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From the moment your plane touches down at Haneda or Narita airport, you’ll find that Japan has gone to great lengths to make its airports and public transportation easy to use by everyone. One of the most widespread examples of barrier-free design in Japan is tactile paving, known as tenji burokku. It is widely used in public areas to help the blind and visually impaired navigate more easily. The bright yellow tiles have raised ridges indicating walking paths and dots warning of steps or other obstacles. Tactile paving was the creation of Japanese inventor Miyake Seiichi, who funded the first tactile paving himself to help a friend who had lost his sight. First used in 1967 in Okayama Prefecture, tactile paving is now common around the world.

Today, around 80 to 90 percent of Tokyo’s trains, subways, and stations are wheelchair-accessible and feature accessible toilets as well as tactile paving and Japanese braille to assist those with visual impairments.

Older stations may use a combination of wheelchair lifts, wheelchair-accessible escalators, and elevators. If you encounter a wheelchair lift at street level, use the small interphone box to contact station staff to operate.

Tokyo is also making efforts to increase the number of barrier-free taxis and buses: companies like Toyota’s JPNTaxi, Nihon Kotsu and Wilgo can accommodate manual and power wheelchairs with advance reservations. City buses are also wheelchair-accessible (the driver will put down a ramp) and have dedicated wheelchair spaces with tiedowns. Let the driver know which stop you want to disembark at when you board.

https://www.japan.travel/en/tokyo2020/barrier-free-for-everyone/

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Japan is one of the world's most advanced societies. So much so that travelling in Japan is mainly by train and is "Steadily shifting away from private transportation", according to the country's recent mobility reports.

The most popular form of transportation is rail transport, as shown in the following section. This form of transport includes the subway and trams (urban), mid- (peri-urban) and long-distance (interurban) trains. But this has not always been the case.

As shown in the Mobilität für Menschen (Mobility for People) graph below, reflecting the variations in Japan's major forms of transport for commuting as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, public transport is still the most used method of transport. Although the cities also have buses, the public method of transport of choice is the railway system, particularly in Tokyo, Kyoto, Hiroshima or Sapporo.

Tokyo's railway system carries around 14 billion passengers each year and it is a key part of this great city's transport network. In fact, of the world's 20 busiest stations (all Japanese stations) 11 are in Japan. Shinjuku, Shibuya, Ikebukuro, Kita-Senju, Tokyo, Shinagawa, Takadanobaba, Shinbashi, Akihabara, Yurakucho-Hibiya and Meguro.

As in other cities of the world, Tokyo not only has a mid- and long-distance rail system, but also a subway system. Made up of 13 lines and 243 stations, the Tokyo Metro is famous for the vast amount of information it offers users to improve their journey.

For example, to prevent travelers from having to wander through the station or getting lost looking for exits, at each metro stop a diagram shows the most convenient coach based on the relevant station and the exit that passengers need to take. This enables passengers to reach their destination, and reduces the flow of people in the station.

Furthermore, to help people board the right coach, all the Tokyo stations include floor signage indicating where users should be, depending on their destination. Of course, this includes leaving the aisle free for people to get off the train without issues.

The managers of this acclaimed subway network are so careful with every detail that instead of the traditional whistles heard in other parts of the world indicating that the doors are closing, in Tokyo they have been replaced by a melody: a different one for each station.

https://tomorrow.city/a/tokyo-public-transportation-management

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Tokyo adopted an innovative approach of an integrated development of both railway and real estate:

Model A: Development synchronised with railway infrastructure construction

Model B: Integrated hub-station complex development

Tokyo’s integrated development approach creates high value real estate around stations and along the lines, as well as community areas well served with amenities at many station nodes. Facilities are not just commercial in nature, but also educational and cultural ones.

Profits earned through the real estate component of railway companies are put back to the railway component, thus benefiting the people with low cost ridership.

Mutual operation with various railway companies has been promoted in recent years, allowing for travels to final destinations without the need to change trains.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has formulated a standard set of information signs among various railway companies, benefiting both the locals and foreigners alike.

The development of an extensive public transport network such as railway can benefit an aging society such as Tokyo. The elderly can still move around freely despite being unable to drive cars on their own.

By planning and developing barrier-free transport infrastructure ahead, cities can also help to pre-empt the renovation costs in later stages to add these features as the population ages.

https://www.leekuanyewworldcityprize.gov.sg/resources/case-studies/tokyo-rail-network/

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Public buses in Greater Tokyo usually serve a secondary role, feeding bus passengers to and from train stations. Exceptions are long-distance bus services, buses in areas poorly served by rail (not many exist), and airport bus services for people with luggage. Taxis also serve a similar role to buses, supplementing the rail system, especially after midnight when most rail lines cease to operate. People moving around the city on business often choose taxis for convenience, as do people setting out in small groups.

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Quality of transport infrastructure found in the city

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Quality of transport infrastructure found in the city

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- to prevent travelers from having to wander through the station or getting lost looking for exits, at each metro stop a diagram shows the most convenient coach based on the relevant station and the exit that passengers need to take. This enables passengers to reach their destination, and reduces the flow of people in the station.
- help people board the right coach, all the Tokyo stations include floor signage indicating where users should be, depending on their destination. Of course, this includes leaving the aisle free for people to get off the train without issues.
- 13 train lines
- Tokyu has purchased enough renewable energy certificates to power all of its lines and stations throughout the Tokyo metropolitan area
- https://www.railway-technology.com/features/tokyu-railways-goes-full-steam-ahead-on-its-sustainability-journey/#catfish
- https://tomorrow.city/a/tokyo-public-transportation-management

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The transport network in Tokyo includes public and private rail and highway networks; airports for international, domestic, and general aviation; buses; motorcycle delivery services, walking, bicycling, and commercial shipping. While the nexus is in the central part of Tokyo, every part of  Tokyo has rail or road transport services.

Wiki

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- There is a total of 36 lines run by JR East in the Tokyo area, connecting the various areas of the city, the suburban areas, and the cities in the neighbouring prefectures.
- the bus system can be useful for making those trips that the subway doesn’t handle well
- The transit system in Tokyo, Japan has a unique feature of three transit networks that are integrated together but run by different operators: (1) subway lines mainly serve central area of work and play; (2) private railway lines mostly serve suburban area of residence; (3) Japan Railway (JR) lines function as regional transport corridors in both central and suburban area.

Link
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920920307057
- https://matcha-jp.com/en/4409
https://tokyocheapo.com/travel/#:~:text=Public%20transport,where%20you%20need%20to%20go.

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- Buses are mainly used in areas that are poorly served by trains or subways, for long distance services, and for airport to city transfers.
- Trains and subways are the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo.
- Taxi mainly used by businessmen, when buses are inconvenient, or when people travel in groups.
- Rental cars are easily available for visitors.
- Bicycles are used by a lot of locals in Tokyo, so much so that everyone is used to the presence of people on bikes.

Link
- https://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi2x8qurqyAAxU54jgGHTuiBncQFnoECBAQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fvision-zero-cities-journal%2Fthe-unique-safety-of-cycling-in-tokyo-b3b8eded727e%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNearly%2520all%2520arterial%2520streets%2520are%2Cpresence%2520of%2520people%2520on%2520bikes.&usg=AOvVaw2XQK6_QbwWJYfYprMQiZiM&opi=89978449
- https://tokyo-tokyo.com/tokyo_transportation.htm#:~:text=Tokyo%20has%20one%20of%20the,most%20convenient%20way%20to%20travel.