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QA (iii) Style of Language Sample Answer 

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QA (iii) Style of Language Sample Answer 

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Includes techniques, examples and impacts/effects on readers

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King Lear (2025) - radio lecture from Connemara FM

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King Lear (2025) - radio lecture from Connemara FM

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Why every single statue should come down - Feature Article and Opinion Piece

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Sample answer to the Q “Macbeth is about power, the use and abuse”.

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Superb article on Editorial Writing with an extended discussion of the 'global warming' and 'environmentalist' crusade

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Superb article on Editorial Writing with an extended discussion of the 'global warming' and 'environmentalist' crusade

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Room - Narrative Style and Cognitive Divide

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Room - Narrative Style and Cognitive Divide

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Room - Narrative Style and 'Cognitive Divide'

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Room Key Quotes/Lit techniques - MUST READ!!!!

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Room Key Quotes/Lit techniques - MUST READ!!!!

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Room End materials - Literary Techniques, Imagery, Motifs, symbols, key quotes etc

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Paula Meehan - Podcast and H1 Study notes

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Paula Meehan - Podcast and H1 Study notes

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Studyclix | Past Exam Questions by Topic

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The LC English course broken down into topics from essays to Yeats. For each topic find study notes, sample essays as well as past exam questions with marking schemes.

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Derek Mahon - Overview 6th Year English Revision

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Paula Meehan Overview - Revision 6th Years

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Patrick Kavanagh - Overview 6th Year Revision

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Notes on Captivity and Director's Purpose in 'Hunger'

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Notes on Captivity and Director's Purpose in 'Hunger'

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Hunger by Steve McQueen - NP on captivity & the director's purpose

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Simon Grant
There were several events in your childhood that left a distinct impression - Tottenham winning the FA Cup, the Brixton riots and Bobby Sands. What interested you about Bobby Sands and the IRA prisoners' late 1970s blanket protests?

Steve McQueen
I remember as an 11-year-old seeing Bobby Sands on BBC news every night. There was a number underneath his image, and I thought that that was his age, but I noticed that each night the number increased, and I realised that wasn't his age, it was the number of days he had gone without food. To an 11-year-old, the idea of someone who in order to be heard was not eating left an impression on me. I don't know why this image stayed with me, but it is a very strong memory.

Simon Grant
So when it came to doing the research for the film in Northern Ireland with previous inmates of cell block H of the Maze prison, as well as some of the prison officers, what was that experience like?.

Steve McQueen
I felt privileged to hear their story. They were extraordinarily articulate - pushing language to its limits, just as there were times when they pushed the body to its limits.

Simon Grant
What kind of questions were you asking them?

Steve McQueen
Everything. It is a case of wanting to know not just the big questions, but also the details, such as the daily rituals, and how people survived in the situations and the arguments and the dialogue. I wanted to have a very rounded picture of their experience..

Simon Grant
Did you do that by focusing on the sensory experience - touch, taste, smell - which play a prominent part of Hunger?

Steve McQueen
These things are there in order to help the bigger questions of the film. For example, in one scene, when the first prisoner is put into the cells, he finds a fly and focuses on that fly. A couple of days before him going into prison I don't think he will have even looked at a fly twice. These sort of scenes are there in order to bring to the fore the environment or situation that they are in. It's not just for decoration, it's actually to enhance the situation that these people find themselves in - be it prison officers or prisoners.

Simon Grant
How did you manage to film the violent scenes of beatings in the prison, as in a way you are reviving the experience in some way?

Steve McQueen
To a certain extent yes. It was very hard but we had to shoot it. It's one of those situations that was very unfamiliar to me. It's one of those situations where you know you're going to use all your skills to do something and sometimes it affects you and you've got to get over it and get on with it. And it was one of those. The architecture of the place dictated the camera also.

Simon Grant
The detail in the lingering shots of the camera, for example the slow panning shot across the shit-smeared walls of the prison cells and the maggot-infested food on the floor, is remarkable. Was it really like this for the prisoners?

Steve McQueen
Yes. And the people who dressed that set were ex-prisoners.

Simon Grant
When I saw that imagery I was reminded me of Richard Hamilton's painting The Citizen that depicts Bobby Sands in his blanket. The paintings seems incredibly aesthetic and clean by comparison to your gritty portrayal of the filth and degradation.

Steve McQueen
Well, the situation was that there was no image of what was going on in the prison, except 90 seconds of TV footage. So Richard Hamilton had the license to do that, and the painting is still a strong image...

Simon Grant
The structure of the film is divided into three distinct sections, with the 20 minute single shot dialogue between Bobby Sands and the priest at the centre. Was there a deliberate structure set out in your mind from the beginning?

Steve McQueen
Yes I had this idea of the structure as like a river that turns into a rapid which turns into a waterfall. This analogy of narrative, of a route is what I wanted to bring the audience along to a situation that he can or she can identify with her surroundings. Then there is a fracture, a disturbance. The reality that ensues is distorted of course. The waterfall is the suspense of reality - death. In some ways the situation in this film's narrative is that it goes against nature of course, because as human beings we do anything to survive. So, that someone would decide to die is very profound.

Simon Grant
Then I was very taken by the scene at the beginning of the film where the prison officer is at home having his breakfast. You cut to underneath the table where we see the napkin on his lap. Some crumbs falls onto the napkin from his toast...Why did you do it like that?

Steve McQueen
For the detail. These things which are singularly insignificant in the film such as the snowflake that falls on prison officer's knuckle - could be very significant in the context of this. What does it mean...? It's incredibly crucial element to the character in some way. I'm not forcing the action at all, I'm presenting it. It is the same consideration when thinking about where to put the camera. It's these kinds of decisions you make in order to how best to translate an environment. And often as the case with the filming the prison scenes at least, the architecture dictated to me where to put the camera. But often it's the case you have to find it.

Simon Grant
Did you get a different sense of Bobby Sands, not just the political situation, but after having made Hunger?

Steve McQueen
As 11 years old it's totally abstract. You have no real concept when you're thinking about but the seed that has been planted is very strong. And as you grow up as an adult it is still strong, even if you know the context of it. So when I got over there, of course it changed again. My approach to it was how people make these extraordinary situations ordinary. For example, prison officers are going back home to their families from a workplace that is horrific, and prisoners are having to live in that situation for four and a half years. So I am in was interested in how people deal with those decisions that politicians make, and the environments which are created from those decisions, which they have to survive in.

Simon Grant
So is that why you have the disembodied voice of Thatcher that appears at various stages in the film?

Steve McQueen
The voice is so powerful, so you didn't need to show her face. I wanted to remain in the prison and I didn't want the situation where there were punctures in that concentrated situation. To have her voice - the voice is almost like vapour - is very strong.

Simon Grant
Michael Fassbender who plays Bobby Sands prepared himself for the role of Sands going through his hunger strike by undergoing 10 weeks of supervised fasting. How did you work with that?

Steve McQueen
When we were shooting that period no one would normally speak to him apart from me. From twelve weeks he would be taken back to his room and I would go back and have a conversation with him (There was too many people asking are you okay are you alright, so he needed to focus on his role) I understand now why fasting is so important in those situations. It focuses you. Often it's the case it that it's the first time you are actually aware of yourself, because you've reduced yourself, everything has been taken away from you as far as food is concerned - sex drive etc. You get to a state where it is very inward looking and I think it just helped the role, in a way and obviously him personally in order to direct his own emotion.

Simon Grant
The central scene with Sands and the priest is an extraordinary part of the film, not just because of its length....

Steve McQueen
It was what was necessary for the role for the conversation. Up until that point it is a cascade of words. Everything else was pushed to its limit. Every question, every thing was looked at from inside out. It was a conversation that actually didn't happen in real life but it was a situation I thought was necessary for the film, because in some ways you have to understand what were the reasons to live and what were the reasons to die.

Simon Grant
And now the assimilation of this history into main stream politics has changed the political landscape...

Steve McQueen
Well, it's interesting. The Bobby Sands story is one of the most historical events in the last 27 years, but it has been swept under the carpet.

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Interview: Steve McQueen QA - Tate Etc | Tate

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Simon Grant There were several events in your childhood that left a distinct impression - Tottenham winning the FA Cup, the Brixton riots and Bobby Sands. What interested you about Bobby Sands and the IRA prisoners' late 1970s blanket protests? Steve McQueen I remember as an 11-year-old seeing Bobby Sands on BBC news every night.

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A DOLL's House Key Quotes x 41 for Quiz B NP23

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Key Quotes from A Doll House notes for QUIZ A

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5th Year 2022 2023 Comparative Introduction

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Studyclix | Past Exam Questions by Topic

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Comparative -sample answer -Theme/Issue 2013

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Comparative -sample answer -Theme/Issue 2013

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Studyclix | Past Exam Questions by Topic

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The LC English course broken down into topics from essays to Yeats. For each topic find study notes, sample essays as well as past exam questions with marking schemes.

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News Stories Events 2023 Paper 1 English - Categorise

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It is absolutely imperative, if you want to be taken seriously in what you write for Paper 1, to have a working knowledge of current affairs. What is going on in the world around us. Hot topics. Events. Trends. Issues.
One of the best ways to keep up to speed (or to GET up to speed) is to listen to a podcast or two a day. Below are some great places to access the very best of news and current affairs in a user-friendly way:
The Indo Daily - Independent.ie
NPR Podcasts & Shows : NPR
Democracy Now! | Democracy Now!
Best Irish Current Affairs Podcasts (2023) (player.fm)
The Tommy, Hector & Laurita Podcast on Apple Podcasts
EPISODES | Mothers Of Invention
The Echo Chamber Podcast – Tortoise Shack
Best podcasts of the week | Tv-and-radio | The Guardian
Best Deutsche Welle Podcasts (2023) (player.fm)

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Personal Essay - Happy School Day Memories

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Personal Essay - Happy School Day Memories

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PERSONAL ESSAY HAPPY SCHOOL DAYS DONAL RYAN

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Personal Essay - Pleasures Particular to Youth

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Comprehending - Question A 2018 Colum McCann Text QA i ii iii answers (1) (1)

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How to correctly format an interview/podcast QB

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How to correctly format an interview/podcast QB

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Paper 1 - Overview of QA QB and Composition

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Paper 1 - Overview of QA QB and Composition

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Portumna Community School Paper One Revision Overview

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Connemara FM Radio Lecture on Adrienne Rich

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Connemara FM Radio Lecture on Adrienne Rich

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Connemara FM Radio Lecture on Emily Dickinson

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Connemara FM Radio Lecture on Emily Dickinson

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The Language of Persuasion - from BASIC to ADVANCED!

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The Language of Persuasion - from BASIC to ADVANCED!

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I made this document when living and teaching in the US, and focussing in particular on ADVERTISING - (a highly persuasive medium) so many of the examples come from American culture - but the points are still the same.

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The most useful RHETORICAL DEVICES ultimate list

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The most useful RHETORICAL DEVICES ultimate list

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Style 2 - Visual Features sample plan for answer

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Style 2 - Visual Features sample plan for answer

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Style - Visual Text - 2015 Text 2 - Planning Your Answer

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Speech writing Paper 1 Compositions and QBs

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Comprehension Question A - Approaching the Question  - With Sample Answers 

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Paper 1 QAs and QBs - sample papers and answers

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Paper 1 QAs and QBs - sample papers and answers

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JC+English+HL+-+2019 smaple papers and answers

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Excellent dramatised version of Ibsen's masterpiece

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Casa de Bonecas  - Ibsen (A Doll’s House, 1992) Legendado PT-Br

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Question B writing (and compositions - they're similar!)

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Question B writing (and compositions - they're similar!)

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Comprehension B and Composition Slidesshow - Aoife O'Driscoll

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Composition essays and how to write them

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Composition essays and how to write them

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Composition Essays 2014 - Aoife O'Driscoll

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The full run down on the specific changes and accommodations to the LC English Paper 2 for 2023.

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Leaving Cert English Predictions 2023 (Higher Level)

Updated January 2023
Long story short: there are no guarantees with the Leaving Cert, and for the last few years it has been particularly hard to predict the poets. I would do four of Meehan, Kavanagh, Mahon and Bishop. Alternatively, you could use the logic that a female poet is a "must", therefore learn Meehan, Bishop, Dickinson and Rich (in that order). All of these are covered in this year's Complete Guide: H1 Leaving Cert English Notes and Sample Answers.

Please note that the choice of questions has been expanded with amendments.

Students will get away with knowing a lesser portion of the Higher Level English course:

Comparative:

- one Mode of Comparison of three rather than two of three (for example, you can just know Cultural Context rather than Cultural Context and General Vision and Viewpoint)

- two Comparative texts of three rather than three of three if you plan to do the one part Comparative question

This year the obligation to answer on Shakespeare is back.

Poetry:

- it is now necessary to learn four poets of eight rather than five of eight

The rest remains the same and is detailed below.

There appears to be a logic to how the SEC structures papers. For HL English poetry, a woman, an Irish person, somebody who hasn't come up in a while... Yes, that's right - there appears to be a logic to SEC decisions, but they don't make any promises.

Are these patterns are too broad to lead to a definite conclusion? Let's see. Our advice is that you can take risks, but don't ever risk complete ruin. How to do that? Read on.

The below is based on experience, and it's not gospel. How you handle your exam is ultimately your decision because you're the one who will be opening your results in August. Do whatever you feel is best given the full context of the guidance you've been given.

The day after the English Papers are finished, there's always an article in some Irish newspaper or blog saying that the paper wasn't fair. The only way the paper wouldn't be fair is if you felt it owed you something. It doesn't. We are all in the same boat, and what will definitely come up on the exam is unknowable (unless you want to try and infiltrate the SEC - I think they are in Westmeath).

Your very clever teacher may say: "I've a feeling Keats will be on". What you may not be consciously aware of is that next week they may say: "I've a feeling that Kennelly is going to come up, sure, Yeats has been done to death." And so they repeat their clever predictions four times, so that you revise four poets. With five poets on the paper this year, having revised four properly, you are 100% percent prepared. They are really clever, those teachers.
Every year, there are eight prescribed poets and five are on the paper in 2023. You have to do one.
Likelihood, poet by poet

The table below has every poet that has been on the syllabus since 2011. The guys in bold are the ones that came up. The observations at the bottom of the table identify the patterns.
Admittedly, the SEC has made the exam less predictable over the last number of years.
For example, they put 3 women on the paper in 2020, which they haven't done in recent history (max 2 women for as long as I remember and in 2021).

This year, they are playing a real game of chess by having a bunch who were almost all examined last time they were up!

Note that with the assessment arrangements due to the pandemic, you no longer have to know five poets to be safe, you need four.
Women are represented on the paper almost as a rule.
Kavanagh has not been on the course since 2012, when he came up.

Mahon is the second Irish poet. He wasn't examined last time he was up in 2014, but was up in 2013. That's a long break for Mahon, so chances are in his favour in a similar way to Kavanagh.

Donne was examined in 2017, though skipped over the previous time he was examinable. Being a British male, he isn't on the priority list of SEC historical preferences. Moreover, he is on next year again, so probably not a priority for 2023.

Meehan is an Irish female poet. It is her first time up on the course from what we can gather, so she is quite likely to make her debut on the paper this year.

The immediate conclusion is to give up on studying men. American men, most of all. Seriously though, women seem to come up with 100% certainty - as do Irish men.

Track record

To give you some idea, we don't predict all 4 poets every year because of the exact dynamics of the paper and course.

We predicted

Durcan in 2016,

Boland in 2017,

Ní Chuilleanáin and Montague in 2018 and

Seamus Heaney, W.B. Yeats, Brendan Kennelly and Sylvia Plath in 2019.

Rich, Wordsworth, Boland and Ní Chuilleanáin in 2020.

Durcan, Heaney, Plath and Bishop is 2021.

Yeats, Kennelly, Dickinson and Rich in 2022.
All of these were spot on except Bishop took Heaney's place in 2019, Dickinson Durcan's in 2020 and Boland Bishop's in 2021.
Revise five (in 2023 - four) poets well

Limit it to women or Irish men if you're a badass. No promises though. There is no official rule that a female poet must come up. It's not like you'll be able to take the SEC to court for sexism/racism should they decide to change up their poetry selection!

Having said that, the SEC probably doesn't want to be crucified by virtually every newspaper in this country who undoubtedly will take the opportunity to accuse them of setting the paper unfairly should the paper not contain someone Irish or female. Alas, it is a political issue (it is the State examining us after all). Or will they be praised for making the dreaded Leaving Cert less predictable? Or will it be seen as unfair? It's hard to know and ultimately it is a personal decision that depends on your tolerance for risk: a bit like if you were buying stocks and bonds.

What are the risks like if you go below 5 poets (in a normal year, not 2023)

Even if we assume that each poet is equally likely to come up:

If you only do 4 poets, there is a 1/70 (1.4%) chance that one of the poets you studied doesn't come up. That's a ~98.5% chance that you will be fine.

If you only do 3 poets, there is a 1/14 (7.1%) chance that one of the poets you studied doesn't come up.

If you only do 2 poets, there is a 3/14 (21.4%) chance that one of the poets you studied doesn't come up.

If you only do 1 poet, there is a 1/2 (50%) chance that the poet you studied doesn't come up.

When you think about it, the odds aren't against you no matter what way you play it. It's a personal decision. Everyone who writes for 625points revised five. Just saying.

Should you do the poet everyone else is doing

Another important point to consider is that everyone is hoping for the same poet. For example, in 2021 everyone wanted Plath to come up. She did. So most examiners were correcting possibly 4 or 5 Plath essays for every non-Plath essay. What does that do?

Well, the examiner (a human being, ultimately) will get tired of hearing the same thing over and over. While a great essay is still a great essay, the people who usually get 70-80% may get lower grades. It's just harder to engage the examiner if you are (inadvertently) repeating what they have already read 5 times earlier that day. This shouldn't be the deciding factor in your choice of poet: even if you do an obscure poet, you still need to be excellent to get a high grade.

If all other things are equal, however, go for it. For example, I, the author of the guide, know all eight poets equally well and if one of the more obscure ones came up, I would definitely do one of them. Why? Because I know that their poetry is full of obscure features that are lost on most people and this gives me an advantage. (This year, this logic isn't as important because the paper is much less predictable than in, say, 2018 or 2017.)

Having said that, don't do a poet you find annoying for the sake of doing a more "exotic" poet. Your lack of interest is much harder to hide than you might think.

Can a poet come up two years in a row

Yes, though it happened only three times in the above sample of 10 years.

Should you be worried about new essay titles

Almost all LC essay titles are slightly mutated clones of each other. Don't be thrown. Every single poetry essay title asks you to discuss two things in the broadest sense: imagery (how things are described) and themes (what is described and what does it mean). You know what to say. You've done it before. Lakes-birds-metaphors-alliteration-iambic-pentameter and love-country-childhood-loneliness-satire-philosophy... Ok, there's more finesse to it, but you won't be asked to split the atom.

Don't all these titles below look quite alike?

Poet A uses <adjective> imagery to discuss <adjective> subject matter

Poet A is an <adjective> observer of reality that is enhanced by <adjective> subject matter

Reading the poetry of Poet A's can be both an uplifting and a disturbing experience

Poet A's poetry is full of <negative emotion> with occasional glimpses/moments of <positive emotion>

Obviously, the exact "adjectives" are important, but they aren't game changing. Durcan isn't on in 2019, but the logic still applies, if you want to read more detail on this: Paul Durcan: what to expect on the paper.

*This depends on the poet. In my actual LC I wrote about four of Eliot's poems. It depends on the depth you go into.

However, the marking scheme does say: " Normally the study of at least six poems by each poet would be expected. (DES English Syllabus, 6.3)". " Study", not "mention", but by and large, six is a good guide.

As a rough guide, try to have a quotation, even a short one, 3-4 times per average paragraph. Same goes for Single Text.

Engage with the poems, less so with the biography

Don't write a paragraph about a poet's life and so on without talking about a specific poem. The context is important: Durcan's relationship with his father, Bishop's troubled childhood, etc. The context is only a supporting part. The main focus is on the poem.

Don't obsess about being exactly right

The examiner is required to keep an open mind as per the marking scheme. Make your points and back them up.

"Note that there is not a finite list of any 'poet's themes and interests". Read more in our Poetry FAQ

As for single texts, there really isn't much point in trying to predict it.

Is a character question guaranteed every year

No. Sorry.

However, there are almost always somewhat different angles on the same core themes.

Types of questions

There may be a a very specific question that requires in depth knowledge of a character and relevant quotation and at least one broad question that mostly tests your writing skill rather than your knowledge. We go into depth on that in the Complete Revision Guides for this year and next year.

For people asking for predictions on "Macbeth":

A broad question can be about general themes and dramatic techniques, loyalty, power, pride, kingship, appearance vs reality, imagery, a key character such as Lady Macbeth. The recent question "Othello", that it demonstrates the weakness of human judgement, fits in here.

A specific question could be anything really: for example, the role of women in the play, a specific type of imagery or some other very particular question like that. I typically would steer away from the specific question unless it's very appealing to you - which is fine too of course.

As long as you know 4-5 key themes, aspects of imagery and characters, you will manage just fine with the broad questions. So know the basics and you will be ? Oh, and don't forget the quotations! They are key!

Is one mode enough - in 2023, yes.

In other years, no. More detail below:

General Vision and Viewpoint (GVV), Literary Genre (LG), Theme or Issue (TI) and Cultural Context (CC) are modes. Three are on every year. Two are asked usually, but all three will get asked in 2022 to give you more choice.

Which 2 modes? Usually, CC, GVV and TI are "better" than LG.

LG is a lot more technical (you definitely cannot "waffle" there), so it's usually preferred by people who really like the subject. It's not harder, it's just different in a way that may not suit people who don't enjoy studying English. If you do like your camera angles, soundtracks, metaphors and symbols - absolutely, go ahead, no reason not to do it.

Because the modes on the syllabus change, I don't think you can narrow it down much more than that by pouring over past papers. Plus, if you did, you would be risking not being able to do a question. So pick one that you prefer, and no point in worrying after that.

Note that TI, LG and GVV are on for 2023.

What's the theme going to be

What difference will it really make if I told you the theme was going to be Peace, Change, Choice or Diversity, or whatever? Your writing skill and ability to draw on your reading of the texts and previous experiences won't be much enhanced if you spend 4 weeks thinking about a specific theme.

Is personal essay/short story guaranteed on the paper

Nothing is guaranteed, but do judge for yourself:

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Leaving Cert English Predictions 2023 (Higher Level) - Leaving Cert Notes and Sample Answers

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Get set for Leaving Cert English with our "predictions" for both Paper 1 and 2 for June 2021. We identify key poets, Comparative and Composing priorities.

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Very interesting to focus in on McQueen's intentions and message

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Helpful notes on how to structure your responses

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Unseen Poetry notes and sample answers - Aoife O'Driscoll

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Unseen Poetry notes and sample answers - Aoife O'Driscoll

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Extremely useful as ever BUT COMPLETELY IGNORE THE FIRST SECTION about the structure of the test/timing!!!!

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Unseen Poetry Notes and Sample Answers Aoife O'Driscoll

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Visually-stunning and highly useful graphic novel version of the play - all in Shakespeare's language! A revision MUST!

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Step by step approach to identifying the 'codes' at the heart of essay Qs and how to plan your essay around them - thus maximising your mark for 'P', clarity of purpose.

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LC English Macbeth Qs how to write an essay student copy

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Sample H1 essay on Power Struggles in Macbeth. Followed by 16 standard essay titles to plan/prepare essays/materials on.

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Macbeth Revision - sample 2014 Q answered H1 - Power struggle

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Macbeth - eNotes on every aspect of the text

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Macbeth - eNotes on every aspect of the text

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Phenomenally-detailed and useful IF you do more with them than just read. Take notes. Highlight. Create flashcards. ACTIVE revision!

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Macbeth_eNotes for Revision - whole play by Aoife O'Driscoll (1)

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Elizabeth Bishop's Poetry - analyses and essays

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Elizabeth Bishop's Poetry - analyses and essays

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ELIZABETH BISHOP sample essays, poem notes

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LC Higher Paula Meehan - approaching the essay

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From 625points, our chosen poets are all the nation's hot favourites to be examined this year, and as there will be Qs on 5 poets set this year, we are well-prepared...

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Excellent essays and thoughts on Mahon's content and style

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A wealth of perspectives, all highly quotable, on Patrick Kavanagh's poetry

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Patrick Kavanagh - background essays+info esp on 'The Great Hunger'