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Digitizing is a process of transforming into a digital format through the process of digitization. In this format, data is arranged into discrete bits that may be individually addressed, typically in groupings of multiple bits called bytes. This process needs the user to create new features and name them suitable as the features. Then user can use the Create tool to start digitizing whether line, point, or polygon based on the features.

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Topological mistakes can be divided into various categories depending on whether the vector feature types are polygons or polylines. Unclosed polygons, spaces between polygon borders, and overlapped polygon borders are examples of topological defects with polygon features. The inability of polyline features to perfectly meet at a point (node) is a typical topological mistake. If there is a space between the lines, the error is known as an undershoot, and if a line extends beyond the line it should connect to, the error is known as an overshoot.The link between the characteristics is broken by topological defects. In order to evaluate vector data using techniques like network analysis (such as determining the optimum route across a road network) or measurement (such as determining the length of a river), these mistakes must be corrected. There are other purposes and benefits for creating or having vector data with accurate topology in addition to its application in network analysis and assessment. Imagine digitising a map of your province's municipal boundaries and finding that some of the polygons overlap or have slivers. You could still use the measurement instruments if there were such flaws, but the data you obtained would be inaccurate.

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-predicted,observed

-Root Mean Square Error,RMSE

-Mean Absolute Error,MRE

-Multiple and Linear Regression Equation

-Relationship Assesment(parameter)

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-river,transportation,electric cable

-nodes and links

-involves:distance/speed limit/time/cost

-NETWORK:a system that connect linear features through which the mass/info is transported.

:road,railways,waterways

:utility-tranport & distribution og gas,electric ,water supply

:communication-telephones etc

:geocoding-address,loc,lot number(left poly/right poly)

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:surface involve

:Z=height,elevation,magnitude,quantity,raindrops,water pressure

:type of data:(i)TIN-vector based_polygon

(ii)DEM-raster based

(i)-Triangular Irregular Network,TIN

:datasources:surveyed points,LiDAR,GPS data

:consists of nodes that stores height info that connect by edges to continuos form.

:can be various in size

:can convert DEM data

:data type:mass point,breaklines,exclusion polygon

(ii)Digital Elevation Model,DEM

:represent a regular array of elevation point

:projection-WSGS

:point based-converted to software specific raster data

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: structure grid, pixel

:sources-satellite image, orthophoto, airborne

: combine operation-neighbourhood analysis, local operation

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-Meaning: Process of superimposed (overlaying)using the same coordinate and area extent which involves more than one layer (input layer + overlay layer) that merges many feature clans(relationship).

-Structure vector: point, line, polygon

-Overlay Method: erase, append, clip, merge, update

-Vector Overlay:

: polygon & polygon: use two polygons

: line in polygon: use a polygon layer and another line layer.

: point in polygon: use polygon layer and another line point layer.

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GSS293:Z-SCORE & P-VALUE IN HOTSPOT ANALYSIS

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1.  Mask peninsular DEM
2.  Create Contour. Choose contour too. Add in contour interval by 5 or 10m. Base is 0
3.  Label the contour line. Right click layer and choose label properties and language is VB. Choose label to display. Then, choose label.
4.  Choose Create TIN. Apply contour height and setting mass point.
5.  Look the result.
6.  Choose raster to TIN tool. Look into the result.
7.  Compare the two results.
8.  To create profile, create new feature class (line). Save
9.  Choose stack Profile tool. Input is line and profile target are DEM.
10.  To View 3D, go to VIEW, choose to convert to local scene. Your screen will create new layout as Map_3D.
11.  Click navigator and show full control. Try to move the centre of circle and look the movement.
12.  New task. Download Landsat peninsular Malaysia dan drape the image on TIN.

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I. Describe the skills required to be a GIS analyst.

The skills required to be a GIS analyst is to have good collaboration and communication skills. Effective communication skills are important to present the task, cooperate with the officemates and work with stakeholders that have different backgrounds. The capability to present technical concept to untechnical people is very hard which make these skills very important and valuable. Other than that, a GIS analyst should have the problem-solving and analytical skills. GIS analysts usually face complex spatial problems that need them to have critical thinking and analytical skills. It is to solve problems, formulate hypotheses and create a methodology that suitable to analyse spatial which is very important. Next skills is to have the familiarity with remote sensing and image analyst. The concept of remote sensing and image processing is very important to work with satellite image or aerial photograph. The understanding of how to analyse ,and extract the information of remote sensing data is the important thing in GIS analyst life.

ii. Explain the importance of spatial analysis in real-world modelling.

Spatial analysis plays important role in real-world. It is because it includes the interpretation and understanding of relationships, patterns, and trends about geographic and spatial data. First and foremost, spatial analysis is very important in real-world because they have understanding in spatial patterns. Spatial analysis allows us to understand the pattern in the data that linked to the geographic location. By examining the patterns of spatial data, GIS analyst can identify the hotspots, clusters, and spatial relationship with different phenomena’s. This will make GIS analyst important because this kind of knowledge is very important to make decision and understand the system of real-world. Next, spatial analyst is important because

iii. Why is GIS essential to help in decision-making on climate change forecasting