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When Napoleon conquered Portugal in 1807, Dom Pedro went with the royal family to Brazil and stayed as Brazil's regent. Within three months he was the first emperor to be crowned. People started not liking him in 1823 when he dismembered the Brazilian Assembly. Everyone was enraged by his oppressive behavior, lack of enthusiasm for parliamentary government, and continued intense interest in Portuguese affairs, as well as the defeat of his military forces in a war with Argentina. In 1831 Pedro was abdicated in favor of his own son. Then he returned to Portugal.

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Pedro I, (born Oct. 12, 1798, Lisbon, Port.-died Sept. 24, 1834, Lisbon), founder of the Brazilian empire and first emperor of Brazil, from Dec. 1, 1822, to April 7, 1831, also reckoned as King Pedro (Peter) IV of Portugal.

Generally known as Dom Pedro, he was the son of King John VI of Portugal. When Napoleon conquered Portugal in 1807, Pedro accompanied the royal family in its flight to Brazil. He remained there as regent when King John returned to Portugal in 1821.

Pedro surrounded himself with ministers who counseled independence. When the Portuguese Cortês (Parliament), preferring colonial status for Brazil, demanded that Pedro return to Lisbon to "complete his political education," he issued a declaration of Brazilian independence on Sept. 7, 1822. Within three months he was crowned emperor.

Pedro's initial popularity waned, and in 1823, when the Brazilian Assembly was preparing a liberal constitution, he dissolved that body and exiled the radical leader José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva. On March 25, 1824, however, Pedro accepted a somewhat less liberal constitution drafted by the Council of State at his behest.

Although adoption of that charter may have saved Pedro from deposition, it did not reestablish his popularity. His autocratic manner, his lack of enthusiasm for parliamentary government, and his continuing deep interest in Portuguese affairs antagonized his subjects, as did the failure of his military forces in a war with Argentina over what is now Uruguay. Strong opposition in the Brazilian Parliament and a series of local uprisings induced him to abdicate in 1831 in favour of his son Dom Pedro II, who was then five years old. Pedro I then returned to Portugal.

On the death of King John VI (March 10, 1826), Pedro I had become titular king of Portugal as Pedro IV. Two months later, still in Brazil, he issued a parliamentary charter for Portugal and conditionally abdicated the Portuguese throne in favour of his daughter Maria da Glória, the future Queen Maria II. He died of natural causes in Portugal while securing his daughter's claim against that of his brother, the regent Miguel.

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Pedro I | Reign of Brazil, Independence, Abolitionist

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Pedro I, founder of the Brazilian empire and first emperor of Brazil, from Dec. 1, 1822, to April 7, 1831, also reckoned as King Pedro (Peter) IV of Portugal. Generally known as Dom Pedro, he was the son of King John VI of Portugal.

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Victor Paz Estenssoro had a very good education growing up and in 1952 he became the president of Bolivia. During his administration, a lot of rights were given to the Indians and many companies were expropriated by the government. From 1956 to 1960 Victor was the ambassador of the United Kingdom and then after became president again. He was over thrown by a military coup d'état and sent to exile in Peru. Victor was then elected for president again in 1885.

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Víctor Paz Estenssoro, (born October 2, 1907, Tarija, Bolivia-died June 7, 2001, Tarija), Bolivian statesman, founder and principal leader of the left-wing Bolivian political party National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), who served three times as president of Bolivia (1952-56, 1960-64, 1985-89).

Paz Estenssoro began his career as professor of economics at the University of San Andrés in La Paz. He was economic adviser to President Germán Busch (1937-39) and in 1939 was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. In 1941 he and others established the MNR; when it seized power in 1952, Paz Estenssoro became president. During his administration the right to vote was extended to Indians, the three largest tin companies in the country were expropriated by the government, and an agrarian-reform law began the process of transferring the arable land of the central plateau to the Indians.

During 1956-60 Paz Estenssoro served as ambassador to the United Kingdom. He again became the MNR candidate for president in 1960 and won a decisive victory. During his second administration, his government reached an agreement with the U.S. government, the Inter-American Development Bank, and West German industrialists providing for a reorganization of the tin industry.

In the election of 1964, about 70 percent of the eligible voters cast their ballots for Paz Estenssoro. Nevertheless, he was overthrown by a military coup d'état in early November 1964 and went into exile in Peru. He remained in Lima as a professor of economics at the university until August 1971, when he returned to Bolivia as an adviser to the government led by the right-wing president Hugo Banzer Suárez.

Paz Estenssoro ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in 1979, and he ran again as the MNR's candidate in July 1985. He finished second to Banzer in the popular vote, in which no candidate gained a majority. On August 5, 1985, Congress elected Paz Estenssoro president, and he was installed the next day. During his tenure, he instituted a program of economic austerity that reduced the hyperinflation that had imperiled Bolivia's economy. He also privatized the tin mines. In 1989 Paz Estenssoro retired from politics.

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Víctor Paz Estenssoro | president of Bolivia

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Víctor Paz Estenssoro, (born October 2, 1907, Tarija, Bolivia-died June 7, 2001, Tarija), Bolivian statesman, founder and principal leader of the left-wing Bolivian political party National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), who served three times as president of Bolivia (1952-56, 1960-64, 1985-89). Paz Estenssoro began his career as professor of economics at the University of San Andrés in La Paz.

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Victor Emmanuel was the first king of united Italy. He married his cousin. He was a general a war with Austria after the Revolution. He lost the war and then became king. He kept his postion as king by surpressing the republican side and paying Austria. This made the Italians mad.

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Victor Emmanuel II, (born March 14, 1820, Turin, Piedmont, Kingdom of Sardinia-died January 9, 1878, Rome, Italy), king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy.

Brought up in the court of his father, Charles Albert, and given a conventional monarchical education emphasizing religious and military training, he was married to his cousin Maria Adelaide, daughter of an Austrian archduke. After the Revolution of 1848, when war broke out with Austria, Victor Emmanuel was given command of a division. In the luckless campaign that followed he proved a brave soldier but an indifferent general.

Ascending the throne on his father's abdication, he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left and paying an indemnity to Austria, which brought him considerable opprobrium in Italy. In November 1852 he made the momentous decision to turn the government over to the able, determined Count Cavour, whose skillful manoeuvres over the next few years made him king of Italy. At the decisive battles of Magenta and Solferino, he commanded the Piedmontese corps in person, and following the armistice of Villafranca, he exercised a valuable restraint on Cavour, who wanted to continue the war alone. The following year Victor Emmanuel secretly encouraged Garibaldi in the conquest of Sicily and Naples; he then led his Piedmontese army into papal territory to link up with Garibaldi in the face of an excommunication by Pius IX.

Following Cavour's death in 1861, Victor Emmanuel played a more direct role in government and despite setbacks achieved two notable triumphs: the acquisition of Venetia through war on the side of Bismarck's Prussia in 1866, and of Rome after the withdrawal of the French garrison in 1870. The occupation of Rome as the national capital so antagonized Pius IX that he refused all overtures toward reconciliation, and no meeting ever took place between the two sovereigns; nevertheless, on Victor Emmanuel's death in 1878 Pius permitted his burial in the Pantheon.

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Victor Emmanuel II | Unification of Italy, Risorgimento, Savoy Dynasty

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Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy. Brought up in the court of his father, Charles Albert, and given a conventional monarchical education emphasizing religious and military training, he was married to his cousin Maria Adelaide, daughter of an

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Spain's grip on its colonies was weakening after Napoleon's conquest of Spain. This made the colonies revolt. Bolivian cities were the first to rebel following the lead of Simon Bolivar. Bolivia became an independent nation in 1825. Bolivia had been mined so much that they suffered greatly because there was nowhere else to mine, they lost almost half their land.

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After Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807 his the price, regent, and royal court fled to Brazil. The prince John VI set up the country, opened up trade to other countries, and encouraged manufacturing. When the war ended Portugal wanted the government back, but they didn't want to go. Both the Brazil and Portugal was mad at Prince John VI so he went back to Portugal and left his son Pedro I in Brazil. On September 7, 1822 Brazil declared its independence and Pedro was crowned emperor.

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The northwest peninsula of Italy was pieced together as many different states until 1848 when the revolution ideas came across Europe, Milan, and Venice. Revolutionists stood against Austrians- Sicilians as they wanted their own republic. Napoleon had an army to go against the Sicilians which they won. The King of Sardinia , Victor Emanual II was now taking over the Unification of Italy.

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Bolivian flag