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I like animals, and nature. I have an interest in protecting animals and their habitats.

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The world is facing a triple planetary crisis of climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss. The trend in forest loss, land degradation and the extinction of species is becoming worse, posing a severe threat to the health of the planet and people. Goal 15 will not be met without a dramatic shift in our relationship with our natural environment.

At the end of 2022, 68 countries had at least one legislative, administrative or policy measure in place to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol (an increase of 62 countries since 2016). Furthermore, 88 countries reported measures in place to implement the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (an increase of 76 countries since 2015).

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Goal 15 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs

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Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

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Species extinction risk continues to get worse, as evidenced by a 12% decline in the aggregate Red List Index between 2024 and 1993

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This is a map showing where trees have been lost. It really helps to know where its at the highest. I didn't know that we have lost that many trees and habitats for animals.

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Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2023

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Covering almost one third of the Earth's land surface, forests offer a habitat to over 80 percent of all terrestrial species[reference: FAO and UNEP. 2020. [link: https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people.] Rome.] and are key to preserving biodiversity. [target: 15.5] Forested watersheds and wetlands supply three quarters of all accessible freshwater in the world. [goal: 6][reference: World Bank. 2016. [link: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/03/18/why-forests-are-key-to-climate-water-health-and-livelihoods Why Forests are Key to Climate, Water, Health, and Livelihoods.] Washington, DC.] Worldwide an estimated 300 to 350 million people live in or close to forests and largely depend on them for their livelihoods; over a billion people rely on forests for employment, forest products, and contributions to livelihoods and income.[reference: World Bank. 2016. [link: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/03/18/why-forests-are-key-to-climate-water-health-and-livelihoods Why Forests are Key to Climate, Water, Health, and Livelihoods.] Washington, DC.] Many of those living in extreme poverty are highly dependent on forests for their livelihood.[reference: FAO. 2020. [link: https://www.fao.org/state-of-forests/en/ The State of the World's Forests 2020.] Rome.] [goal: 1] Forests play a key role in the mitigation of climate change, removing an estimated 16 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere annually,[reference: Harris, Nancy L., David A. Gibbs, Alessandro Baccini, et al. 2021. [link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6 Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes]. Nature Climate Change 11, 234-240.] equalling a quarter of the annual CO2 released from burning fossil fuels. [goal: 13]

Forest area is unequally distributed

Forest cover varies across the globe - some countries are predominantly forest while others have little or none. Over a quarter of global forest land is located in Russia, Brazil, Canada, and China. In 40 countries forest cover accounts for less than 10 percent of their total land area. The share of a country's land area that is forested is monitored under [target: 15.1].

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS AG.LND.FRST.ZS]).

Forests can be divided into four groups: [emphasis: tropical, subtropical, temperate] and [emphasis: boreal forests]. Climatic conditions drive the types, levels of vegetation and biodiversity of forests. The amount of CO2 stored differs by forest type as well. As a result, the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere when forests are cleared varies considerably.

Deforestation and forest degradation threaten the ability of forests to contribute to sustainable development

Forests are threatened by deforestation and degradation. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) [reference: FAO. 2018. [link: https://www.fao.org/3/I8661EN/i8661en.pdf Terms and definitions - FRA 2020. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 188]. Rome.] defines [emphasis: deforestation] as the permanent transformation of forested areas to other land uses, such as agriculture or construction. [emphasis: Degraded forests] have been damaged by human activities like logging or climatic and environmental events such as wildfires to the extent that their productive capacity is severely diminished. Degradation diminishes the quality of a forest's vegetation and biodiversity, rather than reducing the overall forested area.

The global rate of deforestation has slowed, but remains high

Net change in forest area between 2000 and 2020

World

Losses and gains in forest land vary widely from country to country. Paraguay lost almost 30 percent of its forest between 2000 and 2020, mainly to convert land for cattle ranching. This contrasts with Vietnam, which implemented policies restricting logging and promoting reforestation, and increased forest area by 23 percent over the same period.

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Retrieved from World Development Indicators ([link: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS AG.LND.FRST.ZS]).

Deforestation statistics do not tell the full story

Deforestation describes the permanent loss of forests or tree cover to non-forest use due to human activities. It does not adequately account for temporary tree cover losses. An alternative measure is that of tree cover loss, calculated using satellite imagery and remote sensing. This metric measures the reduction in tree canopy cover. Some of these losses come from temporary natural factors such as wildfires, but also from human activities such as logging, urbanization or agriculture.[reference: Global Forest Watch. 2022. [link: https://data.globalforestwatch.org/documents/gfw::tree-cover-loss/about Tree Cover Loss].] These losses can be temporary or become permanent. Even when temporary, tree cover loss impacts forests' ability to mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas emissions and support biodiversity.

Tree cover loss between 2000 and 2021

Globally

The five main drivers of tree cover loss are commodity-driven agriculture, urbanization, shifting agriculture, forestry, and wildfires

Remote sensing techniques can be used to determine the causes of tree cover loss.[reference: Curtis, Philip G., Christy M. Slay, Nancy L. Harris, Alexandra Tyukavina, and Matthew C. Hansen. 2018. [link: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau3445 Classifying drivers of global forest loss]. Science 361, Issue 6407: 1108-11.] Commodity-driven agriculture, where forests are cleared to produce large-scale commodities, such as soy, palm oil, beef, pulp and paper, or for mining for energy and minerals, is [emphasis: permanent] and involves a change in how land is used. So is urbanization, where trees make place for urban settlements. Other drivers often cause [emphasis: temporary] tree cover loss. Shifting agriculture , where small-holder farmers clear land plots for temporary cultivation, often leads to temporary tree cover loss, as plots are abandoned after some time and forests can regrow. Forestry is the large-scale harvesting of trees, and trees are typically replanted in the same soil. Tree cover lost due to wildfires regrows as well.

The largest share of permanent tree cover loss occurred in the tropics, where the impact on biodiversity and the climate is the heaviest.

Commodity production is the main driver of tree cover loss in Latin America and Southeast Asia

Commodity-driven clearing to produce agricultural products such as beef and soy, and for mining of energy products and minerals, is the main driver of tree cover loss in the tropical forests of Latin America (59 percent) and Southeast Asia (80 percent). Examples are palm oil production in Indonesia and soybean production and cattle ranching in Brazil. Commodity-driven deforestation is often permanent.

Shifting agriculture is the main driver of tree cover loss in the tropical forests in Africa

Shifting agriculture - clearing forests for temporary cultivation - drives around 94 percent of tree cover loss in the tropical forests on the African continent. Because primary rainforests typically take very long to recover, the detrimental impact on biodiversity of this practice is significant.[reference: Kadoya, Taku, Yayoi Takeuchi, Yushin Shinoda, et al. 2022. [link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00434-5 Shifting agriculture is the dominant driver of forest disturbance in threatened forest species' ranges] Communications Earth Environment 3, 108.]

More frequent and intense wildfires - due to climate change - are an important factor in increased tree cover loss

Increased droughts and heat waves due to climate change have caused wildfires to become a more important driver of tree cover loss over the past decades with fires growing in frequency, intensity and magnitude. In 2021, more than a quarter of global tree cover loss was due to wildfires. Wildfires occur mainly in temperate and boreal forest in Northern America, Europe, Russia, and Australia.

Forests help slow climate change

Forests play an important role in fighting climate change. [emphasis: Carbon sequestration] is the process of absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and storing it in the trees and soil. CO2 is one of the main greenhouse gases and the increasing concentration of these gases in the atmosphere causes the Earth to warm. [goal: 13] The capacity for global forests to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere is reduced by deforestation and forest degradation; with fewer trees to sequester CO2, that means higher concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere.

In 2019, global human-caused greenhouse gas emissions were about 48 Gigatons (Gt) CO2e.[footnote: Besides CO2, other important greenhouse gases are methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases (F-gases). Each of these gases has their own global warming potential (GWP), which is used to compare the effect of other gases to the effect of CO2. The emissions are expressed using the unit CO2e, which is the equivalent amount of CO2 that has a similar greenhouse gas effect. One gigaton (Gt) is equivalent to one billion metric tons.] Annually, forests sequester an estimated 16 Gt of carbon dioxide (CO2). This amounts to a third of annual CO2 emissions, or the combined CO2 emissions of China, the United States and Indonesia in 2019. However, when forest is lost, the CO2 stored in the trees and soil is partially emitted to the atmosphere.

To slow climate change, critical steps include protecting forests, reforestation and afforestation as well as restoring degraded forests. These measures can increase the amount of CO2 sequestered by forests and reduce emissions caused by deforestation and forest loss.

Deforestation imperils biodiversity

Deforestation and forest degradation are threats to biodiversity, as forests provide the habitat for more than 80 percent of all species of animals, plants and insects worldwide. [target: 15.5] seeks to reduce the degradation of habitats to halt the loss of biodiversity and extinction of species. The greatest threat to plants and animals is the destruction of their habitat.[reference: WWF. 2020. [link: https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/living-planet-report-2020 Living Planet Report 2020 - Bending the curve of biodiversity loss.] Almond, R.E.A., Grooten M. and Petersen, T. (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland.]

Share of species threatened with extinction

of 147,517 species assessed

The Red List Index shows a large decline in biodiversity

The Red List Index (RLI),[footnote: The [link: https://www.iucnredlist.org/assessment/red-list-index IUCN Red List Index (RLI)] summarizes the status of biodiversity in a country by assigning a score between 0 and 1 reflecting the extinction risks of species in that country: 1 means all species are classified as Least Concern and not at risk of extinction in the near future, while 0 indicates that all species in a country have become extinct. The RLI is helpful in tracking changes in threats to species, as it only takes into account category updates, and is not sensitive to the total number of species in the Red List of Threatened Species, which can change due to addition of new species, regardless of their status.] an official SDG indicator, is used to track the risk of extinction for species and monitor progress towards [target: 15.5]. Developments in the RLI show that biodiversity is facing increased pressure.

Designating protected areas can be positive for biodiversity

Protected areas can help conserve biodiversity and mitigate climate change.[reference: IUCN. 2023. [link: https://www.iucn.org/our-work/topic/effective-protected-areas Effective protected areas].] SDG indicators [indicator: 15.1.2] and [indicator: 15.4.1] measure the share of Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) that are protected to promote terrestrial, freshwater and mountain biodiversity.[footnote: Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) are areas that are identified as most important for species and the ecosystems they live in and contribute significantly to biodiversity. See [link: https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/ Key Biodiversity Areas].] The share of KBAs that are protected has nearly doubled between 2000 and 2021, although the trend has slowed in recent years.

COP15 of UN Convention on Biodiversity sets new targets

In December 2022, at the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity,[footnote: See [link: https://www.cbd.int/ UN Convention on Biological Diversity].] the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) was adopted. The GBF includes four long-term goals on improving biodiversity and 23 targets for urgent action to achieve these goals by 2030. The targets include reducing threats to biodiversity, and meeting people's needs through sustainable means. [footnote: See [link: https://www.cbd.int/article/cop15-final-text-kunming-montreal-gbf-221222 COP15: Final text of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework].] A monitoring framework similar to that for SDGs will be used for the targets.

The targets include a new 30x30 goal to preserve 30 percent of the Earth's land, oceans, coastal areas and inland waters by 2030, a significant increase from current targets. To achieve these goals, targets also stipulate the reduction of government subsidies that are harmful to biodiversity and increasing funding from wealthier countries to poorer ones.

In the charts below you can find more facts about SDG {activeGoal} targets, which are not covered in this story. The data for these graphics is derived from official UN data sources.

* Each square represents a country in the respective region.

Source: [link: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/ SDG Global Database] DOWNLOAD

Source: [link: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/ SDG Global Database] DOWNLOAD

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The Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2023 presents interactive storytelling and data visualizations about the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. It highlights trends for selected targets within each goal and introduces concepts about how some SDGs are measured.

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Deforestation is the process of clearing or removing forests, often to use the land for agriculture, logging, or urban development. this leads to the loss of trees and biodiversity, disrupts ecosystems, and contributes to climate change by reducing the earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide.

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I have learned so much about causes for deforstation in specific places like Brazil.

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This website has a detailed global map that shows a lot of different information like desertification and biodiversity loss.

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Home SDG Tracker Goal 15: Life on land

Sustainable Development Goal 15

Forest cover

Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Target: "By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services."¹

Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was set to be achieved by 2020.

Protection of important biodiversity areas

Protected areas are covered by three indicators: the proportion of total terrestrial area classified as protected; proportion of key terrestrial biodiversity areas that are protected; and proportion key freshwater biodiversity areas that are protected.

Target: "By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services."¹

Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was set to be achieved by 2020.

Sustainable forest management

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is composed of five sub-indicators that measure progress towards all dimensions of sustainable forest management.

Three sub-indicators focus on the expansion of forest area, above-ground biomass within the forest area and the protection of forest biodiversity. The fourth relates to the availability of a long-term forest management plan; and the final indicator measures areas which are independently verified for compliance with a set of national or international standards.

Target: "By 2020 promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally."

Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was set to be achieved by 2020.

End land degradation

This indicator is assessed using three sub-indicators:

i) Trends in land cover: An example of land degradation due to land cover change is the conversion of forests into croplands or settlements.

ii) Trends in land productivity: Land productivity is measured in terms of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of vegetation. Land is considered degraded in terms of productivity if its NPP is less than half the value of the 90th percentile NPP in the same region.

iii) Carbon stock: This is considered degraded if there is a net reduction of 10% or more in soil organic carbon between the baseline and current observations.

If any of the sub-indicators is deemed degraded for a specific land unit, it will be classified as degraded, pending validation by national authorities.

Target: "By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world."

Coverage of important sites for mountain biodiversity

This indicator measures the average share of each important site for mountain biodiversity that is covered by designated protected areas. The indicator does not measure the effectiveness of protected areas in reducing biodiversity loss, which depends on a range of management and enforcement factors.

Target: "By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development."

Vegetation coverage of mountainous areas

The Mountain Green Cover Index measures the percentage of mountainous areas covered by some form of green vegetation.

The Index measures the changes of the green vegetation in mountain areas - i.e. forest, shrubs, trees, pasture land, crop land, etc. - in order to monitor progress on the mountain target. This is monitored through high resolution satellite imagery.

Target: "By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development."

Species extinction risk

The Red List Index (RLI) shows the trends in overall extinction risk for groups of species. An RLI value of 1.0 equates to all species in the group being categorised as 'Least Concern', and hence that none are expected to go extinct in the near future. A value of 0 indicates that all species have gone extinct.

Target: "Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species."

Benefits of sharing genetic resources

This indicator is measured through several sub-indicators that track countries' participation in protocols concerned with the promotion and sharing of genetic resources for plants, food and agriculture, such as the Nagoya Protocol and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources.

Target: "By 2030 promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed."

Wildlife poaching and trafficking

Internationally comparable data on this indicator is not currently available, and is thus not reported here.

Target: "Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products."

Prevent invasive alien species

Alien species are those which have been introduced outside their natural distribution range through either intentional or accidental dispersion by human activity.

Invasive alien species impact native biodiversity thorugh competition for resources, predation, hybridisation, disease transmission, parasitism, herbivory and trampling and rooting. The outcomes of these impacts lead to biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and loss of ecosystem services.

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Target: "By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species."

Unlike most SDG targets which are set to be achieved by 2030, this indicator was to be achieved by 2020.

Integration of ecosystem and biodiversity in planning

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualizations.

Target: "By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts."

Unlike most SDG targets which are set to be achieved by 2030, this indicator was to be achieved by 2020.

Official development assistance for biodiversity

This indicator is reported as the annual official development assistance (ODA) for biodiversity by recipient, and value of assistance by donor.

Official development assistance refers to flows to countries and territories on the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and to multilateral institutions which meet a set of criteria related to the source of the funding, the purpose of the transaction, and the concessional nature of the funding.

Although they are different indicators the data to track both 15.a.1 and 15.b.1 is currently the same.

Target: "Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems."

Official development assistance for forest management

This indicator is reported as the annual official development assistance (ODA) for biodiversity by recipient, and value of assistance by donor.

Official development assistance refers to flows to countries and territories on the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and to multilateral institutions which meet a set of criteria related to the source of the funding, the purpose of the transaction, and the concessional nature of the funding.

Although they are different indicators the data to track both 15.a.1 and 15.b.1 is currently the same.

Target: "Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation."

Poaching and trafficking wildlife

Definition of the SDG indicator: Indicator 15.c.1 is the "proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked", in the UN SDG framework.

Internationally comparable data on this indicator is not currently available, and is thus not reported here.

Target: "Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities."

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Our World in Data team (2023) - "Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss" Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/sdgs/life-on-land' [Online Resource]

BibTeX citation

@article{owid-sdgs-life-on-land, author = {Our World in Data team}, title = {Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss}, journal = {Our World in Data}, year = {2023}, note = {https://ourworldindata.org/sdgs/life-on-land} }

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Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss

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Sustainable Development Goals Tracker for SDG 15

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The protection of forest and animals is not equally distributed and its getting worse time by time.

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The Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2020

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Preserving biodiversity by protecting forests

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This website gives you reasons why it's important to protect the land.

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Life on land is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations in 2015. It aims to protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss

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The area susceptible to desertification has grown from 274,306 square miles to more than 417,805 square miles

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Story by Giovanna Carneiro and Inácio França, Marco Zero Conteúdo

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In Brazil’s Semi-Arid Region, Small Farmers Work Exhausted Lands, Hoping a New Government Will Revive the War on Desertification - Inside Climate News

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Deforestation, erosion and overgrazing, compounded by government neglect and climate change, created a crisis. But Brazil’s new leaders have made land restoration a priority and are looking to the international community for funding.

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It Impacts include fewer tall forests, climate change-induced wildfires, insect outbreaks, and, most recently, increased wood harvesting to meet additional demand for “home-grown” biomass in response to the Ukraine war and changing energy demands.

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4 Growing Threats to Europe’s Forests: Logging, Bioenergy, Wildfires and Pests

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Europe’s forests face increasing pressures.Impacts include fewer tall forests, climate change-induced wildfires, insect outbreaks, and, most recently, increased wood harvesting to meet additional demand for “home-grown” biomass in response to the Ukraine war and changing energy demands.

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26% of land in Africa is classified as forest and the continent is home to nearly 43 billion trees, nearly 4 million hectares of African forests are being cut down each year

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Deforestation in Africa: Causes, Effects, and Solutions | Earth.Org

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26% of land in Africa is classified as forest and the continent is home to nearly 43 billion trees, the majority of which are found in South Africa, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. According to the - UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) , nearly 4 million hectares of African forests are being cut down each year, at almost double the speed of the world's deforestation average.

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The amount of oil palms that getting cut.

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The future of Southeast Asia’s forests - Nature Communications

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Southeast Asia’s forests play important roles in the society, but the region is a deforestation hotspot. Here, the authors examined the future changes in the region’s forests under different scenarios and found that by 2050 under a regional rivalry/rocky road scenario, the region’s forests would shrink by 5.2 million ha.

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Did you know that U.S don't really cut trees from their own place instead of other countries?

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5 Interesting Deforestation Facts You Need to Know

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You’ve heard the term, but do you know the true facts about deforestation? The makers of paper products do. But trust us: Deforestation and another term you’ve probably heard, clear-cutting, are not what you think.

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Goal 15: Life on Land | UMN Sustainable Development Goals

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Could Brazil achieve zero net deforestation and zero net forest carbon emissions nationally?

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Could Brazil achieve zero net deforestation and zero net forest carbon emissions nationally?