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The Neolithic Revolution started in 8,000 BC and ended around 4,000 BC. This was the beginning of farming and agriculture. This is called systematic agriculture, and they would also keep animals. Because of this, cities and civilizations began. People began to build walls for protection and storehouses for goods.

Aaden Lee

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Mesopotamia is located in the Fertile crescent. This name means land between rivers. The three primary regions of this area are called Akkad, Sumer, and Assyria. There was no specific capital/ civilatiantion

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Sumer now known as the modern day country Iraq. It was the very first known civilization, settled between 4500-4000 BC. Sumerian society was divided into 3 strict classes, nobles, commoners, and slaves. They were a polytheistic religion, believing in the Annunaki gods, every 3,600 yrs the planet Nibiru came to the Earth. Earth was colonized in search for gold, Iggi were the original slaves but they revolted and caused humans to appear as their new slaves. They had a good impact as they discovered/ created chariots, plows, math , writing and mass production of pottery.

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Canaan ghoul كنعان الغول - عازف عود oud player, Jerusalem

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They were a people group who settled in Canaan. They were Semitic-speaking people. For their religion, they were monotheistic. This was also the birthplace of Judaism.

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Ancient Egypt had a series of city states along the Nile. They were divided into 2 regions, upper and north, but the unique thing is that the Nile flows from south to north. Civilization was heavily dependent on the Nile River, and 4k miles long. They were a polytheistic religion and religion was tied closely with government. Had a trade and barter system , but largest portion of people farmed.

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China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, having been around for 6,000 years. They were very isolated throughout the history of China. The Chinese civilization started around the Yellow River Valley.

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Indus Valley Civilization began in around 3000 BC, it was one of the largest early civilizations in the world. They had one of the most advanced road/ water system as they also had a sewage system. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro had between 35-40k inhabitants. Extended family all lived under one roof, an a sutee was a widow that sacrifice herself by jumping on to dead husband burning corpse.

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Meso America or areas of Mexico and Central America. The Olmec was first known civilization in the Mesoamerica, also known for their colossal stone heads. The Mayans were apart of the Yucatan peninsula, they practiced human sacrifice and had 18 month calendar. Teotihcan is most important city in Meso America

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Babylon is located in Mesopotamia. The founder of this empire was Hammurabi. The Babylonian Empire was created because the Romans would conquer neighboring territories in Mesopotamia. The capital of the Babylonian Empire was Babylon. The Romans also created the Code of Hammurabi.

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The Assyrian Empire lasted from 900 BC to 600 BC, when it conquered much of Mesopotamia. Its best period was from 700 BC to 612 BC. The Assyrians had great military tactics, weaponry, and advanced communication techniques. Their leader, Ashurbanipal, forced the assimilation of conquered territories, which led to civil unrest that eventually led to the overthrow of the Assyrians.

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Conquered much land that used to be conquered by the Babylonians. They practiced cultural and religion tolerance. COmmunication was key for the Persians to maintain control over such vast land. Way stations were established to help provide supplies and fresh horses for riders. Monotheistic religion called Zoastrinism, where the wise god let them choose good or evil actions. Depending on your actions you can get an eternity of paradise or an eternity of misery.

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With 3,400 years of recorded history, Athens was one of the world's earliest constitutions and oldest cities. It held large assemblies where people could voice their opinions to government leadership. Although its military wasn't as crucial as Sparta's, it had a powerful navy. They were known as the cradle of Western Civilization because they were the birthplace of democracy.

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Sparta was a strict war like society and was military focused. Spartan boys started strict military training at age 7 and was allowed full military membership at 20. Women were allowed many freedoms but were not allowed to be in the military. They mainly took care of the children and staying home. Rejected outside world and new ideas but the education they did have was based solely for military.

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This was a war between Athens and Sparta. It took place between 431 BC - 405 BC. It was a battle between Athens's strong navy and Sparta's army. Sparta ended up winning and tore down the city and destroyed their navy.

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They controlled most of Western Europe and promoted Christianity. Charlemagne, the most influential ruler, was named the Roman emperor. Rome collapsed, but Charlemagne legitimized his rule by allying with the pope.

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Life and Trade of the Islamic World (Aaden)

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Life and Trade of the Islamic World (Aaden)

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The main places to trade in different villages and cities were bazaars. Social class was prominent, and slavery was common. Women's rights were minimal and became more restricted as time went on. They created observatories to look at the stars and were among the first people to believe the earth was round.

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Over time, feudal systems combined under one king, creating countries. Kings often allied with the Catholic Church, gaining massive power. The church's rules essentially became the law. Peasants, commoners, and nobles feared kings becoming too powerful.

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The Crusades were a series of battles between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land. There were nine in total, but Christians only won one. The Crusades began when the Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and didn't allow Christians to enter the city. This led to the first Crusades.

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Early on the Romans created a Republic which is a government without kings, and where people vote for representatives. Early Rome also had 2 social structures, Plebians and Patricians, the plebs were heavily discriminated against which caused outrage. Both groups paid taxes but only Patricians could be elected to public office. Eventually plebs were granted a tribune which was a pleb who could serve in the government but could not introduce new legislation.

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The Punic Wars were series of battles between Rome and Carthage. It began with conflict over the island of Sicily, Romans won but Carthage swore revenge. Leads to the events of Hannibal, Hannibal marched 46,000 troops, hundreds of horses, and 37 elephants to Rome. Hannibal was successful early in his campaign but was depleted of supplies and men. Rome attacks Carthage causing 50k people to be enslaved.

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Justinian conquered almost the entirety of the Roman Empire. Then creates the Justinian's Code which was a legal system that simplified Roman Laws. Ruler authority was tied closely to religion causing them to be seen as God-Like. Constantinople became center of Europe where everything was conducted. It was also known as the Eastern Roman Empire.

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He was born in Mecca in the Arabian peninsula, he became a religious teacher who claimed to receive revelations from God. His revelations soon became known to be the Quran. He attempts to spread his religion in Mecca but was persecuted so he fled to the nearby city, Medina. He becomes a popular political and religious figure, promoted beliefs of monotheism, day of judgement , charity and peace. Early Muslims saw no difference in religion and politics so religion became the government as well.

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Popes claim to be the supreme leader of all Christians and could use and interdiction which was decree to forbid some church sacraments. As the Catholic church grew some people began to question the Christian morals. Soon created a punishable offense called heresy which was the denial of church teachings. If someone was accused of heresy they could be punished by the inquisition. Punishments could be as small as a fine, to torture and execution. During this time Catholics believed the Pope was word of God so denying the Pope is denying God.

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Cologne Cathedral, Domkloster, Cologne, Germany

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John Wycliffe was an English preacher that said the Bible was source of religious truth not Pope. He also translated the Bible from Latin to English. Which greatly angered church as they demanded it stay in Latin. Another man that attempted reformation was John Hus a Czech preacher that called refocus on bible principles and not popes commands. Condemned the Church sale of indulgences which was purchasing of sin forgiveness. He tragically died because he was accused of heresy and was burned at the stake.