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CRIME REPORT
(drunk driving and drug dealing)

ML- Hello everyone, welcome back to the our radio, latest crimes!!

MA- Hi people! today we have breaking news. A report has been made that yesterday a drunk men was seen driving a stolen car at 200 miles per hour.

C- After an hour or so of driving this fast, he crashed against a giant sign. He was seriously hurt, not only he did it to himself, but he endangered everyone around him.

ML-  Once he was found, the police realised he was also high. It was seen in the drug test he had been consuming hard drugs during the last couple of hours.

MA- The victim’s family, is denying everything, but they will be called for the trial, They are now going to operate the accused, and try to save him.

C- Even if he wakes up, the odds don’t look very good for him. It looks that as soon as he wakes up, the trial will be carried out and the judges won’t be very patient with him. He has not respected many laws in just a day. And at this time in a few days, he will probably have been taken to jail already.

ML- The saddest part is that he was  with his girlfriend in the car, and when they crashed, she was killed immediatly; and tommorrow it would have been the anniversary of their relationship.  If he gets out of the hospital, his life will have gotten an unexpected and most definitely not wanted twist.

ML-  Ok everyone! This was it for today, and remember, do not recur to any kind of addicting substance to solve your problems, because it is not going to solve them, it will only make it worst.  If you are having any troble, talk to someone, it will always make you feel better.

MA- Bye people! And we will see you in the next episode.

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https://padlet.com/aalvarez132/zevwk4k8d1afw8c5/wish/2359042961

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Castro Bay Cayu, Zapata Juani & Lasso Marti

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Castro Bay Cayu, Zapata Juani & Lasso Marti

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Lucia Delgado, Lourdes Perea & Catalina Vicente

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Lucia Delgado, Lourdes Perea & Catalina Vicente

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End of unit proyect - Delgado, Perea, Vicente

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End of unit proyect - Delgado, Perea, Vicente

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VOCABULARY
-forger: the one era on who does the crime.
-forgeries: the counterfeit object.
-fake

FAMOUS CASE

Elmyr de Hory: Prince among Forgers

With more than a thousand false pieces to his name, the Hungarian Elmyr de Hory (1906-1976) is one of the most prolific forgers in history.  Arriving in Paris after World War II, he wanted to become a renowned artist like Matisse, Derain and Picasso, whom he had met in peacetime.  Until a friend of his, noble and multimillionaire, noticed a painting by him but inspired by Picasso.  De Hory sold it to him as an authentic Picasso and thus began his career in the world of imitations.  A controversial and unique career, in which he presented himself as a dealer and never as the author of the paintings.

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DEFINITION:
Animal abuse: is the infliction by omission or by commission by humans of suffering or harm upon non-human animals. It is the crime of inflicting physical pain, suffering or death on an animal, usually a tame one, beyond necessity for normal discipline.

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DRUNK DRIVING:
The crime of driving a vehicle with an excess of alcohol in the blood; drink-driving.

VOCABULARY:
- Car
- Types of Alcohol
- Cars diseases

- Car crash
- driving while intoxicated
- driving under influence

PEOPLE:
- The one who is driving, and causes the accident
- Innocent people that are victims of the crash

CASE:

1. Washington DC, 1972. As a youth, George W Bush was connected with a couple of drunk driving cases. The most controversial was in 1972 while on a family holiday in Washington DC. Then 26, George W took his 16 year old brother out drinking. While driving back, he lost control of the car and ran over several bins. After this, he got home with the bin wedged under the vehicle. Bush dared his father to a fist fight after being accused of reckless driving. While this incident didn’t have serious consequences, Bush was actually arrested for drunk driving in a later incident in 1976.

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EXPLANATORY SENTENCES:
- The shocking number of animal cruelty cases reported every day is just the tip of the iceberg.
- Serious animal neglect is often an indicator of people in need of social or mental health services.
- The animals whose abuse is most often reported are dogs, cats, horses and farm animals.
- Dogfighting, cockfighting and other forms of organized animal cruelty go hand in hand with other crimes.

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VOCABULARY:
Weapons:
- captive bolt
- electrical stunning
- carbon dioxide gas
- knife
- revolver
- hatchet
Places:
- farms
- houses
- buildings
- parks
- countryside
- forest
- jungle
People:
- abusers

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Castro Bay Cayetana, Lasso Martina & Zapata Juana

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Castro Bay Cayetana, Lasso Martina & Zapata Juana

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MEANING:
Drug dealing is an individual or group who sells or supply's controlled drugs/substance of any type or quantity. They can be small-time dealers who sell small quantities to offset the costs of their own drug use, or they can be highly organised groups that operate like an organised crime business.

The consequences of illicit drug use are widespread, causing permanent physical and emotional damage to users and negatively impacting their families, coworkers, and many others with whom they have contact. Drug use negatively impacts a user's health, often leading to sickness and disease.

SENTENCE:
Neighbours say drug dealing has become more common in the area in recent months

WORD RELATED:
dope test
doped up
drug
drug dealer
drug dealing
Drug test
drug testing
drug gear
hard drug
head high

PLACES AND PEOPLE:
Drug dealer
Villa
Disco
Party

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CyberCrime:

Criminal activities carried out by means of computers or the internet.

Topic Sentence:

Municipal agencies aren't alone in their battle against cybercrime

Weapons:
This includes computer viruses, trojans, spyware, and worms that can introduce corrupted code into existing software, causing a computer to perform actions or processes unintended by its operator.
Words connected to cybercrime:
Computer, cyber, phishing, pedophilia, and computer network

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Drug dealing is an individual or group who sells or supply's controlled drugs/substance of any type or quantity.
candy-man, dealer, connection, source, bagman, dope peddler, drug trafficker, dope pusher, pusher, drug peddler
the drug dealer and the drug adict

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https://www.tampabay.com/news/tampa/2022/05/23/appeals-court-upholds-cameron-herrins-24-year-sentence-in-fatal-bayshore-crash/

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Burglary

Definition:

the crime of illegally entering a building and stealing things.

Examples:

Several men were questioned by police yesterday about the burglary.

Simpson, aged 19, was convicted on two charges of burglary.

The latest crime figures show a sharp rise in burglaries.

Police are investigating a spate of burglaries in the Kingsland Road area.

Many people in the neighbourhood have been victims of burglary at least once.

Words related (places, people and  weapons)

A building

occupied structure

separately secured portion thereof of another

burglar

victim

gun

hammer

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definition: Physical or psychological harassment to which a person is continuously subjected by others

differnt types of bulling:

Language or behavior that frightens, humiliates, belittles or degrades the recipient or target may be part of a pattern of workplace bullying. For example: Aggressive yelling or shouting

Behavior that undermines a person’s work performance, working relationships, or perceived value in the workplace may also be part of a pattern of bullying. For example: Taking credit for another’s contributions.

example: Drayke Hardman, a 12-year-old boy from the United States, took his own life after suffering more than a year of bullying at his school in Utah.  His parents have decided to make his story public through social networks, hoping to raise awareness to eradicate this type of practice.

vocabulary: The agressor is usually called bully, thug or ruffian that intimidates other people that are less strong

the agressor:

intimidates

comits psychological abuse

hate actions

humiliates

And usually don’t uses weapons, they punch, push, with the body or with the hand or fist. Normally it’s not committed by one agressor, it’s supported by a group that its the accomplica

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https://www.geo.tv/latest/440361-indo-canadian-charged-with-criminal-vandalism-for-tearing-sikh-leaders-poster

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fare dodging : is to travel on public transport without paying the fare.

the man didn’t want to pay for the ticket so he try to fare dodge, and the investor realizes and asked to the man for the ticket, but he ran away

words:
escapee
fugitive
runaway
public transport
inspector
ticket

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One day my dad was on the bus and he didn't realice till he came home that someone had taken his wallet from her pocket.

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Definition: The action or practice of travelling on public transport without paying the required fare.

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https://www.britannica.com/event/assassination-of-John-F-Kennedy

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assassination of John F. Kennedy, mortal shooting of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, as he rode in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. His accused killer was Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine who had embraced Marxism and defected for a time to the Soviet Union. Oswald never stood trial for murder, because, while being transferred after having been taken into custody, he was shot and killed by Jack Ruby, a distraught Dallas nightclub owner.

Almost from the beginning, the killing of the popular young president was thought by many Americans to have been the result of a conspiracy rather than the act of an individual, despite findings to the contrary by the Warren Commission (1964), which was established by Kennedy's successor, U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson, to investigate the assassination. The incident remained the subject of widespread speculation.

The assassination

On November 21, 1963, President Kennedy-accompanied by his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, and Vice President Johnson-undertook a two-day, five-city fund-raising trip to Texas. The trip was also likely intended as an attempt to help bring together a feuding Democratic Party in a state that was vital to Kennedy's chances for reelection in 1964. Although Adlai Stevenson, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations and a liberal icon, had been confronted by highly agitated protesters a month earlier during a visit to Dallas-a city with a right-leaning press and the locus of much anti-Kennedy feeling-the president was warmly welcomed at his first two stops, San Antonio and Houston, as well as at Fort Worth, where the presidential party spent the night of November 21.

The next morning, after making a speech in a parking lot in front of the hotel in which he had stayed and then speaking again at a Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce breakfast, Kennedy and his party made a short flight to Dallas's Love Field airport. (After Dallas, the final stop on the trip was scheduled to be Austin.) At the airport the president and first lady shook hands with members of a hospitable crowd before boarding the backseat of a customized open convertible to ride with Democratic Texas Gov. John Connally and his wife (who sat in jump seats in front of the Kennedys) to the president's next stop, the Trade Mart, where Kennedy was scheduled to deliver another speech. An estimated 200,000 people lined the roughly 10-mile (16-km) route to the Trade Mart.

As the motorcade turned southwest on Elm Street and began traveling through Dealey Plaza on the edge of downtown Dallas, the president's convertible passed the multistory Texas School Book Depository building. Moments later, at about 12:30 pm, shots rang out. A bullet pierced the base of the neck of the president, exited through his throat, and then likely (according to the Warren Report) passed through Governor Connally's shoulder and wrist, ultimately hitting his thigh. Another bullet struck Kennedy in the back of the head. The motorcade rushed to nearby Parkland Memorial Hospital, reaching it quickly; however, doctors' efforts were futile. Kennedy was officially declared dead at 1:00 pm. Connally survived his wounds.

The capture and death of Oswald

Over the next hour, as a shocked country and world learned of Kennedy's death, the drama of the pursuit and capture of his alleged assailant unfolded. Bullet casings were found near a window on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository building overlooking the plaza; a rifle (later proved to have been owned by Oswald) was discovered elsewhere on the sixth floor. An accounting of the building's employees indicated that only two were missing: one was a man who had stepped outside to watch the motorcade and was barred by police from reentering the building, and the other was Oswald, who had been working there for about a month. Oswald had been seen on the sixth floor about a half hour before the shooting and had also been encountered in the building by its superintendent and a policeman just after the shooting. Law enforcement circulated a description of him. Meanwhile, Oswald made his way to the boardinghouse where he had been staying. Some 15 minutes after leaving the boardinghouse, he was confronted by a Dallas policeman, J.D. Tippit, who is thought to have believed that Oswald matched the description. Oswald shot and killed Tippit with a .38 revolver in the presence of a number of witnesses and was later seen entering the Texas Theatre, where at 1:50 pm he was apprehended by police.

As those events unfolded, Johnson, fearing that the assassination of the president was just the first step in a much broader effort by the Soviets or other enemies of the United States to destabilize the American government, sought to effect a quick transition of executive authority and to seek safety by leaving Dallas by plane. At 2:38 pm, before takeoff, with Kennedy's corpse aboard, Johnson took the oath of office on Air Force One. Jacqueline Kennedy, still wearing blood-spattered clothes, stood at his side.

Questioned by both law-enforcement officers and the press, Oswald protested his innocence, claiming that he was "a patsy." He requested to be represented by (but was never able to contact) John Abt, the staff attorney of the Communist Party USA, who was well known for his defense of communists. After being held for two days and two nights, Oswald was being transferred from Dallas City Hall (which contained the headquarters and jail of the Dallas Police Department) to the county jail on the morning of November 24, an event broadcast live on television, when Jack Ruby-a familiar face around the police station and known to police who frequented his club-was able to enter the basement parking garage of City Hall. There he shot Oswald with a handgun as the cameras looked on. Ruby later said that he had shot Oswald to spare Jacqueline Kennedy from having to testify at Oswald's trial. Oswald was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where previously Kennedy and now Oswald, too, died. Ruby would be tried, found guilty of murder (March 14, 1964), and sentenced to death; in October 1966, however, a Texas appeals court reversed the conviction, though Ruby died (January 3, 1967; also at Parkland) before a new trial could be held.

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Assassination of John F. Kennedy | Summary, Facts, Aftermath, & Conspiracy

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Assassination of John F. Kennedy, mortal shooting of the 35th president of the United States in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. His accused killer was Lee Harvey Oswald, who was himself murdered before he could stand trial, and the death of Kennedy has long been the subject of speculation and conspiracy theories.

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Animal abuse

• Animal abuse, or animal cruelty is the crime of inflicting physical pain, suffering or death on an animal, usually a tame one, beyond necessity for normal discipline. It can include neglect that is so monstrous (withholding food and water) that the animal has suffered, died or been put in imminent danger of death

• That women was abusing her dog,    left him without water and food and hit   him, till dead, the reporters told everyone so that they now that she is an abuser

• Knife, gun, food, abuser

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Examples:
1. Estimates of the extent of undetected fare dodging vary, a loss of fares of up to 5 per cent.

2. However, rather than direct displacement, it was a subtle form of persecution associated with fare dodging that was most frequently reported and ironically had the most severe consequences.

3. Reactions to fare-dodging vary between European countries.

4. In the area of public transport, such parasitical exploitation of universally advantageous enterprises is called fare-dodging or free- riding.

5. Discover the use of fare-dodging in the following bibliographical selection.

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Criminal:
- Fare dodger

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Pablo Escobar, in full Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, (born December 1, 1949, Rionegro, Colombia—died December 2, 1993, Medellín), Colombian criminal who, as head of the Medellín cartel, was arguably the world's most powerful drug trafficker in the 1980s and early '90s.

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Bullying:

Seek to harm, intimidate, or coerce (someone perceived as vulnerable).

Topic sentence:

Her 11- year-old son has been constantly bullied at school

Weapons:

Hurtful words, hitting using objects or fists
Words connected with bullying:
browbeating
ascetic
monastic,
monkish
determined,
firm,
resolved,
single-minded,
steadfast,
unflinching
dour,
gruff
intimidate
bully

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Were it takes place:
- Train
- Bus
- Underground

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Consequence:
- Paying a fine

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TERRORISM:

Definition:

Violent action for polítical purposes

Examples:

The government will instigate new measures to combat terrorism.

What further measures can we take to avoid terrorism?

Current legislation provides for the detention of those suspected of terrorism.

Every right-minded person is against terrorism.

This recent wave of terrorism has ruled out any chance of peace talks.

Words related (places, people and  weapons)

social media

airports

impotant buildings

public plaes

victim

terrorist

autority

guns

rifles

automatic weapons

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Hijacking:
an act of unlawfully seizing an aircraft, vehicle, or ship while in transit; a hijack.

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Explanatory sentences:
1-He hijacked a truck, threatening the driver at gunpoint.
2- A band of robbers hijacked the load of furs from the truck.
3-A group of terrorists hijacked the plane.
4-The organization has been hijacked by radicals.

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Words related to the crime:
Pistols and grenades. The name of the criminals is hijackers.Impressment, seizure, shanghaiing.Truck, planes, organizations,cars, else.

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On August 24, 1991, Macri was kidnapped from the door of his apartment. After 12 days in captivity, and a payment of six million dollars, he was released.

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• Terrorism: to unlawful use violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, to achieve political aims or to force a government to act.

• A big famous terrorism event was on September the eleventh, 2001, in the United States when 19 terrorists attacked the twin towers, nearly 3000 people were killed.

• The victim, terrorist, firearms, guns, important buildings, aircrafts

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Assassinate:

To murder (a usually prominent person) by sudden or secret attack often for political reasons

Topic Sentence:

A plot to assassinate the governor
He was assassinated July 31 1914.
In 374 he was assassinated by a eunuch from motives of private revenge.

Weapons:

Bludgeons; knives and other sharp objects; guns and other firing devices; and miscellaneous weapons.
Words connected with Assassination:
murder
killing
political execution
slaughter
butchery
homicide
liquidation
elimination
extermination
termination
putting/doing to death
martyrdom
hit
slaying

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Eli Robles, Clari Soldavini and Joaqui Trujillo.

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Eli Robles, Clari Soldavini and Joaqui Trujillo.

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Cybercrime:
crime or illegal activity that is done using the internet

in 2012 the US government shut down permanently Megaupload site, one of the main download portals for pirate music and movies, and as an immediate response, Anonymous took down the FBI website, along with a handful of other music and film sites

Weapons used:

viruses, phishing, computer worms

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Castro Bay Cayetana, Lasso Martina & Zapata Juana

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Castro Bay Cayetana, Lasso Martina & Zapata Juana

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Meaning:
The act of driving a vehicle at high speed, especially in excess of the speed limit.

Sentence:
She was fined for speeding last month.

Words related:
. Vehicle (car, motorcycle, truck, etc.)
. Fine (it could be a consequence)
. Driver (the criminal)
. Anyone in front of the vehicle (the victim)
- Places where the crime is committed:
. School zones
. Roadways
. Residential or commercial zones
. Streets

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Definition: the crime of intentionally killing a person.
Example: There were three murders in the town last year.
Words connected with murder:
-weapons used to commit: bomb, knife, machine gun, pistol, sharp object, poison, etc.
-places: everywhere
-people: dead(victim) and murderer(criminal)

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Clara Soldavini, Joaqui Trujillo and Eli robles💞

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Clara Soldavini, Joaqui Trujillo and Eli robles💞

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-guns
-bombs
-terrorists
-hijackers
-airplanes
-cars
-trucks
-vehicles

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Clara Soldavini, Joaqui Trujillo and Eli robles.

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Clara Soldavini, Joaqui Trujillo and Eli robles.

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Definition:

to kill suddenly or secretively, especially a prominent person; murder premeditatedly and treacherously.

John F Kennedy

The 35th United States President was assassinated while in a motorcade on 22nd November, 1963 in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime but he refused the charges saying he was being framed.

Weapons  that are used:

bludgeons; knives and other sharp objects; guns and other firing devices; and miscellaneous weapons.

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JOYRIDING:

meaning:

driving fast and dangerously, especially in a stolen vehicle with no particular goal other than the pleasure or thrill of doing so or to impress other people

Words related (places, people and  weapons)

teenangers

driver

parents

policeman

car

bike

ferry

bus

gun

Explanatory sentences:

Some teenager stole my car and took it for a joyride.

The way to stop financial joyriding is to arrest the driver, not the automobile.

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The crime of intentionally damaging property belonging to other people:
Beset by violence and vandalism, this is one of the most unpleasant areas in the city.
These schools are known to be vulnerable to vandalism.
Words Related:

ravaging.

ruin.

sacking.

smashing.

wreckage.

wrecking.

defacing.

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1-the crime of intentionally damaging property belonging to other people

any activity that is considered to be damaging or destroying something that was good

2-Both offside doors need replacing due to vandalism damage.

3-
sprays, or also called aerosols and markers

Damage to doors and windows
at the entrance or any other common area.

Graffiti or damage to walls

They spoil the aesthetics of the building

even create problems in the structure

Destroying

demolishing

demolishment

desecrating

desecration

destruction

ravage

ravaging

ruin

ruination

trashing

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-An airplane was hijacked and it destroyed the twin towers.
-He hijacked a truck, threatening the driver at gunpoint.
-A band of robbers hijacked the load of furs from the truck.
-A group of terrorists hijacked the plane.
-The organization has been hijacked by radicals.

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The action of abducting someone and holding them captive.

Kidnapper and the kidnapped.

Vehicle- rope- phone- gun.

On August 24, 1991, Macri was kidnapped from the door of his apartment. After 12 days in captivity, and a payment of six million dollars, he was released.

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​The news media focuses primarily on kidnapping cases involving high-profile targets such as captured journalists and soldiers, high-net-worth individuals, and children.

However, sensational depictions in film and television have created a popular perception of kidnapping that is often at odds with the reality. Kidnaps-for-ransom happen every day around the world, with rates influenced by geography, conflict, and political, economic, and social issues. Many cases go unreported and unnoticed outside their local setting.

In some parts of the world, law enforcement and security services are too ineffective to properly guide kidnap victims to a safe resolution. Eager to project strength, and frequently lacking effective training in how to peacefully resolve the situation, security forces often prioritize tactical interventions that may jeopardize the lives of the victims. And, in rare cases, they have been found to be complicit in the kidnapping.

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It is into this space that third-party actors and private sector organizations can step in to offer support and assist in securing the safe release of the victim. Otherwise, absent advisory and duty-of-care structures compound the trauma of the ordeal for victims and their families. Structure provided by experts can help guide financial negotiations, manage family and employer liaisons, and arrange post-incident support, such as counseling or medical care. There may also be jurisdictional conflicts that preclude victims from getting the full support of their home or host country, or governments could simply be unable or unwilling to provide consular or legal support abroad.

Debunking the common myths surrounding kidnap-for-ransom enables a clear understanding of where there is an opening for private sector engagement and where third-party support is most required. ​

THE KIDNAPPERS

Although there is a common perception that militant groups carry out a large proportion of kidnaps, data from global risk consultancy Control Risks shows that only 14 percent of the kidnapping incidents that took place worldwide last year involved these groups.

This is despite the concerted kidnapping activity accompanying insecurity in places such as Libya, Iraq, and Syria, attributed particularly to ISIS, as well as renewed kidnapping activity by al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in the Sahel region and the Abu Sayyaf Group in the Philippines.

Instead, some 85 percent of the kidnaps recorded this year by Control Risks were perpetrated by criminal elements such as organized networks, small gangs, or individuals. These are not exclusive, with current or former members of militant groups sometimes using their resources to carry out kidnaps-for-ransom purely for personal financial gain.​

TARGETED VICTIMS

Corporate security managers considering their organization's exposure to kidnap risk at home and overseas often approach the issue with their employees' specific profile in mind.

While managers may assume that a foreign or Western employee is more likely to be targeted in higher-risk regions abroad, this is not borne out by Control Risks' kidnapping data, which shows that 97 percent of all kidnaps last year involved local victims. Furthermore, the professionals or businesspeople among those victims represented 54 different industries and were targeted in 77 different countries, illustrating the pervasiveness of the threat and lack of focus on a limited spectrum of sectors.

There are local nuances to the way in which kidnappers target victims in every state or province in a given country-the kidnapping group's capability and the general security environment largely dictate target selection. Kidnappers often take into consideration the victim's apparent wealth to draw a high ransom, the abduction's chance of success, and other aspects of the victim's profile.

Wealth. Criminals who make their living from kidnapping want to maximize the income from each abduction. Individuals employed by multinational companies or in high-revenue sectors might attract the attention of kidnappers because they appear to be wealthy in the local context. Kidnappers will make assumptions about a potential victim's social and economic standing based on simple things, such as material displays of wealth like new vehicles, whether they live in a wealthy suburb, or if their children go to a fee-paying school, for example.

Alternatively, they may have insider information. A fashion heiress kidnapped in Hong Kong in April 2015, for instance, was targeted after one of the suspects carried out renovations of the property and noticed the presence of luxury cars and goods. In another case in Nigeria in 2015, a large wedding celebration hosted by the victim was enough to prove his financial value to the kidnappers, who abducted him within the month.

Risk. Having selected a target, the kidnappers could put the potential victim under surveillance to ascertain any weaknesses in his or her security. The simplest option is always to abduct the victims while they are in the open. Those who have a predictable daily routine are easy to target because the kidnappers know when and where they will be traveling. The daily commute, school run, or other regular travel can give kidnappers a variety of options.

Control Risks' data shows that abductions most commonly occur during a routine journey to or from work, school, or home, with 35 percent of all kidnaps in 2016 taking place at this time. In southern Nigeria, for instance, kidnappers frequently strike on Sundays when families travel to and from church services at a regular time and are vulnerable in transit.

Nevertheless, kidnappers can often be deterred by even rudimentary security provisions. Anything that makes the abduction more difficult may convince them to move on to a new target.

Profiling. In some places, criminally motivated kidnappers are more likely to target local junior or middle management employees than CEOs or foreigners in the corporate context. The calculation is that, while the latter would probably yield a higher ransom, the increased risk of arrest that follows the abduction of a high-profile figure could outweigh the potential financial benefit.

However, foreign nationals are also often harder to abduct because those present in higher-risk areas generally employ more stringent security precautions and represent a much smaller slice of the population.

In other regions, usually those prone to militancy, the victim's unique profile will not act as a deterrent, and foreigners are often the most highly sought captives. Some groups have significant capability to kidnap high-profile victims and, by taking advantage of difficult terrain and ungoverned spaces, can hold them for long periods without fear of arrest while they negotiate a ransom.

Indeed, for some of these kidnappers, increased attention, both from the government and the media, is part of their motivation to kidnap a high-profile victim for leverage and propaganda purposes. ​

ABDUCTION LOCATIONS

When preplanning an abduction, kidnappers look for an easy means of escape from the immediate vicinity of the abduction and a viable safe space for the period of captivity.

The partition of Mali in 2012 and the accompanying establishment of operating space for jihadist groups in the remote northern half of the country, for instance, emboldened and enabled AQIM to significantly ramp up its kidnapping activity. The group and its affiliates operating in the western Sahel have since carried out several high-profile kidnaps of foreign nationals, including in northern Burkina Faso and Niger, within a day's drive of safe zones in northern Mali.

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The porous border and weak security presence in the area create a permissive climate in which to conduct operations, and afford AQIM and its satellite groups the time and space to plan kidnaps. In 2016 alone, at least three separate kidnaps targeting foreign nationals and launched from northern Mali were attributed to the network, including that of an Australian couple in northern Burkina Faso last January and an American aid worker in Niger in October.

In an opportunistic abduction, the targeting process is accelerated. A typical method is to set up a roadblock and screen victims as they drive through. The kidnappers will make snap assumptions about the victims' wealth based on the car they are driving and whether they have a driver.

They can then further question the victims and search the vehicle for confirmation of their wealth. Often people will carry some detail of their employment, such as an identity or access card, that might alert the kidnappers to their potential worth. Visibly branded vehicles, particularly in remote or poor areas, indicate that the occupants may have a higher comparative income or that there is a chance their employer would be willing to pay a ransom for their freedom, increasing the risk.

Opportunistic, ambush-style abductions are particularly common in the eastern provinces of Congo (DRC)-for example. In North Kivu province-home to a plethora of armed groups, including Rwandan rebels, local militias, and army defectors-almost all kidnaps take place at improvised roadblocks and fake checkpoints, and they frequently target convoys of vehicles. More than half of all kidnaps recorded in Congo take place in the province. Many target nongovernmental organizations and other organizations with projects in the hinterland, including construction and telecommunications firms. ​

THE RANSOM

While a ransom is not limited to a financial payment to release the victims, financial demands are most commonly made to the victims' families or employers and can also extend to the victims' national government or the victims themselves.

The type of ransom sought can vary greatly depending on the kidnapper's profile-for example, militant groups often take hostages with the intention of trading them for group members in custody in a prisoner exchange. They have also been known to make other demands, such as a cessation of drone strikes or the withdrawal of enemy troops.

In a January 2016 hostage video featuring a Swiss missionary kidnapped from her residence in Timbuktu, for example, an al Qaeda-linked group specifically demanded the release of Ahmad al-Faqi al-Hadi, a militant on trial at the international criminal court in Brussels for ordering the destruction of ancient monuments and shrines in the city during its occupation by Islamist militants in 2012. Other armed groups routinely include in their demands materials useful for their future operations, such as satellite telephones, foodstuffs, vehicles, and weapons.

Sometimes less-straightforward concessions are demanded. Kidnapping is occasionally used as a last resort in cases of industrial action or as a result of a personal, business, or criminal dispute in which one party is kidnapped to compel them to pay a debt or agree to some stipulation for their release.

Control Risks has recorded several cases in Asia where kidnap is used to apply pressure on a company or vendor; these often revolve around contracting. In one 2013 case in India, for example, employees of a company kidnapped a junior staff member at another company to compel his employer to pay them money that was unforthcoming but contractually owed.

In China, the kidnap or detention of executives is a relatively common way for employees to extract concessions from their employers during labor unrest or disputes. In one such case in 2013, Chinese factory workers held their U.S. manager for five days amid a dispute over severance pay.​

EXPRESS AND VIRTUAL KIDNAPPINGS

Classic kidnap-for-ransom is not the only crime that companies or security managers need to consider when thinking about risks to their staff, nor is it the sole extortive crime covered by insurance policies. New forms of extortive crime have accompanied the advent of new technology. These include cyber extortion, virtual kidnapping, and express kidnapping.

Virtual kidnapping is the name given to a form of extortion that emerged in Latin America in 2004 and has since spread to many parts of the world. Notably, it has become increasingly common in Asia, particularly China.

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In a virtual kidnap, a criminal typically contacts a family and claims to have abducted one of their loved ones. The criminal threatens to harm or kill the victim if a ransom is not paid. In fact, the supposed victim of a virtual kidnap is never actually held captive, but may have been forced to cooperate with the criminals or may be completely unaware of the incident.

In many cases in Mexico, the alleged kidnap victims are contacted by the extortionists and forced to isolate themselves by checking into a hotel or another location, and remaining there until told to leave.

In most countries, the crime affects local nationals, but in Latin America, particularly in Mexico, Spanish-speaking business travelers are increasingly falling victim to the crime. Knowledge of the prevalence of this crime, and adequate preparation and training for employees who travel to areas where it is common, are crucial to mitigating the financial risk to both the individual and the company.

Express kidnapping generally involves the abduction of a victim who is forced, under threat of injury or death, to withdraw funds from ATMs. It is generally opportunistic and carried out by individuals or small, dedicated, and well-organized gangs that are often armed.

In Mexico, for example, they frequently use taxis to carry out kidnaps, posing as taxi drivers to rob the passenger. The average gain made by an express kidnapper is relatively small and the duration of captivity is generally between two and four hours. Kidnappers are attracted to express kidnapping because it allows them to avoid protracted negotiations with the victims' families, involves little risk, and is a quick way of making money.

Foreign nationals are a favored target for express kidnappers because of their presumed wealth and the assumption that they are less likely to remain in the area during a police investigation or be able to identify the offenders. In countries like Brazil, Ecuador, and Tanzania, express kidnapping has overtaken traditional kidnapping-for-ransom. ​

RESPONSE AND INSURANCE

Most reputable insurance companies that offer kidnap-for-ransom insurance have an exclusive partnership with a specialist response firm, guaranteeing their clients immediate access to expert consultants and advice in a crisis incident.

Although insurance companies offering kidnap-for-ransom coverage and private response companies have been working hand-in-hand for decades, the confidentiality inherent in the business precludes transparency around the specifics of the insurers' role and the services the responders provide.

Good responders are defined by their independence and are trusted by their insurance partner to work towards the best possible outcome in each kidnap: the safe and timely release of the victim. It is imperative that the insurer maintains a reputation as a reliable provider, further incentivizing the safe release of a victim or successful resolution of the case. The role of the insurer should simply be to reimburse costs and expenses the responder incurs during the process of supporting and advising the policyholder. Kidnap-for-ransom policies sold by leading insurers can also include coverage for extortion, threats, missing persons, and wrongful detention cases.

Experienced responders can provide invaluable support to the victims, their families, and their employers, particularly in places where law enforcement and crisis management institutions are unequipped or under-resourced. Above all, the private responder has an obligation to respect the wishes of the victim, their family, or the employer, and a duty to provide them with the best possible advice and course of action. The client is free to take or ignore that advice and is always the final decision maker. Responsible responders will never act unilaterally outside the course of action agreed with the client, or outside the law.

Kidnap-for-ransom is not confined to the world's most dangerous locations or perpetrated principally by jihadis or guerrillas, nor does it predominantly target those wealthy enough to pay a large ransom.

The crime is constantly evolving and adapting to the changing security environment, and security professionals must understand the nuances and risks involved for all forms of kidnap and extortive crime to practice successful mitigation. ​

--
Sebastian Boe is a special risks analyst responsible for conducting research and analysis on kidnapping and extortion trends in Africa within Control Risks' Response department. ​

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kidnapping and ransom; travel risk; executive security; executive protection; private sector kidnapping; international security

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Kidnappings are more nuanced and occur more frequently than most people think.

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Cayu Castro Bay, Martina Lasso, Juana Zapata

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an act of unlawfully seizing an aircraft, vehicle, or ship while in transit

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meaning: the act of illegally coping a computer program , music, film, etc. and selling it much cheaper.

sentence: Publishing that book under his own name was piracy.

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Sentence: Murder conviction overturned in Georgia hot car death case

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Hot car deaths: Occurs when they become trapped in a car that reaches dangerously high temperatures As the interior of a car heats so does the human body's core temperature of anyone in that car. When a person's core temperature reaches 104º Fahrenheit, heatstroke may occur. Heatstroke causes toxins to flood the body and can lead to cell death.

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Clara Soldavini, Joaqui Trujillo and  Eli Robles💞

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Clara Soldavini, Joaqui Trujillo and  Eli Robles💞