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Text Review Submission Link (softcopy document)

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Text Review Submission Link (softcopy document)

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Assalamualaikum and hi students.

● Text Review Submission (hardcopy) is by or before Sunday (9 July 2023).

● Submit your TR hardcopy to Mdm Izyan's pigeon hole located at the ground floor, CeLL.

● For softcopy document, please save it as
TR.Name. Course.SectionGroup.pdf

E.g.
TR.Izyan.Bmmg.S1G1.pdf

● Submit your TR softcopy form to the given link : TEXT REVIEW

Thank you.

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Watch this video to know more on how to write counterargument with refutation. =)

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Watch this video to know more on how to write counterargument with refutation. =)

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Argument - Counterargument - Concession - Refutation

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Argument - Counterargument - Concession - Refutation

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In academic writing, we often use an Argument essay structure. Argument essays have these familiar components, just like other types of essays:

1. Introduction

2. Body Paragraphs

3. Conclusion

But Argument essays also contain these particular elements:

1. Debatable thesis statement in the Introduction

2. Argument - paragraphs which show support for the author's thesis (for example: reasons, evidence, data, statistics)

3. Counterargument - at least one paragraph which explains the opposite point of view

4. Concession - a sentence or two acknowledging that there could be some truth to the Counterargument

5. Refutation (also called Rebuttal) - sentences which explain why the Counterargument is not as strong as the original Argument

Consult Introductions & Titles for more on writing debatable thesis statements and Paragraphs ~ Developing Support for more about developing your Argument.

Imagine that you are writing about vaping. After reading several articles and talking with friends about vaping, you decide that you are strongly opposed to it.

Which working thesis statement would be better?

Vaping should be illegal because it can lead to serious health problems.

Many students do not like vaping.

Because the first option provides a debatable position, it is a better starting point for an Argument essay.

Next, you would need to draft several paragraphs to explain your position. These paragraphs could include facts that you learned in your research, such as statistics about vapers' health problems, the cost of vaping, its effects on youth, its harmful effects on people nearby, and so on, as an appeal to logos. If you have a personal story about the effects of vaping, you might include that as well, either in a Body Paragraph or in your Introduction, as an appeal to pathos.

A strong Argument essay would not be complete with only your reasons in support of your position. You should also include a Counterargument, which will show your readers that you have carefully researched and considered both sides of your topic. This shows that you are taking a measured, scholarly approach to the topic - not an overly-emotional approach, or an approach which considers only one side. This helps to establish your ethos as the author. It shows your readers that you are thinking clearly and deeply about the topic, and your Concession ("this may be true") acknowledges that you understand other opinions are possible.

Here are some ways to introduce a Counterargument:

1. Some people believe that vaping is not as harmful as smoking cigarettes.

2. Critics argue that vaping is safer than conventional cigarettes.

3. On the other hand, one study has shown that vaping can help people quit smoking cigarettes.

Your paragraph would then go on to explain more about this position; you would give evidence here from your research about the point of view that opposes your own opinion.

Note: if you are having trouble finding a Counterargument, take another look at your thesis statement. Is it debatable? If so, then there will be a Counterargument. If not, perhaps your thesis is just stating an obvious fact or uncontroversial idea. In that case, try doing some more research on your topic, and then revise your thesis.

Here are some ways to begin a Concession and Refutation:

1. While this may be true for some adults, the risks of vaping for adolescents outweigh its benefits.

2. Although these critics may have been correct before, new evidence shows that vaping is, in some cases, even more harmful than smoking.

3. This may have been accurate for adults wishing to quit smoking; however, there are other methods available to help people stop using cigarettes.

Your paragraph would then continue your Refutation by explaining more reasons why the Counterargument is weak. This also serves to explain why your original Argument is strong. This is a good opportunity to prove to your readers that your original Argument is the most worthy, and to persuade them to agree with you.

Is this chapter:

...too easy, or you would like more detail? Read " Further Your Understanding: Refutation and Rebuttal " from Lumen's Writing Skills Lab.

Note: links open in new tabs.

emotion, feeling, beliefs

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In academic writing, we often use an Argument essay structure.

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GUIDELINES & RUBRICS Argumentative Essay

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Argumentative Essay Submission Link (Softcopy document)

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Argumentative Essay Submission Link (Softcopy document)

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● Argumentative Essay Submission is by or before Friday (16 June 2023).

● Submit your hardcopy form :
1. During AW class (Tuesday, 13 June 2023)
OR
2. to Mdm Izyan's pigeon hole located on the ground floor, CeLL.

● For softcopy documents, please save them as
AE.Name. Course.SectionGroup.pdf

E.g.
AE.Izyan.Bmmh.S1G1

● Submit your softcopy form to this link :
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

Thank you.

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GUIDELINES & RUBRICS- Product Description

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If you have any good reminder or quotes to share with others, do post it here. =)

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If you have any good reminder or quotes to share with others, do post it here. =)

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You may refer to this for the In-text citation and Referencing Guide.

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You may refer to this for the In-text citation and Referencing Guide.

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Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

REFERENCES

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples

http://library.kedah.uitm.edu.my/v1/images/notaAPA/APA_7th_edition_Part2_11May2020.pdf

lg-box-21191661

Singapore Institute of Technology. (2020). APA Citation Style 7th Ed. (other styles too) NEW!. https://libguides.singaporetech.

edu.sg/citation

/APA.pdf

g=683973&p=4882429

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Library Guide: APA Style 7th Edition: REFERENCES

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples http://library.kedah.uitm.edu.my/v1/images/notaAPA/APA_7th_edition_Part2_11May2020.pdf lg-box-21191661 Singapore Institute of Technology.

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Nurdayana Izyan Ahmad Ahsan (Mdm IZYAN)
017-7857210
izyan@utem.edu.my

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Suggested Adjectives to be used in your Product Description

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Suggested Adjectives to be used in your Product Description

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Quality of the value of a product, service, experience or work product relative to its purpose. This is typically measured in terms of either customer perceptions or as a figure of merit whereby the quality of a product or service can be directly captured as a number. The following are descriptive words that cover a broad range of common quality factors.

This is the complete list of articles we have written about quality.

If you enjoyed this page, please consider bookmarking Simplicable.

A list of techniques and considerations related to quality.

A list of quality control techniques.

A definition of conformance with examples.

The most popular articles on Simplicable in the past day.

Recent posts or updates on Simplicable.

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Quality of the value of a product, service, experience or work product relative to its purpose. This is typically measured in terms of either customer perceptions or as a figure of merit whereby the quality of a product or service can be directly captured as a number.

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Importance of Linkers | Paragraph | Reason

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How to use Transition Words and Sentences in Essays | Scribbr 🎓

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1. Adverb clauses of concession
2. Adverb phrases of reason
3. Cohesive devices
4. Sentence construction

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Transition Words | Examples, Lists & Tips to Get Them Right

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Transition Words | Examples, Lists & Tips to Get Them Right

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Transition words and phrases (also called linking words, connecting words, or transitional words) are used to link together different ideas in your text. They help the reader to follow your arguments by expressing the relationships between different sentences or parts of a sentence.

Transition words example

The proposed solution to the problem did not work. Therefore, we attempted a second solution. However, this solution was also unsuccessful.

For clear writing, it's essential to understand the meaning of transition words and use them correctly.

When and how to use transition words

Transition words commonly appear at the start of a new sentence or clause (followed by a comma), serving to express how this clause relates to the previous one.

There is a lack of reliable data to establish a clear correlation between these variables. Nevertheless, it has been argued that a relationship does exist.

Transition words can also appear in the middle of a clause. It's important to place them correctly to convey the meaning you intend.

It has nevertheless been argued that a relationship does exist.

Example text with and without transition words

The text below describes all the events it needs to, but it does not use any transition words to connect them. Because of this, it's not clear exactly how these different events are related or what point the author is making by telling us about them.

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. The Soviet Union worked with Germany. They partitioned Poland. In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

If we add some transition words at appropriate moments, the text reads more smoothly and the relationship among the events described becomes clearer.

Example text with transition words added

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Consequently, France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. The Soviet Union initially worked with Germany in order to partition Poland. However, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.

Don't overuse transition words

While transition words are essential to clear writing, it's possible to use too many of them. Consider the following example, in which the overuse of linking words slows down the text and makes it feel repetitive.

The first experiment yielded a positive result. However, the second experiment yielded a negative result. Nonetheless, the third experiment yielded a positive result, whereas the fourth experiment yielded another negative result.

In this case the best way to fix the problem is to simplify the text so that fewer linking words are needed.

The first and third experiments yielded positive results, while the outcomes of the second and fourth experiments were negative.

The key to using transition words effectively is striking the right balance. It is difficult to follow the logic of a text with no transition words, but a text where every sentence begins with a transition word can feel over-explained.

Types and examples of transition words

There are four main types of transition word: additive, adversative, causal, and sequential.
Within each category, words are divided into several more specific functions.

Remember that transition words with similar meanings are not necessarily interchangeable. It's important to understand the meaning of all the transition words you use. If unsure, consult a dictionary to find the precise definition.

Additive transition words

Additive transition words introduce new information or examples. They can be used to expand upon, compare with, or clarify the preceding text.

Function

Example sentence

Transition words and phrases

Addition

We found that the mixture was effective. Moreover, it appeared to have additional effects we had not predicted.

indeed, furthermore, moreover, additionally, and, also, both x and y, not only x but also y, besides x, in fact

Reference

The solution showed a high degree of absorption. Considering this result, it is reasonable to conclude that ...

considering x, regarding x, in regard to x, as for x, concerning x, the fact that x, on the subject of x

Similarity

It was not possible to establish a correlation between these variables. Similarly, the connection between x and y remains unclear ...

similarly, in the same way, by the same token, in like manner, equally, likewise

Adversative transition words

Adversative transition words always signal a contrast of some kind. They can be used to introduce information that disagrees or contrasts with the preceding text.

Function

Example sentence

Transition words and phrases

Concession

Jones (2011) argues that the novel reflects Russian politics of the time. Although this is correct, other aspects of the text must also be considered.

even so, nonetheless, nevertheless, even though, on the other hand, admittedly, despite x, notwithstanding x, (and) still, although, in spite of x, regardless (of x), (and) yet, though, granted x

Causal transition words

Causal transition words are used to describe cause and effect. They can be used to express purpose, consequence, and condition.

Function

Example sentence

Transition words and phrases

Consequence

Because Hitler failed to respond to the British ultimatum, France and the UK declared war on Germany.

therefore, because (of x), as a result (of x), for this reason, in view of x, as, owing to x, due to (the fact that), since, consequently, in consequence, as a consequence, hence, thus, so (that), accordingly, so much (so) that, under the/such circumstances, if so

Condition

We qualified survey responses as positive only if the participant selected "agree" or "strongly agree." Otherwise, results were recorded as negative.

(even/only) if/when, on (the) condition that, in the case that, granted (that), provided/providing that, in case, in the event that, as/so long as, unless, given that, being that, inasmuch/insofar as, in that case, in (all) other cases, if so/not, otherwise

Sequential transition words

Sequential transition words indicate a sequence, whether it's the order in which events occurred chronologically or the order you're presenting them in your text. They can be used for signposting in academic texts.

Function

Example sentence

Transition words and phrases

Enumeration

This has historically had several consequences: First, the conflict is not given the weight of other conflicts in historical narratives. Second, its causes are inadequately understood. Third, ...

first, second, third...

Continuation

Subsequently, I discuss the way in which the country's various ethnic minorities were affected by the conflict.

subsequently, previously, eventually, next, before x, afterwards, after x, then

Resumption

To return to my main argument, it is clear that ...

to return/returning to x, to resume, at any rate

Summation

Patel (2015) comes to a similar conclusion. In summary, the four studies considered here suggest a consensus that the solution is effective.

as previously stated/mentioned, in summary, as I have argued, overall, as has been mentioned, to summarize, briefly, given these points, in view of x, as has been noted, in conclusion, in sum, altogether, in short

These lists of transitions are adapted from those created by Prof. Campbell, Prof. Buckhoff, and Prof. Dowell at Michigan State University under a Creative Commons license.

Common mistakes with transition words

Transition words are often used incorrectly. Make sure you understand the proper usage of transition words and phrases, and remember that words with similar meanings don't necessarily work the same way grammatically.

Misused transition words can make your writing unclear or illogical. Your audience will be easily lost if you misrepresent the connections between your sentences and ideas.

Confused use of therefore

"Therefore" and similar cause-and-effect words are used to state that something is the result of, or follows logically from, the previous. Make sure not to use these words in a way that implies illogical connections.

We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. Therefore, the average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

The use of "therefore" in this example is illogical: it suggests that the result of 7.5 follows logically from the question being asked, when in fact many other results were possible. To fix this, we simply remove the word "therefore."

We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. The average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

Starting a sentence with also, and, or so

While the words "also," "and," and "so" are used in academic writing, they are considered too informal when used at the start of a sentence.

Also, a second round of testing was carried out.

To fix this issue, we can either move the transition word to a different point in the sentence or use a more formal alternative.

A second round of testing was also carried out.

Additionally, a second round of testing was carried out.

Transition words creating sentence fragments

Words like "although" and "because" are called subordinating conjunctions. This means that they introduce clauses which cannot stand on their own. A clause introduced by one of these words should always follow or be followed by another clause in the same sentence.

The second sentence in this example is a fragment, because it consists only of the "although" clause.

Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. Although other researchers disagree.

We can fix this in two different ways. One option is to combine the two sentences into one using a comma. The other option is to use a different transition word that does not create this problem, like "however."

Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed, although other researchers disagree.

Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. However, other researchers disagree.

Students often use the phrase " as well as " in place of "and," but its usage is slightly different. Using "and" suggests that the things you're listing are of equal importance, while "as well as" introduces additional information that is less important.

Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf, as well as presenting my analysis of To the Lighthouse.

In this example, the analysis is more important than the background information. To fix this mistake, we can use "and," or we can change the order of the sentence so that the most important information comes first. Note that we add a comma before "as well as" but not before "and."

Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf and presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse.

Chapter 1 presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse, as well as discussing some background information on Woolf.

Note that in fixed phrases like "both x and y," you must use "and," not "as well as."

Both my results as well as my interpretations are presented below.

Both my results and my interpretations are presented below.

Use of and/or

The combination of transition words "and/or" should generally be avoided in academic writing. It makes your text look messy and is usually unnecessary to your meaning.

First consider whether you really do mean "and/or" and not just "and" or "or." If you are certain that you need both, it's best to separate them to make your meaning as clear as possible.

Participants were asked whether they used the bus and/or the train.

Participants were asked whether they used the bus, the train, or both.

Archaic transition words

Words like "hereby," "therewith," and most others formed by the combination of "here," "there," or "where" with a preposition are typically avoided in modern academic writing. Using them makes your writing feel old-fashioned and strained and can sometimes obscure your meaning.

Poverty is best understood as a disease. Hereby, we not only see that it is hereditary, but acknowledge its devastating effects on a person's health.

These words should usually be replaced with a more explicit phrasing expressing how the current statement relates to the preceding one.

Poverty is best understood as a disease. Understanding it as such, we not only see that it is hereditary, but also acknowledge its devastating effects on a person's health.

Using a paraphrasing tool for clear writing

With the use of certain tools, you can make your writing clear. One of these tools is a paraphrasing tool. One thing the tool does is help your sentences make more sense. It has different modes where it checks how your text can be improved. For example, automatically adding transition words where needed.

Other interesting articles

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or writing rules make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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Caulfield, J. (2023, August 23). Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 31, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-writing/transition-words/

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Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples

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Transition words and phrases (also called linking words, connecting words, or transitional words) are used to link together different ideas in your text.

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Argumentative Essay : Adverbial Clause of Purpose 

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Argumentative Essay : Adverbial Clause of Purpose 

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How to write in an evidenced based formal style Improve your structure and vocabulary

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Argumentative Essay : Adverbial Clause of Concession 

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Argumentative Essay : Adverbial Clause of Concession 

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https://utem.webex.com/meet/izyan  (Webex link for virtual meetings)

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https://utem.webex.com/meet/izyan  (Webex link for virtual meetings)

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0)

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Meet virtually with Cisco Webex. Anytime, anywhere, on any device.

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Simple, modern video meetings for everyone on the world's most popular and trusted collaboration platform.

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A great tool for citations , would highly recommend .

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APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations.

This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020).

APA in-text citations

The basics

APA in-text citations include the author's last name, publication date, and, if relevant, a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example, (Smith, 2021, p. 170). See it as a shorter version of the entry in the reference list.

You should include in-text citations every time you're quoting or paraphrasing someone else's ideas or words. In doing so, you give credit to the original author and avoid plagiarism.

Parenthetical vs. narrative citation

The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr's APA Citation Generator.

Parenthetical citation: According to new research ... (Smith, 2020).

Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that ...

Multiple authors and corporate authors

The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.

Missing information

When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.

*Format the title based on its formatting in the corresponding reference entry (either italicized or, if the title in the reference entry is not italicized, placed in quotation marks). Use title case capitalization.

APA references

The basics

APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title, and source. Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.

Reference examples

Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr's Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.

Missing information

It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.

Formatting the APA reference page

The basics

On the reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited throughout your paper. Place the page, right after the main body and before any appendices.

On the first line of the page, write the section label "References" (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order.

Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:

Double spacing (within and between references)

Hanging indent of ½ inch

Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)

Page number in the top right header

Which sources to include

On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can't access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).

Tools and resources

In addition to the APA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more tools and resources that help millions of students and academics every month.

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Free APA Citation Generator | Verified by Experts | Scribbr

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How to create APA citations APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's free

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When sentences, ideas, and details fit together clearly, readers can follow along easily, and the writing is coherent. The ideas tie together smoothly and clearly. To establish the links that readers need, you can use the methods listed here. Note that good writers use a combination of these methods.

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Hi students,
Please use this template for the Text Review submission.

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| 2 BMMH (AW) – Tuesday (2 pm – 4 pm)   |
https://t.me/+pkpaYb62K6Y2ZjE1

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Modifiers | Premodifier & Postmodifier | English Grammar | Home Revise

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Hi students, If you find any great apps, Youtube channels , Tiktok or Instagram accounts which are useful for writing skills, do share your materials here. Thanks! 

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Hi students, If you find any great apps, Youtube channels , Tiktok or Instagram accounts which are useful for writing skills, do share your materials here. Thanks! 

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Teaching Plan AW Sem. 2, Session 2022/2023

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Teaching Plan AW Sem. 2, Session 2022/2023

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Sample of Argumentative Essay (with In-text citation)

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Sample of Argumentative Essay (with In-text citation)

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This lesson helps you understand what premodifiers and postmodifiers are, and how to use them correctly in a sentence.

What is a modifier?

A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that gives information about something in a sentence. It generally is an adjective or an adverb. An adjective modifies a noun, and an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

The word 'smart' is working as an adjective here; it is modifying the noun 'man'.

The word 'fast' is working as an adverb here; it is modifying the verb 'runs', telling us the manner of the action.

The word 'extremely' is working as an adverb here, modifying the adjective 'smart'.

Here, both 'fast' and 'very' are adverbs. The word 'fast' is modifying the verb 'runs' and the adverb 'very' is modifying the adverb 'fast', telling us the intensity of the action.

Modifiers are divided into two categories based on their placements in the sentence:

Premodifiers and postmodifiers are used in noun phrases to modify the head (noun) of the noun phrase. A noun phrase is comprised of a noun and pre and post-modifiers.

Premodifiers and postmodifiers

Premodifiers

Premodifiers are words that come before a noun and give information about it. We have three things in pre-modifiers:

A) Determiners

Determiners are words that determine the quantity of a noun or indicate which noun the speaker is referring to. Determiners include the following:

Note : the texts in red are noun phrases. It has a noun and a determiner.

B) Numbers

Numbers include both cardinal and ordinal numbers. They also give information about a noun; they talk about the exact quantity (number) of the noun they modify.

one, two, three first, second, third...

Note: Numbers are considered a part of quantifiers only. But we keep them separate as they refer to specific quantifies.

C) Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe a noun. Here are some common adjectives in English: good, bad, smart, beautiful, foolish, rich, poor, intelligent, dumb, wise, ugly, tall, huge, talented, kind, cruel, short, fat, slim, etc.
Other types of adjectives

1. Present participle adjective

2. Past participle adjective

3. Noun adjective

It is an exciting movie to watch. (present participle = exciting)

This is a motivating story. (present participle = motivating)

A motivated man can do anything. (past participle = motivated)

They need a wriiten apology. (past participle = written)

Neha got me a leather bag. (noun that's working as an adjective)

It is an action movie. (noun that's working as an adjective)

Position of premodifiers

Use two or more pre-modifiers in the following structure: Determiners + Numbers + Adjectives + Noun

Examples:

Look at those three huge trees in his backyard.

We can't eat these many dark chocolates.

NOTE: We can't use two or more types of determiners in a noun phrase.

But we do use the following structure: quantifiers + OF + possessive adjective + noun

Some of my friends

None of your projects

One of his students

Some of my friends will stay here.

They didn't like none of your proects.

We are talking about one of his students.

the combination of a premodifier/s and the noun it modifies is called a noun phrase. A noun phrase can be formed in three different ways:

Premodifier/s + noun

Noun + postmodifier/s

Premodifier/s + noun + postmodifier/s

Postmodifiers

Postmodifiers are words that come after a noun and give information about it. There are 6 things that come in post-modifiers:

1. Prepositional phrases

2. Present participle phrases

3. Past participle phrases

4. Infinitive phrases

5. Relative/Adjective clauses

6. Appositives

They all are called postmodifiers as they come right after the noun they modify.

Prepositional phrase

A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and is followed by the object of the preposition. When a preposition phrase comes right after a noun and modifies it, we call it a postmodifier.

Here, the prepositional phrase 'across the street' modifies the noun ' house ' and tells us which house we are referring to in the sentence.

Which guy is my neighbor? The prepositional phrase ' in the blue shirt' identifies the noun guy. Not any guy present there is my neighbor; the guy in the blue shirt is my neighbor.

The prepositional phrase 'about his life' modifies the noun ' movie' and helps us to understand which movie the speaker is talking about writing. It is starting with the preposition ' about' and is followed by the object of the preposition his life.

Present participle phrase

A present participle phrase starts with a present participle (a verb ending with 'ING'), sits next to a noun, and modifies it.

The present participle phrase (in red) is coming next to and modifying the noun 'man'. It is working as an adjective.

Note that a present participle phrase is a reduced adjective phrase.

More examples:

Past participle phrase

A past participle phrase starts with a past participle (V3), sits next to a noun, and modifies it.

Here, the past participle phrase is identifying the noun 'boy' and giving essential information for us to identify him.

Note that a past participle phrase is a reduced adjective phrase.

A group of words that starts with an infinitive and works as a noun, adjective, or adverb is called an infinitive phrase. As a post modifier, it functions as an adjective; it comes right after a noun and modifies it.

'To learn SEO from' is an infinitive phrase that's modifying the noun 'guy'.

'To buy' is an infinitive that's working as a postmodifier in the noun phrase. It is giving information about the noun 'house'.

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that sits next to a noun/pronoun and gives information about it.

I love the book that my father gifted me on my last birthday.

'That my father gifted me on my last birthday ' is the adjective clause that's sitting next to the noun book and modifying it. An adjective clause is also called a relative clause as it starts with a relative pronoun.

Appositives

An appositive is a noun or a noun phrase that comes after a noun and renames it.

Her roommate Sofia Charles does not talk to people politely.

Noun phrase = her roommate Sofia Charles
Noun = roommate
Postmodifier = Sofia Charles

'Sofia Charles' is the postmodifier (a noun) that's coming next to the noun 'roommate' and renaming it.

My friends Mangesh and Archit help me with everything I do.

My history teacher Jon Morley is getting married next week.

There are two types of appositives in English:

1. Essential Appositives

2. Nonessential Appositives

Note that only essential appositives function as postmodifiers; nonessential appositives are offset using commas as they give extra information about the noun they come after.

Essential appositive: My history teacher Jon Morley is getting married next week.
Nonessential appositive: Jon Morley, my history teacher, is getting married next week.

Noun phrases using Premodifiers and Postmodifiers

Premodifiers and postmodifies are a part of a noun phrase; a noun phrase is formed using them.

1. Noun phrases using premodifiers

Noun phrase = some fresh mangoes
Premodifiers = some, fresh

Noun phrase = those five muscular boys
Premodifiers = those, five, muscular

2. Noun phrases using postmodifiers

People protesting outside the house are not from this area.

Noun phrase = people protesting outside the house
Postmodifier = protesting outside the house (present participle phrase)

Noun phase = men in uniform
Postmodifier = in uniform (prepositional phrase)

3. Noun phrases using both premodifiers and postmodifiers

The Chinese cupset that you gifted me last week has been broken.

Noun phrase = the Chinese cupset that you gifted me last week
Premodifier = the, Chinese
Postmodifier = that you gifted me last week

Noun phrase = those black dogs across the bridge
Premodifier = those, black
Postmodifier = across the bridge

Premodifiers and postmodifiers in English

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Premodifiers and Postmodifiers masterclass (in detail)

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This lesson helps you understand what premodifiers and postmodifiers are, and how to use them correctly in a sentence. A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that gives information about something in a sentence. It generally is an adjective or an adverb.

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Argumentative Essay Editing Checklist - LATEST!

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Argumentative Essay Editing Checklist - LATEST!

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APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations.

This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020).

APA in-text citations

The basics

APA in-text citations include the author's last name, publication date, and, if relevant, a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example, (Smith, 2021, p. 170). See it as a shorter version of the entry in the reference list.

You should include in-text citations every time you're quoting or paraphrasing someone else's ideas or words. In doing so, you give credit to the original author and avoid plagiarism.

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Multiple authors and corporate authors

The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.

Missing information

When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.

*Format the title based on its formatting in the corresponding reference entry (either italicized or, if the title in the reference entry is not italicized, placed in quotation marks). Use title case capitalization.

APA references

The basics

APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title, and source. Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.

Reference examples

Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr's Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.

Missing information

It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.

Formatting the APA reference page

The basics

On the reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited throughout your paper. Place the page, right after the main body and before any appendices.

On the first line of the page, write the section label "References" (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order.

Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:

Double spacing (within and between references)

Hanging indent of ½ inch

Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)

Page number in the top right header

Which sources to include

On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can't access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).

Tools and resources

In addition to the APA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more tools and resources that help millions of students and academics every month.

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Free APA Citation Generator | Verified by Experts | Scribbr

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How to create APA citations APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's free

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