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De verbintenis via het Internet heeft een grote impact op hoe we relaties en vriendschappen vormen. Ook ik heb vriendschappen die uitsluitend digitaal ontstaan zijn, en nog steeds enkel digitaal plaatsvinden.

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2006: Internet haalt 1 miljard gebruikers 

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2006: Internet haalt 1 miljard gebruikers 

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Tussen 2005 en 2006 ziet het Internet zijn miljardste gebruiker. Deze groei zal zich doorzetten tot op heden.

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De internationaal gekende zoekmachine Google werd in 1998 voor publiek gebruik vrijgegeven. Sinds die lancering heeft deze zoekmachine een grote invloed gehad op hoe we informatie zoeken en vinden op het Internet. Het is een Amerikaanse bedrijf en werd opgericht door Larry Page, Sergey Brin in 1996.

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No technology company is arguably more responsible for shaping the modern internet, and modern life, than Google. The company that started as a novel search engine now manages eight products with more than 1 billion users each. Many of those people use Google software to search the repository of human knowledge, communicate, perform work, consume media, and maneuver the endlessly vast internet in 2018. On Tuesday, September 4th, Google turned 20 years old, marking one of the most staggeringly influential runs for any corporation in history.

As Alphabet, the holding company of which Google is now a subsidiary, steadily rises to join Apple and Amazon in the $1 trillion market valuation territory, we're reflecting on all the moments in Google's past that led to its position at the peak of industries as diverse as mapping, self-driving cars, and smartphone operating systems. This isn't a comprehensive history of Google's past 20 years. But it is an approximation of the company's biggest product launches, legal quagmires, and instrumental acquisitions that have turned it into a Silicon Valley powerhouse that will likely last for many decades to come.

August 1996: Larry Page and Sergey Brin launch Google on Stanford University's network

Initially known as BackRub, Google began as a research project of Larry Page, who enrolled in Stanford's computer science graduate program in 1995. There, he met fellow CS student Sergey Brin. The two stayed in touch as Page began looking into the behavior of linking on the World Wide Web. Page conceived a system that would crawl the internet to determine which pages were linking to other pages, positing that it could lead to the creation of a new kind of search engine.

Together with Brin's math expertise, the duo created the PageRank algorithm, named after Larry, to rank the search results based on linking behavior. The two technologies formed the foundation for the world's most powerful search engine of its time, which launched on Stanford's private network in August 1996.

September 4th, 1998: Google incorporates with $100,000 in angel funding

Inspired by the vast number of links between pages and how their search engine would only become more accurate and useful as the web continued to grow, Page and Brin renamed their company after the mathematical term googol (a one followed by 100 zeroes). The duo relocated to the garage of Susan Wojcicki, who would later become CEO of YouTube in Menlo Park, California. They incorporated the company as Google, with a $100,000 investment from Sun Microsystems co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim.

August 2001: Schmidt made chairman of "adult supervision"

In 2001, Page and Brin recruited Eric Schmidt to run Google. The company was only a few years old, but it was rapidly growing and it needed guidance - or, as Brin said in a Charlie Rose interview that year, "adult supervision." Schmidt had a seasoned background in engineering and worked as the CTO of Sun and then the CEO of Novell before coming to Google.

He joined the board of directors as chairman in March 2001 and then became the company's CEO in August. Schmidt stayed in this position for 10 years, seeing the search giant through its 2004 IPO, the acquisition of YouTube, and the introduction of products like Google Docs and Gmail. In 2011, he moved on to the role of executive chairman, and Page became CEO. Schmidt announced the change in a cheeky tweet that said, "Day-to-day adult supervision no longer needed!"

Summer 2002: Yahoo tries (and fails) to buy Google for $3 billion

The early 2000s would prove to be big and defining years for Google. Long before Google became a verb, Yahoo was the premier internet search engine. As Google began to gain popularity, it even became Yahoo's search engine provider in 2000. By the summer of 2002, Yahoo tried to acquire Google for $3 billion, but Google reportedly turned down the deal as it felt it was worth at least $5 billion.

Google went on to launch Google News later that year, a content aggregation service that would change how digital media was published and distributed on the web. Today, Google and its parent company Alphabet have a market cap of $840 billion. Yahoo, on the other hand, sold to Verizon in 2017 for - ironically - just under $5 billion.

July 2003: Google moves into the Googleplex

After outgrowing offices in Palo Alto and other nearby Silicon Valley locales, Google leased a complex of buildings at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, which was then known as the Amphitheatre Technology Center owned by Silicon Graphics in Mountain View, California. The move was designed to accommodate Google's more than 1,000-person workforce at the time. It has since become known as the Googleplex, and it's the company's largest campus following multiple expansions and additional building acquisitions.

April 1st, 2004: Gmail launches to the public with 1GB of storage

In 2001, Google employee Paul Buchheit started work on an email product designed to address the company's increasing internal communications and storage needs. Buchheit, having worked on early web-based email in the '90s, decided to build a faster, more responsive client using Ajax (then a nascent set of web development techniques that would allow the product to receive information from a server without having to reload the entire page). On April 1st, 2004, Gmail launched to the public with 1GB of storage and advanced search capabilities, dwarfing the limitations imposed by popular competing email products of the time, many of which offered just a few megabytes of storage. The release date led many in the media to speculate it was an April Fools' prank. It was not.

August 19th, 2004: Google goes public

Following an initial investment of $100,000 from Bechtolsheim, Google subsided on a series of other angel investments, including one from Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos. The angel investments precede a more formal $25 million funding round in 1999 from traditional Silicon Valley venture capital firms like Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital. The company's web advertising products made it hugely profitable, leading to an eventual initial public offering five years later. Google priced its stock at $85 a share, giving it a $27 billion valuation after raising close to $1.7 billion. Today, the company is now well on its way to becoming a trillion-dollar company.

February 8th, 2005: Google Maps launches

"Maps can be useful and fun," said Google when it first introduced Maps in 2005. The web-only renders provide step-by-step directions and zoomable maps with a smattering of businesses like hotels available to search. It wouldn't be until 2009 when Google would roll out turn-by-turn GPS navigation for Maps on smartphones that things got really useful, but it wasn't very much fun for incumbents like TomTom and Garmin.

January 27th, 2006: Google launches its search engine in China

While Google had offered a Chinese language version of its website for users in China since September 2000, that service was based in California and was subject to blockades and firewall slowdowns. In 2006, Google launched a subsidiary based in China to more effectively compete with its local alternative, Baidu. Results were heavily censored with a disclaimer on top.

October 9th, 2006: Google acquires YouTube

After outbidding companies like Microsoft, Viacom, and Yahoo, Google bought YouTube for a tidy $1.65 billion. The deal was mutually beneficial for both parties: Google won the war for online video traffic, and YouTube - barely a year old at the time - gained access to Google's hefty resources. The two remained in separate offices, however; Google's headquarters were located in Mountain View and YouTube stayed put in San Bruno.The acquisition has proven to be one of Google's most instrumental as YouTube has ballooned into a cornerstone of modern culture and online life, creating entire industries and kickstarting the careers of countless creators.

April 14th, 2007: Google acquires DoubleClick and cements its ad empire

Google established itself back in 2000 as a dominant force in web advertising with the launch of AdWords. That was the company's proprietary and automated digital auction system that let advertisers instantaneously bid on top sponsored spots on its search results page every single time a user typed in a selection of keywords into the search bar.

In 2007, having already launched its AdSense product that let website owners place contextualized and targeted ads, Google cemented its dominance in the ad industry with the acquisition of DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, which, at the time, was its most costly acquisition, second only to acquiring Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion four years later. With DoubleClick, which specialized in display ads and ran its own exchange, Google further expanded its pervasive ad empire across the internet.

September 2nd, 2008: Google launches the Chrome browser

Google hired several Mozilla Firefox developers, and together, they made Chrome for Windows, which later came to other operating systems. It was still a beta version, but it already had sandboxed tabs for faster and more stable browsing. Google made a 40-page comic explaining how Chrome worked to go along with the announcement. Over the course of four short years, Google's browser had grown more popular than both Firefox and Internet Explorer. Ten years later, Chrome is now the world's dominant web browser, with around a 60 percent worldwide usage share, and it's the largest driving force keeping Google Search more relevant today than it's ever been.

September 23rd, 2008: Android launches on the T-Mobile G1 / HTC Dream

After quietly buying Android for $50 million in 2005, what would become the most popular mobile OS in the world made its debut with the announcement of the T-Mobile G1 / HTC Dream, the first Android phone. Launched on October 22nd for $179 (with a two-year contract), they would go on to set the groundwork for the future with features that are still the pillars of the OS today: open software, deep integration with Google services, and best-in-class notification features.

January 5th, 2010: Nexus One launches

The early days of Android were dominated by a lot of weird experiments. Companies like Motorola's Droid line, Samsung's early Galaxy phones, and HTC's Evo devices all (in theory) ran the same Android software, but Google's design was often buried under ugly and confusing skins and lackluster hardware. Enter the Nexus One. It was built by HTC but designed by Google to be the ultimate showcase for what an Android device could be. And while the Nexus design has since fizzled out, that spirit has lived on in today's Pixel phones, which have seen Google assert itself into the mobile hardware space more than ever before.

March 22nd, 2010: Google gets kicked out of China after ending censorship

At the start of 2010, Google discovered a sophisticated phishing attack in China on its infrastructure aimed at extracting the email addresses and personal info of Chinese human rights activists. The attack prompted Google to switch gears on how it was operating in China, even while knowing what a risky move it would be. Google.cn now redirected to Google.com.hk, an uncensored search engine based in Hong Kong. Soon after, Beijing banned Google from China.

August 13th, 2010: Oracle v. Google lawsuit filed

Oracle kicked off what would become an eight-plus-year and still unfinished lawsuit over Android that many fear could have disastrous implications for all software developers if Google were to lose. The case revolves around Java APIs and whether Google violated Oracle's IP by reproducing them inside of Android. Without the ability to freely remake APIs, advocates like the Electronic Frontier Foundation are concerned that hardware and software development will be stifled. Google has won the case twice, only to have the ruling reversed in Oracle's favor. Now, eight years later, Oracle currently stands as the victor while Google attempts to appeal to the Supreme Court.

October 2010: Google starts working on self-driving cars

In 2010, Google rolled out a far different kind of product: a fleet of seven Toyota Priuses. The hybrid cars had been outfitted with sensors and loaded up with artificial intelligence as part of the company's first crack at creating cars that could drive themselves. That effort would morph and evolve over the coming years and eventually become a standalone business known as Waymo.

June 15th, 2011: Chrome OS initial launch

After launching a browser, Google set its sights on developing a whole operating system. Chrome OS was an open-source system designed mainly for hosting web apps and running on netbooks, now known as Chromebooks. At first, Google released its source code and then gave demos of the new OS. By June 2011, the first Chromebooks made by Acer and Samsung became available in retail stores. Chromebooks have since become a major force in education, and Microsoft has even followed Google's lead with its Windows S Mode laptops.

June 28th, 2011: Google+ launches

At the height of Facebook's popularity, Google tried its hand at a social network with the launch of Google+, which replaced its Google Buzz microblogging tool. But unlike Facebook's initial (and loosely enforced) policy of requiring collegiate email addresses to join, Google+ launched as an invitation-only network where you can share photos, links, and start Hangout chats with "circles" of friends.

Keeping it invite-only for too long, however, was one of G+'s many downfalls. The network never really caught on, despite years of redesigns. The company was still tinkering with the layout and usability of Google+ as of 2017, but today, most user profiles sit as empty pages that come with your standard Google account for the company's other services.

August 15th, 2011: Google announces it's buying Motorola Mobility

No longer satisfied with leaving its "hardware" ambitions to partnerships with Android phone makers under the Nexus program, Google took a gamble when it acquired Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion in 2011. The deal, Google said at the time, would "supercharge the Android ecosystem and will enhance competition in mobile computing." In reality, it accomplished neither of those things.

Under Google's stewardship, Motorola launched the Moto X in 2013. Assembled in the United States, the Moto X offered an unheard-of level of customization and personalization options and intuitive software. Though well-received, it never caught on, and the successful low-end Moto G wasn't enough to salvage this tag team. By the time the second-gen Moto X was announced in 2014, Google had already agreed to offload Motorola to Lenovo for a price that was billions lower than it had originally paid. And we all still miss Moto Maker to this day.

June 2012: The introduction of Google Glass with a skydiving demo

Alongside smartphones and web services, Google also began working on experimental hardware under the Google X and ATAP divisions. The most famous product is Google Glass, a wearable computer that augmented information into your periphery and recorded videos and photos.

To demonstrate the power of Project Glass, Sergey Brin showed off a live recording from a skydive at the company's I/O developer conference in 2012. The device became available to developers and a limited group of waitlisted customers, but not before it was criticized as a potential privacy risk as several businesses began banning Glass-wearers from entering the premises.

By 2017, Google Glass was rebranded as an enterprise product to narrow its focus, but the device did give way to other computer wearables such as Snap's Spectacles and other AR glasses. ATAP would go on to build other notable projects including the Jacquard smart jacket and now-defunct Ara modular smartphone, while X span out as its own subsidiary that worked on moonshot projects.

July 1st, 2013: Google Reader shuts down

RSS nerds all over the world cried out in horror when Google said it would shut down Reader in 2013. The company showed real courage, the type Apple would later apply to the beloved headphone jack. Now, people get their "news" from Twitter and Facebook, resulting in a Donald Trump presidency and Brexit. Thanks, Google.

July 24th, 2013: Google Chromecast announced

The Chromecast started as a tiny, cheap, no-frills way of streaming video from a phone or computer to a TV. Five years later... literally none of that has changed, and Google has barely updated the product. But you know what? It's still one of the cheapest and simplest ways to stream.

January 24th, 2014: Google acquires AI research lab DeepMind

Google may have had a hard fight to buy London-based AI firm DeepMind, reportedly beating out Facebook only by promising to create an independent ethics board to oversee the company's technology. But whatever the price was, it was worth it. DeepMind's successes - like its Go-conquering AlphaGo system - have been hailed as global scientific achievements and become emblematic of the current AI boom. (No doubt, they also provided incalculable value to Google for recruiting and marketing.)

DeepMind may have stumbled in its initial forays in the UK's health care system, but it has since regained its step while also beginning to feed its expertise directly into Google systems, improving its speech synthesis tech and retooling its data centers to run more efficiently. Google is widely seen as the world leader in AI. It wouldn't be so without DeepMind.

August 10th, 2015: Google restructures as Alphabet Inc.

Google co-founder Larry Page decided to reorganize the giant conglomerate that Google became, thanks to its moonshots into a new company called Alphabet. The reorganization of Google - which, at this point, included the life-extending project Calico and the company's investment arms - into distinct companies with their own CEOs and putting Sundar Pichai in charge of Google has worked extremely well for the company.

Since the shift, new companies like Verily, Waymo, and Wing have launched under Alphabet with dedicated organizations that are solely focused on their success, something that likely wouldn't have been possible under the single, very crowded, umbrella the Google had become. To commemorate the reorganization, Google unveiled a new logo one month later on September 1st, 2015.

May 18th, 2016: Google Assistant launches

Google may have been the last to launch a virtual assistant, reaching the market two years after Amazon's Alexa and nearly five years after Apple's Siri, but it has nearly caught up with both of them. Google Assistant has rapidly grown to compete directly against Alexa for consumer-facing AI dominance, it powers Google's Home speaker, and it became available on a number of speakers, TVs, and smart displays in less than two years on the market. If AI is the future, Google has positioned its Assistant as a legitimate challenger to Alexa's consumer throne.

October 2016: Google solidifies hardware launch with Pixel, Google Home

Following its years of dabbling in consumer hardware with its Nexus program and other one-off devices, Google jumped into the deep end with the launch of the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones and Google Home smart speaker. The Pixel was the first proper Android smartphone designed entirely by Google. Although it was still manufactured by a Google partner (in this case, HTC), it marked a bold shift for Google toward a cohesive, Apple-style product ecosystem. The Home speaker has since joined the Chromecast as part of Google's media and artificial intelligence platform for the home, while the Pixel line has arguably become the gold standard for flagship Android handsets.

December 13th, 2016: Google spins out Waymo as an Alphabet entity

Six years after testing its first autonomous cars, Google decided to spin the project out into a standalone business. Called Waymo, the new company was led by former Hyundai CEO John Krafcik. Crucially, it also partnered with Fiat Chrysler and began using Pacifica minivans as its vehicle of choice - leaving behind (for now, at least) Google's original plan to build a self-driving car from the ground up. Google's years of testing and deep pockets put Waymo on the proverbial fast track when it comes to self-driving cars. The company is already testing out offering rides to real customers in Arizona, and it plans to fully launch a commercial service in 2018. Waymo remains one of the original Google X lab's most successful ventures.

July 18th, 2018: Google fined by EU for monopolistic practices in Android

Google's reach and influence in today's world is so categorically unparalleled in modern business that it's understandable that the company has faced a number of legal challenges over the years related to privacy and anticompetitive practices. But none were quite as forceful as this past summer's $5 billion fine from the European Union for alleged Android antitrust violations.

The EU's regulatory body, the European Commission, determined that Google was prioritizing its own shopping service in ads displayed in the Chrome browser, which is preloaded by default on most Android smartphones. Although largely seen as a slap on the wrist that comes too little too late, the fine is part of a larger realization from policymakers and the public that Google, and its fellow Silicon Valley giants Facebook and Amazon, may have long since entered into monopolistic territory.

Just one month after the fine, US President Donald Trump accused Google of manipulating search results to censor conservative news outlets. Google likely has many more legal challenges ahead as it continues to grow far beyond the Stanford research project it started as 20 years ago.
Update September 27th, 9AM ET: This post was originally published on September 5th and has been updated to coincide with Google's own celebration of the event.

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Google's 20th anniversary: how the world's best search engine ate the world

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No technology company is arguably more responsible for shaping the modern internet, and modern life, than Google. On Tuesday, September 4th, Google turned 20 years old, marking one of the most staggeringly influential runs for any corporation in history. Here's a list detailing how the company got to its position at the peak of Silicon Valley.

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2023: Computer voor de eerste keer gebruikt als privaat netwerk

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2023: Computer voor de eerste keer gebruikt als privaat netwerk

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In de les Contentmanagement leerde ik hoe ik via software mijn pc kan gebruiken als server om een website op te hosten. Dit geeft nieuwe mogelijkheden voor persoonlijk gebruik.

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How to: Host a website off your PC | XAMPP Crash Course

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Ongeveer in dit jaar kreeg ik vrije toegang tot het Internet. Ik deelde nog altijd een pc, maar had een eigen gebruikersaccount waardoor ik op mezelf contact maakte met het Internet.

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Begin jaren 80: OSI-model gaat in werking 

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Begin jaren 80: OSI-model gaat in werking 

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Het 'International Organization for Standardization', (IOS) ontwikkelt het OSI-model die het Internet standaardiseert, zodat verschillende netwerken in dezelfde "taal" kunnen communiceren. Het model splitst de communicatie tussen computers en netwerken ook op in 7 lagen, verdeeld op basis van het soort informatie dat overgedragen wordt. Het TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) nam dit model later over in de ontwikkeling van het TCP/IP-protocol. De standaard zorgde voor compatibiliteit over netwerken heen en voegde netwerken samen, waardoor het moderne Internet ontstond.

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Making lives easier, safer and better. Our Strategy outlines our vision and our mission for the next 10 years and a set of goals and priorities to help us get there.

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Een verdere ontwikkeling in computernetwerken door het Franse project CYCLADES maakte het mogelijk om een computernetwerk met andere netwerken te verbinden. Dit creërde dan ook de term 'Internet', als een model die verschillende computernetwerken verbindt. Het zenden van informatie werd ook sneller, doordat een computer informatie kon doorgeven zonder die zelf te verwerken.

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8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972

In November 1971, Louis Pouzin joined the Delegation a l'Informatique, an agency of the French government responsible for coordinating all activities related to computing. He would be responsible for creating France's first computer communication network. His first official act was to travel to the United States and re-establish contacts he had made when at MIT (1962-1965), and to better understand the mysterious Arpanet. 19 Pouzin recalls:

I took a round trip to the United States to see how the Arpanet was being developed. I was introduced to the major Arpanet developers including the people at BBN, Larry Roberts, Vint Cerf, the people at SRI, and Len Kleinrock, whom I had known before. I had read the papers on Arpanet before my trip but it looked to me a little bit abstract. I couldn't really grasp the realities. After my trip to the States, I understood how they started, how they were organized, what the major tasks were in developing the system, and where the deficiencies were. They explained to me all their compromises and the unfinished things they had encountered. We started discussing how to improve that. They understood that I intended to build another network but they really didn't believe it. They had this feeling that the Arpanet, this kind of complicated system, could only be implemented in a country like the States due to money, expertise and so on. They didn't believe Europe could bring something like that up.

After returning to Paris, Pouzin began designing the computer communications network and organizing a conference of Europeans interested in networking. Most participants attending the June 1972 meeting were French. Notable exceptions were Steve Crocker of DARPA, Donald Davies of the NPL and Peter Kirstein of University College, London. Two decisions came easy. First, they agreed they needed to meet again and function much like the Network Working Group, NWG, of Arpanet. So they assumed the name of the International Network Working Group or INWG. Second, they agreed the institutional conditions of Europe were very different from those in the United States. How to work with the all-powerful Public Telephone and Telegraph companies (PTTs) and their omnipotent standards-making body, the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT), was bound to be complicated and time consuming. Most attendees believed they needed the credibility and authority of an existing organization to level the playing field. Pouzin, a member of the newly created International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) Technical Committee 6 (TC 6) on Data Communications, suggested INWG look into affiliating with IFIP, a body of computer scientists interested in international harmony and information sharing organized under the auspices of the United Nations. The INWG members authorized Pouzin to talk with Alex Curan, chairman of IFIP TC-6. They also scheduled the next meeting for November at the University of Kent, England, after the upcoming ICCC demonstration in Washington D.C.

After the meeting, Pouzin returned to his task of designing a simpler packet switching network than Arpanet. In the process, he spent time studying the NPL network and, to the extent he had access to information, the MERIT, TYMNET and INTENET networks. 20 Pouzin was certain networking would evolve differently in Europe due to the power of the PTT's: whereas the monopolistic powers of AT&T were being weakened, the monopolistic PTT's remained unchallenged. To think a distinct communications network could be superimposed on top of the PTT's networks, as Arpanet was on AT&T's, seemed simply naive.

In November 1972, just weeks after the heady experience of ICCC, the workshop at the University of Kent convened. With the Arpanet success serving as both an inspiration to those with computer communication ideas and a proof of principal to be improved upon, workshop organizers hoped to foster new collaborations. Participants from the United States, Canada, Japan and several European countries heard presentations on Arpanet, the NPL of Davies, and the network Pouzin was planning called CYCLADES. (See Exhibit 6.2 The CYCLADES Network.)

Exhibit 8.3.0 The CYCLADES Network

CYCLADES was to be a pure datagram network. CYCLADES would consist of Host computers connected to packet switches that interconnected using PTT provided telephone circuits. Software in the Host computers would create virtual circuits between Hosts on the network and partition the data to be communicated into datagrams. Hosts would then send the datagrams to their packet switches that forwarded them to the appropriate packet switches that in turn passed the datagrams to their Hosts. The packet switches and the network links were called Cigale - the Subnet in Arpanet. CYCLADES differed radically from Arpanet in that Hosts sent datagrams directly between Hosts and provided end-to-end error correction.

Pouzin used a datagram scheme knowing there was simply no way to impose error correction, or ordering of packet responsibilities, onto the PTT's. And as had been learned in Arpanet, even if the packet switches communicated error-free, there could be no guarantee that errors were not introduced by communications between the Hosts and the packet switches. Pouzin's elegant design isolated CYCLADES from the authority and complications of the PTT's.

In placing responsibility for reliable end-to-end, datagram communications in the communicating computers, and proving the architecture could work, CYCLADES would have continuing repercussions for the future of computer communications. Pouzin recalls his thinking at the time:

The inspiration for datagrams had two sources. One was Donald Davies' studies. He had done some simulation of datagram networks, although he had not built any, and it looked technically viable. The second inspiration was I like things simple. I didn't see any real technical motivation to overlay two levels of end-to-end protocols. I thought one was enough.

Pouzin hoped to have CYCLADES working by the end of 1973. By then his would not be the only important network project in Europe. In 1971, the COST 11 Project 21 was a multi-nation European initiated research network and a virtual copy of CYCLADES. 22 In 1973, COST 11 was renamed the European Informatics Network (EIN) and Derek Barber of NPL became the project director. Closely associated with both CYCLADES and EIN were the leading computer companies of Europe, including Olivetti, ICL, Siemens and CII (Compagnie Internationale pour l'Informatique); firms that recognized if they did not provide an alternative to the PTT's data communication products, they risked abdicating much of their communications futures. These computer manufacturers composed the core of the European Computer Manufacturers' Association (ECMA), an organization coordinating mutually advantageous industrial policies.

Not every researcher thought as Pouzin did however. One of his countrymen, Remy Despres, managed the experimental packet switched network of the French PTT called Reseau a Commutation par Paquets (RCP). Announced in November 1973, RCP was based on the PTTs providing virtual circuits and not just communication links. RCP was to serve as a test bed for the public packet network the French PTT's was planning named TRANSPAC. Despres would find allies the following year in Roberts and Wessler of Telenet who had concluded that Telenet's packet switching products had to be based on virtual circuits if they hoped to land PTTs as customers. The PTTs could charge more for the reliable transmission of information - that is by providing virtual circuit networks - than simply the provisioning of links.

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CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972 | History of Computer Communications

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8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972 In November 1971, Louis Pouzin joined the Delegation a l'Informatique, an agency of the French government responsible for coordinating all activities related to computing. He would be responsible for creating France's first computer communication network.

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DARPA ontwikkelt het ARPANET, een computernetwerk dat kennisoverdracht en verspreiding efficiënter moet maken. Het was een belangrijke stap naar het wijd verspreide Internet.

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'Defense Advanced Research Project Agency' is een Amerikaans instituut voor technologische ontwikkeling. Het onderzoek was voornamelijk voor militaire doeleinden, maar de technologie die door DARPA ontwikkeld werd zal een grote impact hebben op de ontwikkeling van computernetwerken, en uiteindelijk, het Internet. Het instituut werd opgericht door toenmalig president van de VS Dwight D. Eisenhower.

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Eisenhower Speech, Science and National Security,11/7/1957

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1957: Ontwikkeling Concept Time-Sharing 

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1957: Ontwikkeling Concept Time-Sharing 

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Een concept wordt ontwikkeld waarbij het verwerkingsvermogen van een computer kan gedeeld worden met meerdere gebruikers. Hoewel anderen dit concept al beschreven, werd het concept werd voor het eerst benoemd als 'time-sharing' door Bob Bemer, een Amerikaanse informaticus.