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- https://www.docsteach.org/
- https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/12-things-you-didnt-know-about-women-in-the-first-world-war
- https://news-archive.hud.ac.uk/news/2015/april/wwiwomenfillworkforceintextilesasmenmarchtothefront.php
- https://www.loc.gov/item/2002712088/
- https://www.loc.gov/item/2002720395/

-https://www.art.com/products/p55419622500-sa-i7204907/woman-cleaning-pots-and-pans-in-her-kitchen-circa-1900.htm

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The war made it difficult for suffragettes like Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst (left) and her daughters Christabel (center) and Sylvia (right). It was difficult to keep the movement as persistent as it was before the war which resulted in many women leaving.

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A portrait of the leader of the Women's Suffragette movement, Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst (left) and her daughters Christabel (centre) and Sylvia (right) at Waterloo Station, London. Mrs Pankhurst was about to leave for a lecture tour of the USA and Canada.

Emmeline Pankhurst with daughters Christabel and Sylvia, 1911. During the war, Emmeline and Christabel led the WSPU in supporting the war effort. By contrast, Sylvia opposed the war and in 1914 broke away from the WSPU.

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A portrait of the leader of the Women's Suffragette movement, Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst (left) and her daughters Christabel (centre) and Sylvia (right) at Waterloo Station, London. Mrs Pankhurst was about to leave for a lecture tour of the USA and Canada.

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Even before the war it was not uncommon for women to be working but the women working force was highly concentrated in textile manufacturing. It wasn't until the war that job opportunities in other industries open up for women.

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Before World War 1, the majority life of women consisted of staying at home, cooking, cleaning, etc. Any traditional role of a housewife. Those who would work, would do so in domestic services, earning low wage.

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Florida women learning war work. Secretaries, housewives, waitresses and many more all going to vocational schools to learn war work.

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Beginning in August of 1914, pressure from women for their own uniformed service to assist the war effort increased. After a War Office investigation which showed that many jobs being done by soldiers in France could instead be done by women, the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) was established in December 1916. In April 1918, the WAAC was renamed Queen Mary’s Army Auxiliary Corps. Many more services were establish in the following years. In total, over 100,000 women joined Britain’s armed forces during the war.

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whole: the image is positioned in the upper left. The title and text are separate and positioned down the right-hand half and in the lower third, in black and in red. All set against a white background and held within a red border. image: a full-length depiction of a member of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. text: G R WOMEN URGENTLY WANTED for the W.A.A.C WOMEN'S ARMY AUXILIARY CORPS WORK AT HOME AND ABROAD WITH THE FORCES COOKS CLERKS WAITRESSES DRIVER-MECHANICS ALL KINDS of DOMESTIC WORKERS AND WOMEN in MANY OTHER CAPACITIES TO TAKE THE PLACE OF MEN GOOD WAGES QUARTERS UNIFORM RATIONS FOR ALL INFORMATION AND ADVICE APPLY AT NEAREST EMPLOYMENT EXCHANGE THE ADDRESS CAN BE OBTAINED AT ANY POST OFFICE M 4.0/23/21

The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps was formed in January 1917 and recruited the first women into the British Army to serve in a non-nursing capacity. The WAAC provided catering, storekeeping, vehicle maintenance and clerical duties for the British Army, freeing more men to take up combat roles. In 1918 Queen Mary became patron and the corps was renamed Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps. Over 57,000 women enrolled in the WAAC/QMAAC during the First World War and though not given full military status, often worked close to the frontline. Three Military Medals were awarded to members for gallantry. The QMAAC was eventually disbanded in September 1921.

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whole: the image is positioned in the upper left. The title and text are separate and positioned down the right-hand half and in the lower third, in black and in red. All set against a white background and held within a red border. image: a full-length depiction of a member of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps.

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Jocelyn Flores : Women Taking Place of Men on Great Northern Railway

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Women Taking place of Men on Great Northern Railroad (1918) 

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Women Taking place of Men on Great Northern Railroad (1918) 

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Women have been given greater employment options due to World War I. Working during the war provided them with a fresh opportunity to earn more money since the few women who did work before World War I did so in jobs that offered poor wages. We also learn from the description that most women returned to their prior employment following this war. Due to the fact that these temporary high paying jobs existed, many women participated in the workforce during World War I.

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Women Taking Place of Men on Great Northern Railway

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As more male workers joined the armed forces during World War I, women like these railroad employees in Great Falls, Montana, were encouraged to enter occupations that had traditionally been done by men. Few industrial fields showed permanent increases in female workers after the war.

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There were devastating explosions in which women workers were killed. The aftermath of one of the worst, at Chilwell, Nottinghamshire in this photo.

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The concept of a vehicle to provide troops with both mobile protection and firepower was not a new one. But in the First World War, the increasing availability of the internal combustion engine, armour plate and the continuous track, as well as the problem of trench warfare, combined to facilitate the production of the tank.

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MUNITIONS FACTORIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR

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One half of a panoramic view taken on 4 July 1918 of the destruction caused by an explosion three days earlier in the Amatol Mixing House at the National Shell Filling Factory at Chilwell, Nottinghamshire, in which 134 people died.

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Jocelyn Flores : The weaker sex? / Chamberlain.

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This is essential because women’s contributions to the battle were underestimated. Women were typically thought to stay at home and take care of their children and homes, but in this instance, we get a different perspective of women. Women volunteered to aid any injured soldiers in battle, even at the risk of their own lives.

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1 photomechanical print : offset. | Illustration shows a Red Cross nurse bandaging a wounded soldier on a battlefield.

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Even before these services were establish, women found ways to get themselves to the front lines. Elsie Inglis, a Scottish doctor, even after being denied from war offices after offering help set up the Scottish Women's hospitals on the fronts. Inglis also went herself to Serbia to treat the sick and wounded.

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The first rifle practice of the Women's Reserve Corps

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The first rifle practice of the Women's Reserve Corps

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The caricature depicting female soldiers engaged in unsafe rifle practice, made in 1917. It's interesting that the messenger expressed he didn't believe it was necessary to have the women's training overseen because it suggests that the women's training wasn’t taken seriously and portrayed as a burden. Additionally, the caricature highlights how during WW1 women weren't seen as fit to handle weapons and physically fighting for their country. The caricature helps us understand the challenges women faced while entering the military and the strength they had to challenge these stereotypes in order to serve their country.

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The first rifle practice of the Women's Reserve Corps

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1 print : wood engraving. | Caricature showing female soldiers engaged in unsafe rifle practice and messenger asking permission for the major to be excused from reviewing practice.

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A new area of work that opened up through the world war was the transportation industry. The number of women working on railways jumped from 9,000 to 50,000.

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image: A full length drawing of a woman bus conductor. She wears a blue uniform and hat, and carries the distinctive bus conductor's bags with leather straps crossing her chest.

The First World War created labour shortages as well as new employment and between July 1914 and January 1918 the number of women employed in Britain rose from 3,224,600 to 4,814,600. To be a bus conductor was one of the new roles available to women as large numbers of buses and drivers were sent to the Western Front. The first woman conductor was employed in November 1915 and a total of 3,500 women were employed by the London General Omnibus Company during the war. The changing role of women attracted much comment but as their work was vital to the war effort they had to be supported, if grudgingly. Women transport workers were initially paid less than the men they replaced but strike action settled this. They were employed as temporary replacements only and at the end of the war were dismissed by the bus companies and issued with service certificates. The Women's War Work Section of the newly formed National War Museum set about to record the efforts of women during the war and commissioned many artists independently from the Government sponsored schemes.

Imperial War Museum Women's Work Section commission

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image: A full length drawing of a woman bus conductor. She wears a blue uniform and hat, and carries the distinctive bus conductor's bags with leather straps crossing her chest. The First World War created labour shortages as well as new employment and between July 1914 and January 1918 the number of women employed in Britain rose from 3,224,600 to 4,814,600.

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Gee!! I wish I were a man, I'd join the Navy Be a man and do it 

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Gee!! I wish I were a man, I'd join the Navy Be a man and do it 

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The image is a U.S. Navy recruitment poster, made in 1917, created by American illustrator Howard Chandler Christy. It is fascinating how the poster sexualizes women in order to attract men's attention and encourage them to join the Navy. Furthermore, the poster acknowledges the gender inequalities that existed during WWI and the limited opportunities available to women.

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The Library of Congress does not own rights to material in its collections. Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material.

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No known restrictions on publication. For information see "World War I Posters" Rights Advisory:https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/243_wwipos.html

Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-40824 (digital file from original print) LC-USZC4-1124 (color film copy transparency) LC-USZ62-42150 (b&w film copy neg.)

Call Number: POS - US .C58, no. 10 (C size) [P&P]

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Gee!! I wish I were a man, I'd join the Navy Be a man and do it - United States Navy recruiting station / / Howard Chandler Christy 1917.

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The Library of Congress does not own rights to material in its collections. Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material.

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Women Suffragettes enrolling their willingness to aide their country when hostilities broke out between Germany and the United States.  By letting women vote it created the opportunity for more force by voters.