves. Young girls are shown as sexy and alluring, whereas adult female models are portrayed as innocent and infantile in their sexual allure. Girls are taught that their appearance is more important than their actions and identity. Women are deprived of their feeling of wholeness through objectification; they must fight to change the idea that they are objects rather than subjects before they can start the process of defining themselves as whole, complete human beings. The Function of Girls' Rumors is that girls with big breasts, big hips, tiny girls, and overweight girls were all chastised. Girls are perceived as ugly if they attempt to be overly sensual or attractive by wearing cosmetics or dressing a certain way. Attractiveness is a growing issue for females. Women are evaluated on their looks from infancy to old age through cheerleading squads, prom queens, homecoming queens, and beauty pageants. Henslin talks about girls trying out for the cheerleading squad.  There was an emphasis on neatness and having a good appearance.  This was repeated over and over.  It appears that attractiveness and neatness were more important than skill (Henslin 174). Males' interest in girls' bodies is sexual and appealing, which could arouse the deepest level of anxiety in girls. Some young girls are so worried about their body image that they develop eating disorders like anorexia. Some young girls develop self-esteem disorders because they feel they are not pretty enough. Students already place a high value on appearance, and as they age, many are likely to place even more importance on it. The selection of prom queens, homecoming queens, and attendants is a more potent type of school-sponsored competition where females are chosen yearly based on their beauty, frequently without ever voluntarily participating.

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I was socialized into my gender like most little girls. When I went to preschool, there was a part of the playroom that was set up with a little kitchen that included a refrigerator, stove, and sink. There were dolls in a crib, and the dolls were dressed in pink. The blanket was pink. There were women's clothes to play dress up with, and they were pink. Pretty hats were also provided for dress-up. At Christmas one year, I got Barbie dolls, a baby doll in a stroller, and clothes for all the dolls. I got clothes that were very girly with lace and bows.. I got white patent leather shoes to go with the dresses. I hated them shoes

I was also socialized into my gender by playing with other little girls..

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While it is not inherently more masculine or feminine than red, yellow, purple, orange, white, or black, blue is arbitrarily associated with infantile masculinity. Our parents gently and sometimes not so gently push us onto a predetermined course. They dress their baby boys in blue all the time. Boys are given rough toys to play with: monster trucks, fire engines, police cars, dump trucks, guns, and tool sets. These toys can be banged together. They make a lot of noise.Law, politics, business, religion, education, the military, medicine, science, sports, and, in many respects, marriage and family are still dominated by men. Our sexuality is a social legacy, even though sex is a biological inheritance. Although their mothers may warn them not to get dirty or to avoid trouble when they return, boys will nonetheless grunt, shout, and sigh and become dirty. Mothers are only mildly disapproving if they are dressed up or anticipating guests.
Boys discover their boundaries and how they change depending on the situation through grueling trial and error.  More space and associational restrictions are granted to men than to women. Boys can break the rules set by their mothers, learn to accept a limited responsibility to protect freedoms, and engage in various forms of deception instead of admitting violations that could limit our freedom of movement. Boys are believed to feel uneasy around sissies, and they are humiliated for attempting to be someone they are not. Males know who they are and are arrogant about being males, making fun of girls for being girls and their limitations. The masculine world is safe during childhood. Both genders experience sexual traits as a result of puberty. Boys begin to stir. Guys feel easy, at ease, and natural around other boys. Guys feel compelled to project an air of civility, consideration, and gentleness when they are among girls. Participating in manly hobbies that offer a haven from irritants and undertakings where men can fully understand each other relieves the intimate presence of the female world. Football, baseball, basketball, wrestling, boxing, hockey, golf, soccer, car racing, and video games are self-imagined masculine worlds.

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Society struggles for dominance among social groups (like women versus men), competing for scarce resources. Especially at work, men's conversations are designed to maintain the one-up position or at least avoid the one-down position. Women are often disadvantaged. (Henslin 192) Miscommunications happened under different circumstances. The sociological viewpoint on forgiveness and apologies is complex and interpretable from a social psychology and cultural standpoint. Various factors shape forgiveness, including personal experiences, cultural background, and cognitive processes. In high-responsibility and high-consequence situations, no perfunctory apologies with numerous components are more likely to be utilized, and they can increase views of relationship value, which in turn can promote forgiveness. Women are often told to stop apologizing because men think they are being put down.  Truth commissions and official apologies demonstrate that forgiveness policies are acceptable in post-conflict societies.4 Public forgiveness is consistently linked to the discursive aspects of apologies. When both parties share the blame, it’s a mutual face-saving device. Another area of miscommunication between men and women is criticism.  Whether criticism is given straight or softened is a matter of convention.  Women usually use the softeners. It has its logic, however, and neither style is intrinsically better. Many women use thank you as an automatic conversation starter and closer.  For example, when you go to a meeting, the speaker says Thank you for coming.  At the end of the meeting, the speaker also said Thank you for your time. Many men expect the discussion of ideas to be a ritual fight explored through verbal opposition (Henslin 195). People who anticipate having their own beliefs questioned will try to uncover flaws and weak points in other people's ideas to support them. This method is interpreted as a personal assault by women. Even worse, they cannot perform at their highest level in a divisive setting. Another area of misinterpretation is humor. Men and women typically have diverse tastes in humor. Men frequently use hostile attacks, teasing, and razzing as a type of humor, whereas women usually use self-mocking. Women frequently misinterpret men's taunting as being truly unpleasant. Mock self-deprecation by women is commonly misinterpreted by men as genuine self-deprecation.

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Sexuality and gender in childrens Daily words p.180

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Sexuality and gender in childrens Daily words p.180

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Gender segregation, the separation of girls and boys in friendships and casual encounters, is central to daily life in elementary schools (Henslin, 181). Gender-differentiated learning environments are created by the extreme segregation of girls and boys, as well as the unique social relationships within their respective groups. Boys in groups have a familiar thrill and camaraderie centered on breaking the law. In addition to teaching and learning techniques for sustaining and terminating intimacy, girls are arranged in friendship pairs connected in shifting coalitions and strengthen their bonds through mutual self-disclosure. Gender barriers are heightened by heterosexual teasing  and rituals like "chase and kiss." The sexual scripts of early adolescence are set in motion by distinct gender groups, which maintain slightly divergent definitions of the sexual, as well as ritualized and asymmetrical relationships between girls and boys. Boys in all-male groups frequently build up to heightened and intense times in their everyday routines, conversations, and play moments that can be characterized as group arousal with aroused feelings. In elementary school, the focus of regulations and rule-breaking is dirty words. On the other hand, girls typically form best-friend pairings. Girls usually take part in two or more pairs simultaneously. Girls use terms like "friends," "nice," and "mean" when discussing their interactions with one another.

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According to Katz, physical attractiveness significantly impacts social outcomes and how people are viewed and treated in all spheres of life. In sociological analysis of the value of beauty, Sidney Katz contends that physical appearance significantly impacts social outcomes, influencing how people are viewed and treated in everyday situations. Katz also considers the gendered dimensions of beauty, pointing out that women are frequently subjected to more stringent social norms, affecting their social interaction and self-esteem prospects. According to Katz, physical attractiveness significantly impacts social outcomes and how people are viewed and treated in different spheres of life. The social power of looks is highlighted by attractive people frequently receiving preferential treatment in areas like employment, promotions, and interpersonal relationships.  IF you’re a good-looking male over six feet tall, don’t worry about succeeding at your career (Henslin, 346). One of the main ideas Kat covers is the halo effect. Despite their actual characteristics, handsome people are seen as more capable, wise, and likable. This causes bias in social interactions when people's opinions about someone's character and talents are influenced by their looks. Katz looks at the gendered dimensions of beauty, pointing out that women are more frequently subjected to stricter social norms of beauty. Women are especially under pressure to meet idealized beauty standards, which can impact their social chances and sense of self. According to Katz, people deemed attractive by society are given benefits in social and professional contexts, and beauty is a type of social capital. This idea is related to how various types of capital shape social inequality.

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The difficulties faced by female soldiers, including discrimination, integration problems, and the effects of male-dominated environments, are also discussed by women in military sociology. Promoting systemic change within military frameworks requires an analysis of these issues. Policies started to change as public perceptions changed, providing opportunities for women to assume more varied and combat-related duties. A turning point was reached in the 1970s when numerous countries allowed women to serve in their military forces, albeit frequently under limited circumstances. In the late 20th century, significant policy shifts began to dismantle gender barriers within the armed forces. Notable regulations exemplify this trend, including the 1994 decision to allow women to serve on combat ships and the 2015 directive permitting women in all combat roles. These changes represented a broader commitment to gender equality in military service. These days, women in the military are not subject to the same restrictions that existed in previous decades. They participate in critical military operations and have a variety of jobs, including leadership.  According to Miller, the sociological viewpoint on women in the military focuses on how males respond to women's presence in positions previously exclusively held by men. Miller observes that to deal with the shift, men resort to resistance tactics, such as gender harassment. Women in Military Sociology studies the contributions and roles of women in the military, influencing military culture and procedures according to social norms and historical changes.  Army personnel, a structurally robust group, use resistance tactics typically regarded as the newest weaponry. According to research, some men spend a lot of effort using tactics like sabotage, name-calling, foot-dragging, and gossiping to oppose their female leaders and coworkers (Henslin, 519). According to some military men, military women unfairly restrict or regulate them. Non-sexual harassment is referred to as gender harassment. and is employed to uphold conventional gender norms or as a reaction to breaking them. Men resist female officers.

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The other day I went to Walmart.  I went to the toy section and observed toy organization and customers picking out toys for their child.  The first thing I observed was how the toys were organized.  The first sections were toys for girls.  There were baby dolls, dressed mostly in pink.  Some had strollers that were pink or white.  There were baby bottles to feed the baby, and some came with diapers.  The bottles and diapers, mops, brooms, and kitchen sets were also in the girls' area, reinforcing gender roles of women.  They expect to cook, clean, and take care of the family. There were also Barbie dolls with clothes, and a princess costume for young girls.  This reinforced that beauty is of the utmost importance. The boy's section contained Monster trucks, dump trucks, and first responders' vehicles. There were tool sets that you could build with.  This is an illustration of men's gender roles.  They do all the heavy work.  Women are too weak to use such things.  There were dinosaurs, alien creatures, basketballs, footballs, and soccer balls representing men playing sports, not women. There were building blocks called Lincoln Logs that you used to build log cabins. Then there was a section that was for boys and girls.  They had puzzles, books, card games, and board games.  The games were arranged by age. While in the girls' section, I witnessed a parent who did not reinforce traditional gender roles.  Her son wanted a pink MY Little Pony.  The mother said he could have it.  We need more parents like her.

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Our physical attributes have a wealth of sociological significance. Many of us regularly examine our own "look" to figure out what clothes, accessories, and exercise regimens would make us appear our best. Many of the same names—Channing Tatum, Angelina Jolie, Beyoncé, and Kim Kardashian—come to mind when we ask our students who they think is attractive, beautiful, or just "hot." People worldwide respect these celebrities because of their well-known looks and figures. Even those who are not famous want to be as physically attractive as possible, but not everyone can look like a celebrity.  We frequently believe that people judge our appearance every day. These assessments are sometimes performed explicitly in virtual space, and other times they include a casual street glance. Launched in 2000, the "Hot or Not" website allows average individuals to rate the attractiveness of other average people in submitted images. Numerous websites that came after, including the dating/hookup app Tinder, Rate Your Professor, and even Facebook's original version, called Facemash, allow users to judge how handsome other people are. The North American beauty ideal is female, thin, young, white, and made up.  Body work is manipulating and managing the body to fit cultural norms by oneself or a hired professional. Beauty ideology is a somewhat skewed concept used to cover up and defend exploitation or inequality and maintain power. Low self-esteem may result from these illusions. The emphasis of the culture of bodily deprivation is on appearance. As a result, it encourages consumption and physical labor. Gender, color, body, and shape are all intersections of beauty standards.

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Out of 50 pictures, there were 30 women, 16 men, and four with both men and women together.  Twenty-six women were white and four were black. Hair color: 22 were blonde, four were black, and four were brown. Twenty-five had long hair; five had short hair. Twenty had straight hair, and 10 had curly hair. All 30 women were thin and shapely. They all wore makeup. Their clothes were from the newest fashion magazine.  All of the women were young.  So, from this data, we can assume that the perfect woman would be white, young, thin, with long blonde hair. Out of the 16 men, 10 were white, three were black, one was Asian, and two were Mexican.  All the men but one were tall.  Eight had blonde hair and eight had black hair. Three men had brains while the rest had straight hair.  4 men had long hair and the rest had short hair.  The 10 white men had tans. Nine men were clean-shaven, and the rest had facial hair. So with the perfect man, it would be tall white men with straight short brown hair, tanned, muscular bodies. Of course, the perfect beauty in men and women is not shared by a majority of people.  Society has an unrealistic view of beauty for both men and women.  For people who cannot achieve that beauty, battle low self-esteem. Eating disorders and depression.

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Our divorce rates are the highest in the World, and the percentage of unmarried women is higher than in 1960.  Educated women are having fewer babies, while immigrant children flood the school, demanding to be taught in their native tongue. According to Harvard University, only 4% of candidates can construct a whole phrase. Male sexually transmitted infections are on the rise. Cocaine packets litter many metropolitan communities' streets. Adolescents refer to heroin as "happy dust" (Henslin 425). Why do so many people believe that the issues that American families face today are greater than they were in the past? This is partly since we contrast the seemingly more conventional families of the 1950s a singular decade in which every long-term tendency of the 20th century was momentarily reversed, with the intricate and varied families of the 1900s. The 1950s saw a surge in nuclear-family living as marriage and fertility rates skyrocketed and divorce rates declined for the first time in a century. The nation's proportion of foreign-born people declined. Historians and sociologists have been arguing against the idea that extended families gave way to nuclear families for over thirty years. Instead, the revisionists contend that the family structure in northwest Europe and North America has been constant and predominantly nuclear for millennia.

According to sociological perspectives, the American family's structure has been continuously changing. Some contend that extended families should give way to nuclear families, while others maintain that North American families have been predominantly nuclear for generations. Since same-sex marriages were legalized nationwide in 2015, the percentage of Americans in same-sex marriages has likewise increased. More than 700,000 same-sex couples were married in the US in 2021, making up around 1% of all married couples (Aragao, Para 7). As more women are having children without marriage, the relationship between marriage and parenthood has also changed.

Aragao, C. et Al. 2023 The Modern American Family. How the American Family Has Changed | Pew Research Center

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A lot of people believe they will get married eventually. The majority of divorced individuals remarry, and more than 80% of Americans will marry at least once in their lifetime. Having a dream or even just an expectation of marriage is not wholly unexpected. Some well-known advantages of long-term relationships include financial sharing, sexual intimacy, companionship, trust, and a shared responsibility for raising children.  A study was done and The findings suggest that wedding discourses encourage (1) the objectification of women and their treatment in a benevolently sexist manner, (2) the unequal distribution of wedding labor between the bride and groom, and, ultimately, (3) the perpetuation of women's subordination in heterosexual relationships. Participating in the rituals of the white wedding maintains taken-for-granted heteronormative discourses that undermine gender equality and, ultimately, women's emancipation. (Froschauer 1)

Stereotypical and patriarchal gender standards are (re)produced by the traditional ritual of dreaming of a white wedding, which is regulated by heteronormative conventions. COVID-19 forced couples to examine the presumptions surrounding the white wedding, a commonly accepted custom. Although the myth may oversimplify the nuances of weddings, women frequently fantasize about their wedding day. In addition to maintaining inequality and hiding the (re)production of heteronormative gender roles, middle-class respectability, and racialized Whiteness, the idea of tradition legitimizes wedding orthodoxy.

Froschauer, U. and  Durrheim. K  It's the bride's day”: The paradox of women's emancipation Volume 29, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353518803975 “It's the bride's day”: The paradox of women's emancipation - Ursula Froschauer, Kevin Durrheim, 2019

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I am not a woman, so I have never dreamed of a white wedding.  I do not want a white wedding because all a white wedding is is a conformity to society's rituals.  My future wife can wear whatever color she wants to.  It is our wedding, and I will not let society dictate what we can and can’t do. Big weddings are expensive.  The money you can spend on the wedding can be a down payment on a house.  The important thing about a wedding is a commitment to love each other.  Not who has the most expensive dress or who has the biggest diamond. Some sociologists say the white wedding is a powerful cultural ritual that symbolizes love between a man and a woman.  I disagree that there must be a grand white wedding to prove your love.  A white wedding dress used to be a sign of virginity, but most women today have already had sex, so what's the point?

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The sociobiological perspective of imprisonment can be explored from different angles. Right realism sees incapacitation as the main way of reducing crime. Left realism prefers rehabilitation through community initiatives. Marxism argues that imprisonment is selective, focusing on working-class criminals, and is really about preventing revolution. In August 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his associates designed an experiment to determine the effects of being a prisoner or a prison guard. One of history's most well-known and contentious psychological experiments is the Stanford Prison Experiment, sometimes called the Zimbardo Prison Experiment. This study has long been a mainstay in psychology classes, textbooks, publications, and motion pictures. Discover what it involved, what was discovered, and the objections that have raised doubts about the experiment's validity and scientific benefits. The study, intended to examine the psychological experiences of imprisonment, revealed the shocking extent to which circumstances can alter individual behavior. It is used as a case study in psychology classes to highlight the psychology of evil and the ethics of doing psychological research with human subjects. Twenty-four men were selected to participate in the study. None had a criminal record, and all were initially relatively homogeneous on many dimensions” (Henslin 316). Half of the men were inmates. The rest were guards. At first, the prisoners were ok emotionally. The simulation was made more realistic by randomly arresting the "prisoners" at their residences and putting them through booking processes. Afterward, they were placed in cells, outfitted with uniforms, and given numbers. The men assigned to protect the inmates started acting sadistically, humiliating and torturing them. The inmates surrendered to dehumanization and unthinking obedience. Three prisoners had to be released after four days because they had such acute situational traumatic reactions as hysterical crying, confusion in thinking, and severe depression. “Henslin states,” About a third of the guards became tyrannical in their arbitrary use of power, in enjoying their control over other people” (Henslin 317). After six days, the experiment had to be stopped since both groups exhibited severe, abnormal behavior.

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Police reports on regular force: Police officers categorize and assess acts of force as either excessive, regular, or legal. The result of accounting procedures that foreshadow or anticipate the conclusion that it was acceptable or justifiable is "normal" force.  Coercive actions deemed necessary, suitable, reasonable, or understandable by particular officers constitute normal force. Officers defend the use of excessive force against specific groups of people. Concepts of "normal force" as defined by officers are subject to limitations. Henslin argues, “Legal force is that coercion necessary to subdue, control, and restrain a suspect to take him into custody. In the police academy, the recruit learns to account for force by reference to legality. If threatened with great bodily harm, the officer knows that he can justifiably use deadly force and fire his revolver” (Henslin 471).  The remorse and perplexity that rookies frequently feel when using force to establish dominance are lessened by peer approval. Excuses are when the police deny using excessive force.  But they douse excessive force.  For example, George Floyd was murdered by a cop.  Floyd was handcuffed behind his back and lying face down on the pavement.  Floyd was not resisting.  But the white cop kept his knee on the back of Floyd's neck, applying pressure.  Floyd kept saying he could not breathe. The office kept his knee there anyway for several minutes.  So, how can you justify excessive use in that case?  There is no justification..  From a sociological standpoint, police officers' use of excessive force is a public health concern that affects both individuals and communities broadly, in addition to being a legal and moral one. Police training and interactions with the public are greatly influenced by the laws dictating the kinds and degrees of force officers can employ against civilians. The health effects of state-sanctioned police violence are highlighted in this public health framing. Furthermore, police officers' decisions to use force may be influenced by social and psychological factors.

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Twenty-seven men survive a plane crash in the Andes Mountains.  No food and no water.  What are they to do? One person comes up with the idea of eating the bodies of dead people.  No one wants to participate in this.  These were friends of theirs and that made it even harder to even think about eating their bodies. The one person starts to eat the flesh of one of the bodies. Slowly, some more people die from starvation. Then, a few people start to eat the dead bodies so they can live. Symbolic interactionists stress that our world is socially constructed. In other words, whatever meaning something has is arbitrary. Humans have given words a specific meaning.  It is through social processes that people determine meaning. Henslin argues that “when circumstances change, definitions can become outmoded, even definitions about fundamental aspects of life” Henslin 283).  So, in this situation, even though eating dead bodies is against social norms, it is acceptable to consume the flesh of the dead bodies to survive. One idea that investigates the effects of cannibalism in the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, psychology, and sociology is the hypothesis of cultural cannibalism. It explores the intricacies of cannibalism's cultural beliefs, psychological foundations, historical settings, and current significance. Historically, the term "cannibalism" has been used to describe the practice of people consuming human flesh. Cannibalism assumes diverse forms and meanings across various cultures, encompassing ritualistic, sacrificial, or survival cannibalism. The case in our textbook is survival cannibalism.

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On Being Sane in Insane Places is a study conducted by psychologist David Rosenhan, a Stanford University professor, and published by the journal Science in 1973. The study is considered an important and influential criticism of psychiatric diagnosis and broached the topic of wrongful involuntary commitment. Rosenhan produced eight pseudopatients who gained access to 12 different hospitals to examine the reliability of staff, especially psychiatrists, in telling the difference between people who had severe psychiatric disorders and people who did not have these issues. The study aimed to discover whether medical professionals could really tell the difference between the sane and the insane. Eleven cases involved participants who were diagnosed with schizophrenia at admission and then diagnosed with schizophrenia in remission upon release. In one case, the participant's discharge diagnosis was not disclosed. However, they were hospitalized with a diagnosis of manic-depressive psychosis. The average length of stay was 19 days, with a range of 7 to 52 days. The standard deviation was not revealed. The [participants] were friendly, cooperative, and exhibited no abnormal indications," according to nursing reports. There was no reporting of statistical significance or coding outcomes.
The participants' visitors detected no significant behavioral repercussions [of hospitalization in participants]." Neither statistical analysis nor details on data gathering from the visitors as mentioned earlier were provided. How was it possible that the participants could fool the doctor so easily?  Rosenhan found it more shocking and concerning when individuals were given incorrect diagnoses after they had stopped exhibiting any signs of a mental illness. Despite dropping the hoax as soon as they were admitted, it appeared that once a subject was labeled with an aberrant psychiatric trait, they were unable to avoid the diagnosis. It was assumed that a skilled clinician, familiar with the participants, would eventually recognize the initial diagnosis as a type II error and fix it. None of the 12 hospital stays involved such a correction.

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The other day, I was at a gas station to get gas.  An older gentleman who looked homeless was looking down at the ground. He then started going around my car, looking at the ground. He was talking to himself and kept looking at me.  The owner of the gas station came out and told him to leave.  The man just kept talking to himself and looking at the ground.  He kept walking around my car.   The man looked like he was not aware of what was going on.  The norms he violated are being in my personal space and just staring at me. A zone of physical proximity makes people feel at ease in other people's company, according to a lengthy history of psychological research on personal space. Nonetheless, there are situations in which being physically near a stranger is your only option. I tried to create an imperceptible barrier to prevent that intimacy from becoming problematic. I did not make eye contact.  I thought this was the simplest method to accomplish this. Paying attention to personal hygiene is another social norm that the man violated.  He was dirty, unshaven, and his hair looked like it had not been combed in weeks. I was feeling very uneasy, so I hurried up and got my gas.  I was mad because he scared my disabled brother.  The man was not only in violation of being in my brother's personal space, but also violating a person's peace of mind. The man’s violation of social norms is due to his age, race, and mental well-being. I found this situation very strange. This type of behavior would not be standard under any circumstances.  No, I can. The way I perceive this man was because of his behavior; I believe he is mentally ill. I don't think of a situation where I would behave like this older man. The label of being mentally ill made me have no interaction with this man.

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One of the most important institutions of modern social life is education. However, it is a secondary institution that prepares people for life in society as it is currently structured, alongside the family and organized religion. In addition to learning how to exploit holes in the adult social order to develop their activities, children also learn to conform to school procedures and discipline and identify as excellent students. The strict and regulated curriculum offers few chances for unique concepts or unforeseen circumstances. Kindergarten prepares kids for the extensive occupational bureaucracies of contemporary society and prepares them to participate in the school system. Henslin states, “The children were to grow in all areas—academically, socially, emotionally, and, of course, physically. They claimed that because of their kindergarten experiences, they wanted kids to enjoy going to school and develop social skills (Henslin 448). To identify the most crucial aims and objectives for program graduates, pedagogical texts for kindergarten programs in Texas were examined from a feminist standpoint influenced by Standpoint theory. In order to evaluate and contrast the objectives and socialization that occur in a basic training context with those in a kindergarten classroom, published online summaries of military boot camp were also qualitatively examined. Findings suggested that although there is much of the rigidity of structure, discipline, and routine necessary for boot camp, the female-dominated atmosphere of kindergarten is not equivalent to military basic training (Thompson 13).  When my mother went to kindergarten, it was very different.  The time spent in the classroom was very different.  There was very little structure.  There was some time spent on academics, but most of the time was play time.  The findings are so different. Compared to similar ungrouped youngsters, children in low-ability groups exhibit delayed development in their learning strategies. Compared to similar ungrouped youngsters, children in high-ability groups exhibit more rapid growth in all psycho-social characteristics (learning strategies, social skills, self-control, and externalizing problem behaviors).

Thompson, M. L., & Thompson, W. E. (2015). Learning the student role four decades later: A sociological analysis of 21st century kindergarten as academic boot camp. Sociological Spectrum, 36(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2015.1073128

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Anthropologist Marvin Harris created the notion of cultural materialism, which contends that environmental and economic forces influence cultural traditions. This explanation explains why cows are considered sacrosanct in India, where a sizable population roams freely in spite of the country's widespread famine and malnutrition. The book "India's Sacred Cow" by Marvin Harris describes cows' practical, social, and religious applications in India. Harris evaluates the financial benefits and drawbacks of cows as well as the effects of outlawing cow slaughter, contending that economic factors, rather than religious beliefs, determine how sacred cows are in Hinduism. According to Harris's argument, the idea that cows are sacrosanct is not merely a naive view that impedes advancement. Henslin argues, “New photographs that came out of India during the famine of the late 1960s showed starving people stretching out bony hands to beg for food while sacred cows strolled behind undisturbed” (Henslin 461). I do not understand what drives these people to starve to death when there is a sufficient amount of meat running around in the street. You would think that hungry pains would entice them to kill these cows.  In India, cow worship is a relatively new phenomenon that grew alongside the evolution of Hinduism: religious writings and royal decrees over the last 3,000 years of Indian history document this development. There are conflicting references to ceremonial slaughter and a substantial restriction on eating beef in the Vedas from the First Millennium B.C. Priests later added several of the sacred-cow sections to the texts. In India, cattle are not merely revered and worshipped. They are also quite helpful. Indians use milk from the zebu cow to make ghee (clarified butter) and yogurt, which add delicate flavors to many hot Indian dishes. Although cows serve this useful purpose, they only produce less than half of India's milk. In India, most cows are not dairy breeds (Henslin 463).  In the majority of areas, an Indian farmer often purchases a female water buffalo to have a reliable, high-quality supply of milk. Since water buffalo milk contains more butterfat than zebu milk, it is a specialist dairy breed in India. Religion is an important social institution in today's society, but when the factors of a specific religion harm you, it is time to change the rules of the religion.