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The 5th of March 2023 was our first day to observe Giardini Naxos from the lava and sea level rise. We started the day by walking with Dr Jason to the south part of Naxos, and photo No.1 showed where we stopped and talked about the lava flow that came from etna a hundred years ago. The interesting fact about the lava flow was that it didn't come directly from the top to the beach, as shown in pictures No.2 and 3. in 2nd figure, you see evidence of a lava bubble. The lava flow started from the other side, turned around and made its way to the shoreline, a few km from mount Etna. The risk to the buildings and people who live in Naxos is uncertain because we can not predict how far the subsequent lava flow will reach if it reaches the shoreline again; people of Naxos will face serious risks. The lava is not the only hazard the citizen of Naxos face but also the risk of rising sea levels. The government took action towards reducing the impact of waves and sea level rise but unfortunately ran out of fun mid-way through; the government built a giant sea wall on the south part of Naxos. Dr Jason showed us some Barnacles that stick to the rocks to identify the high and low tides. After, we moved to the beach to talk about the glacial, and we learned that the sea level is affected because of the cycle. Dr Jason said that Sicily is an example because people used to live up in Taormina, which is no longer closer to the beach because of the lower sea levels. What I Learned on that day is that there are a lot of risks that Naxos faces, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and lava. Also, the lava that reached the beach is currently helping to protect Giardini Naxos.

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The 6th of March 2023, we visited Taormina, known for its historical theatre and buildings. The Taormina theatre was built in the 3rd century BC and lived through many earthquakes. The surprising thing about its survival this long time, according to the guide the arches played a significant factor in helping to keep the building standing. Also, there were certain ceramics and gems used as poles to hold the heavy loads; nowadays maintenance is required yearly to keep the theatre because the age of the building is way overdue. To add up, there is a rocky hill on the right of the theatre, which will affect the theatre if the rocks slide down on the theatre. My suggestion towards the rocky hill is to move the possible slidey rock to avoid damage to the historic building. The potential hazard that would affect Taormin is an Earthquake. According to the guide, etna is too far, and Taormina is a city built on high ground, so the leave and Tsunami may have no effect on it. During my observation of Taormina, as shown in Fig 8, the buildings have arches on their doors and windows, which could be influenced by the theatre to avoid damage. On our way back, while walking, I saw the first sign (Fig 10) that showed the risk of falling rocks. Relating to that, we also saw the hospital built between hills which will be clearly a serious problem according to the lecturer; its the only hospital around the area, and I suggest that the government should move the hospital to mitigate the possible future hazards. What I learned on that Day had me change my mind about plats because, according to the guide, the cactus plants we see all around Taormina help to avoid landslides and collapse.

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The 7th of March 2023, Day 3 of the trip, we went to Messina, where we planned to do our ethnography. We saw the damage caused by earthquakes and tsunamis on the signs near the sea. While exploring Messina, we also saw a street sign that provided details on the Maritime theatre. It is reported that an earthquake in 1783 damaged the theatre and that it was subsequently reconstructed as a "Palazatta" in the first decade of the 19th century, and then it got damaged and collapsed in 1908. During our time Observing around Messina, there were a lot of buildings that had a soft story and damage on the balconies, as shown in Fig 13, 14 and 15. After applying the Building Vulnerability assessment on the building shown in Fig 13, we possibly get a score around 85. But also, some buildings were resilient towards earthquakes and tsunamis, with doors above ground level and windows about 1.5 meters away from the ground, as shown in Figures 16 and 17. Figure 18 shows that Messina is not a flat city; the lowest part is where the sea and the opposite way is the higher the ground gets, which shows that if a tsunami occurs, the flooding chance is low because the water will go back to the sea, and also on the sides of the streets, there are small curves that help the water not build up in the model off the road but go to the sides of the road and move its way to the lower parts. What I learned on the day is that by avoiding soft buildings and heavy overhangs, a building could last for longer years than whats it is expected last.

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Etna Day, the 8th of March in 2023, The opportunity to climb Mount Etna and investigate its volcano was the thing I had been looking forward to the whole time. The transportation methods were used for us to get to the peak of the mountain are shown in Figures No.19 and 21. The Guide estimates that Mount Etna's elevation is at around 3,300 metres. Moreover, the Guide also mentions Etna is a lava-layered volcano, and also a fascinating fact is Shown in figure No.22 that area where Mount Etna was Thousands of years ago. Now it has moved to its current known location. There are a lot of risks that tourists face when going to the top of mount etna and the shops. According to the Guide, a lava flow occurred in January of 2023. Many skiers were taking risks and asking around the lava, which indicates that there needs to be serious action towards it, such as protection measures because if people try it once. If nothing happens, the chances that they retake the risk and ski by the lava stream are high, and there could be fatalities which we, as disaster managers, focus on avoiding. I learned on Etna day that Mount etna Moved From its old location, and in other thousands of years, Etna will move to a different location around those thousand years.

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On the 9th of March, 2023, it was an exciting day when we went to Zafferrana to see the lava flows and the areas they affected. According to Matt, the lava flow was slow, and people tried to reduce the Impact of the Lava by placing big walls to redirect the flow and Save the houses that were exposed to it. Unfortunately, some homes were affected, and Figure No. 26 and 27 shows a corner of a house that survived. On our way on the bus, we so some homes with an angled ceilings to avoid the ash and snow piling up and building a heavy load on top of the house. During our observation of the area, we saw two lava tubes, as shown in Figure No.28. one of the tubes was tight, but the other was a big one that an average person could go in, surprisingly the air that came from the tube was cold which could indicate that it is a long lava tube with another entrance to the tube. Also, an island had trees that survived in the middle of the lava flow. The current lava flow that turned into hard rocks could be an advantage or an immense risk towards houses down the hill, a gift is to stop the lava from flowing down, and the risk is the lava flow helps the new lava stream reach lower parts faster. I would suggest having a deeper understanding of the lava tubes and simulating future lava flows. as simulations. Our current technologies have reached a point where we can mitigate and prepare for future disasters. Moreover, During our short walk in Zafferana, I identified some wide spaces that could be used for future evacuation points. What I learned in my time in Zaffrana is that we can not predict how far a lava flow can go because, as Matt mentioned he said it was a slow flow but stretched almost all the way to Zafferana.

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The 10th of March 2023, the day we went to the Civil Protection and Catania. I learned much about the Sicliys Civil protection and how they operate during a disaster. The Main Base of civil protection is based in Rome and monitored by the Italys Prime minister. Italy took action in 1908 after a big earthquake to counter future disasters. Civil protection was established in 1982, and its main objectives are Saving lives (humans and animals) and Save Historical buildings. According to civil protection, Sicily is a significant example of an area affected by a multi-hazard such as a wildfire, earthquake, flooding etc. Civil protection also has a hierarchy system where it works from bottom to top. After observation, the UK and Italy have a similar level of emergencies (Local, Regional, National), but Italy's civil protection follows the disaster management cycle, which is different from the UK. Moreover, Civil protection in Italy has Building plans and exercises once a year at a national level to be prepared for future hazards. However, what is unique is that at the local level, mayors can host exercises multiple times a year. Civil protection share emergency plans with all towns; during an emergency, they share alerts through phones and radio. Civil protection also teaches kids about hazards and how to stay safe. Some posters they share are shown in Figure No.30 to Figure No.36
Surprisingly when we went to Catanina, I saw a lot of places that are hazard resilient, as I mentioned on Day Two and Three, where there were a lot of arches. Most buildings were a max of a five-story buildings, which indicates they followed building plans to keep the buildings resilient during and after a disaster. I learned on this day that you could apply and learn from other places to avoid future hazards, and by comparing, we can take out the faults and change them to a better outcome.

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My first key learning point is understanding how in the past, people survived disasters. For example, having arches and giant columns would help with withstanding the earthquake. As the first ruler of the United Arab Emirates said '' who do not have a past do not have a future'' my understanding is by understanding the history, we could improve our futures, so all the actions that have been taken towards a disaster could help with understanding it deeper and be prepared.

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The second Key learning point is no matter what you teach a group of people about how a hazard can be a problem and needs to be mitigated, individuals in that group would have a different perception towards the Hazzard. As a future disaster management graduate, I must remember that point. I asked some people how they felt about earthquakes and volcanoes in Sicily the answers were different because of how different they see it.

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The third Key learning point is that rising sea levels affect Giardini Naxos. And also Abu Dhabi. The place I was born in, Abu Dhabi, doesn't face many disasters but is an island that also faces the problem of rising sea levels, which indicates that actions need to be taken towards such a disaster. There needs to be more understanding of how to reduce the risk of sea level rise.