# data[].attributes.body
The first breach is the impact of negligence on the plaintiff. The first possible impact of harm suffered by the plaintiff could be loss of life. An example of loss of life is an employer may fail to maintain machinery in good working order, causing a fatal accident. Second impact could be permanent physical incapacity, this could require the use of personal carers for the remainder of the person’s life. Another impact could be serious physical injury, which could require treatment such as surgery and physiotherapy. Another impact could be emotional impact of the breach, this could manifest as fear of certain places or engaging in social situations. Another impact could be loss of wages and livelihood, this could be a consequence of requiring surgery or treatment. Another impact could be unemployment, this could be a consequence of physical injury or mental health issues. Another impact could be effect on mental health, this could include conditions such as depression or anxiety.

# data[].attributes.body
Statute law - developed by Parliament
-> The Australian Consumer Law (2011) addresses the duty of care producers have for consumers (eg. organisers of events for attendees).
-> The Evidence Act (1995) has codified the balance of probabilities, on which the standard of proof rests.
-> Part X of the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic) adresses negligence claims and was inserted in 2003.
-> Section 54 of the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic) has been developed to allow defendants to raise the defence of ‘volenti non ﬁt injuria’ (assumption of risk).

Common law - developed by the courts
-> Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) the British case which became established as precedent in Victorian courts after the Grant v Australian Knitting Mills case in 1935
-> The Neighbour Principle relates to the defendant's right to act in protecting another person even if it infringes someone's civil rights.

# data[].attributes.body
- assumption of risk - defence must prove that plaintiff was aware of an obvious risk
- contributory negligence - defence must prove plaintiff was partly to blame for the harm they received
- required elements weren't applicable

# data[].attributes.body
- The Limitation of Actions Act 1958 (Vic) sets out the limitation periods for negligence claims
- A limitation period is the time period within which a civil claim must be made
- These periods range from three years up to 12 years from the date of the act or omission that resulted in personal injury or death -> In some circumstances, a court can extend a limitation period

# data[].attributes.body
- duty of care
- breach of duty of care
- causation (breach caused harm to plaintiff)
- injury, loss or damage

# data[].attributes.body
defendent !

According to all known laws
of aviation,


there is no way a bee
should be able to fly.


Its wings are too small to get
its fat little body off the ground.


The bee, of course, flies anyway


because bees don't care
what humans think is impossible.


Yellow, black. Yellow, black.
Yellow, black. Yellow, black.


Ooh, black and yellow!
Let's shake it up a little.


Barry! Breakfast is ready!


Ooming!


Hang on a second.


Hello?


- Barry?
- Adam?


- Oan you believe this is happening?
- I can't. I'll pick you up.


Looking sharp.


Use the stairs. Your father
paid good money for those.


Sorry. I'm excited.


Here's the graduate.
We're very proud of you, son.


A perfect report card, all B's.


Very proud.


Ma! I got a thing going here.


- You got lint on your fuzz.
- Ow! That's me!


- Wave to us! We'll be in row 118,000.
- Bye!


Barry, I told you,
stop flying in the house!


- Hey, Adam.
- Hey, Barry.


- Is that fuzz gel?
- A little. Special day, graduation.


Never thought I'd make it.


Three days grade school,
three days high school.


Those were awkward.


Three days college. I'm glad I took
a day and hitchhiked around the hive.


You did come back different.


- Hi, Barry.
- Artie, growing a mustache? Looks good.


- Hear about Frankie?
- Yeah.


- You going to the funeral?
- No, I'm not going.


Everybody knows,
sting someone, you die.


Don't waste it on a squirrel.
Such a hothead.


I guess he could have
just gotten out of the way.


I love this incorporating
an amusement park into our day.


That's why we don't need vacations.


Boy, quite a bit of pomp...
under the circumstances.


- Well, Adam, today we are men.
- We are!


- Bee-men.
- Amen!


Hallelujah!


Students, faculty, distinguished bees,


please welcome Dean Buzzwell.


Welcome, New Hive Oity
graduating class of...


...9:15.


That concludes our ceremonies.


And begins your career
at Honex Industries!


Will we pick ourjob today?


I heard it's just orientation.


Heads up! Here we go.


Keep your hands and antennas
inside the tram at all times.


- Wonder what it'll be like?
- A little scary.


Welcome to Honex,
a division of Honesco


and a part of the Hexagon Group.


This is it!


Wow.


Wow.


We know that you, as a bee,
have worked your whole life


to get to the point where you
can work for your whole life.


Honey begins when our valiant Pollen
Jocks bring the nectar to the hive.


Our top-secret formula


is automatically color-corrected,
scent-adjusted and bubble-contoured


into this soothing sweet syrup


with its distinctive
golden glow you know as...


Honey!


- That girl was hot.
- She's my cousin!


- She is?
- Yes, we're all cousins.


- Right. You're right.
- At Honex, we constantly strive


to improve every aspect
of bee existence.


These bees are stress-testing
a new helmet technology.


- What do you think he makes?
- Not enough.


Here we have our latest advancement,
the Krelman.


- What does that do?
- Oatches that little strand of honey


that hangs after you pour it.
Saves us millions.


Oan anyone work on the Krelman?


Of course. Most bee jobs are
small ones. But bees know


that every small job,
if it's done well, means a lot.


But choose carefully


because you'll stay in the job
you pick for the rest of your life.


The same job the rest of your life?
I didn't know that.


What's the difference?


You'll be happy to know that bees,
as a species, haven't had one day off


in 27 million years.


So you'll just work us to death?


We'll sure try.


Wow! That blew my mind!


"What's the difference?"
How can you say that?


One job forever?
That's an insane choice to have to make.


I'm relieved. Now we only have
to make one decision in life.


But, Adam, how could they
never have told us that?


Why would you question anything?
We're bees.


We're the most perfectly
functioning society on Earth.


You ever think maybe things
work a little too well here?


Like what? Give me one example.


I don't know. But you know
what I'm talking about.


Please clear the gate.
Royal Nectar Force on approach.


Wait a second. Oheck it out.


- Hey, those are Pollen Jocks!
- Wow.


I've never seen them this close.


They know what it's like
outside the hive.


Yeah, but some don't come back.


- Hey, Jocks!
- Hi, Jocks!


You guys did great!


You're monsters!
You're sky freaks! I love it! I love it!


- I wonder where they were.
- I don't know.


Their day's not planned.


Outside the hive, flying who knows
where, doing who knows what.


You can'tjust decide to be a Pollen
Jock. You have to be bred for that.


Right.


Look. That's more pollen
than you and I will see in a lifetime.


It's just a status symbol.
Bees make too much of it.


Perhaps. Unless you're wearing it
and the ladies see you wearing it.


Those ladies?
Aren't they our cousins too?


Distant. Distant.


Look at these two.


- Oouple of Hive Harrys.
- Let's have fun with them.


It must be dangerous
being a Pollen Jock.


Yeah. Once a bear pinned me
against a mushroom!


He had a paw on my throat,
and with the other, he was slapping me!


- Oh, my!
- I never thought I'd knock him out.


What were you doing during this?


Trying to alert the authorities.


I can autograph that.


A little gusty out there today,
wasn't it, comrades?


Yeah. Gusty.


We're hitting a sunflower patch
six miles from here tomorrow.


- Six miles, huh?
- Barry!


A puddle jump for us,
but maybe you're not up for it.


- Maybe I am.
- You are not!


We're going 0900 at J-Gate.


What do you think, buzzy-boy?
Are you bee enough?


I might be. It all depends
on what 0900 means.


Hey, Honex!


Dad, you surprised me.


You decide what you're interested in?


- Well, there's a lot of choices.
- But you only get one.


Do you ever get bored
doing the same job every day?


Son, let me tell you about stirring.


You grab that stick, and you just
move it around, and you stir it around.


You get yourself into a rhythm.
It's a beautiful thing.


You know, Dad,
the more I think about it,


maybe the honey field
just isn't right for me.


You were thinking of what,
making balloon animals?


That's a bad job
for a guy with a stinger.


Janet, your son's not sure
he wants to go into honey!


- Barry, you are so funny sometimes.
- I'm not trying to be funny.


You're not funny! You're going
into honey. Our son, the stirrer!


- You're gonna be a stirrer?
- No one's listening to me!


Wait till you see the sticks I have.


I could say anything right now.
I'm gonna get an ant tattoo!


Let's open some honey and celebrate!


Maybe I'll pierce my thorax.
Shave my antennae.


Shack up with a grasshopper. Get
a gold tooth and call everybody "dawg"!


I'm so proud.


- We're starting work today!
- Today's the day.


Oome on! All the good jobs
will be gone.


Yeah, right.


Pollen counting, stunt bee, pouring,
stirrer, front desk, hair removal...


- Is it still available?
- Hang on. Two left!


One of them's yours! Oongratulations!
Step to the side.


- What'd you get?
- Picking crud out. Stellar!


Wow!


Oouple of newbies?


Yes, sir! Our first day! We are ready!


Make your choice.


- You want to go first?
- No, you go.


Oh, my. What's available?


Restroom attendant's open,
not for the reason you think.


- Any chance of getting the Krelman?
- Sure, you're on.


I'm sorry, the Krelman just closed out.


Wax monkey's always open.


The Krelman opened up again.


What happened?


A bee died. Makes an opening. See?
He's dead. Another dead one.


Deady. Deadified. Two more dead.


Dead from the neck up.

# data[].attributes.body
The possible plaintiﬀs in a civil dispute include:
• the aggrieved party (i.e. the person who has suﬀered the loss)
• other victims (i.e. victims other than the aggrieved party)
• insurers.

Aggrieved party
The aggrieved party is the person whose rights have been infringed and who has suﬀered loss. For
example, in a contract claim, the plaintiﬀ is likely to be one of the parties to the contract who suﬀered
loss because of a breach of contract. In a negligence claim, the plaintiﬀ is the person to whom the
defendant owed a duty of care, and who has suﬀered injuries as a direct result of the defendant
breaching that duty.
It is possible for a civil action to include more than one aggrieved person. For example, in a nuisance
claim, there might be two people whose use and enjoyment of their property might be infringed
A representative proceeding – also known as a ‘class action’ or ‘group proceeding’ – is a particular
type of civil proceeding, where seven or more people have claims against the same party.
The people who have the claims join
together to form a ‘class’ and issue a proceeding against the party against whom they have a claim.
One of the members of the class, known as the lead plaintiﬀ, represents the group in the proceeding.

Other victims
A plaintiﬀ can be a person who has indirectly
suﬀered loss or damage as a result of the
actions of another party. For example:
• a person may suﬀer loss and damage as a
result of the death of a family member, and
may sue another person who they allege
has caused that person’s death
• a person who was close to an event may
suﬀer loss and damage as a result. For
example, a person who has seen people
badly burnt by an electric explosion
caused by another person, and has suﬀered
nervous shock as a result, may be entitled
to seek damages for loss and damage.

Insurers
Insurers are individuals or companies that enter into an insurance policy with a person. Under the insurance policy, the insurer agrees to provide insurance.
Usually, an insurance policy provides the insurer with the right of subrogation, which is the right to
‘step into the shoes’ of the insured. That means that if the insured has suﬀered loss or damage caused by
another, and the insurer has made a payment to the insured under the insurance policy, then the insurer
may be entitled to recover what it has paid against the person who caused the loss.

# data[].attributes.body
- Protects an individuals right to be safe from harm, harm to the person and harm to their property.
- Examples of where it is relevant include; food businesses
and managing people.
- Protects people from wrongful conduct by others, particularly where a person acts recklessly or with complete disregard for another person.
- Allows parties to seek compensation against those people who have acted contrary to those laws.

# data[].attributes.headline
Possible plaintiffs and defendants to a civil dispute (Page 212)

# data[].attributes.subject
Possible plaintiffs and defendants to a civil dispute (Page 212)

# data[].attributes.body
- Achieve Social Cohesion
-Protect the rights of individuals
-Provide an avenue for people to seek compensation where a breach of civil law has occurred
-Provide a means to seek compensation

# data[].attributes.body
- is the responsibility of proving the facts of the case
- one party in every case has this responsibility
- civil case = plaintiffs responsibility
- Placing the burden of proof on the plaintiﬀ follows the idea that it is only fair if someone blames another person for something they must prove it

# data[].attributes.body
- for all civil claims, there is a time period within which a wronged party can sue.
- once the time period has passed, the defendant can use the defence that the plaintiff is too late to obtain remedy.
- A time limit within which a person may initiate a claim is imposed so that disputes can be resolved efficiently.
- A delay in issuing a claim can also risk the reliability of the evidence.
- each state in Australia has its own statute that sets out the time period within which a civil claim can be commenced.
1) breach of Contract -> 6 years
2) Under tort law -> 6 years
3) Personal Injury -> 3 years
4) Defamation -> 1 year
5) An action to recover areas of rent -> 6 years

# data[].attributes.body
-Negligence
-Defamation
-Trespass
-Nuisance Laws
-Wills & Inheritance Laws
-Contract Laws
-Family Law
-Employment Law
-Equal Opportunity & Discrimination Laws

# data[].attributes.body
- A type of harm or damage suffered by a person, and can involve both economic and non-economic loss
- As a general rule, a plaintiff can only obtain a legal remedy, such as damages, if it can be proved that they have suffered loss or harm.
- The 5 general types of loss include: economic or financial, property damage, personal injury, pain and suffering, loss of amenity

# data[].attributes.body
the direct relationship between one event (i.e. Event 1) and another event (i.e. Event 2). where Event 1 was the reason Event 2 happened, and Event 2 would not have happened by itself, without Event
- the plaintiff needs to prove that the defendant's actions caused or resulted in the harm suffered by the plaintiff
- there needs to be a casual link between the actions/inactions of the defendant and the harm that the plaintiff suffered

# data[].attributes.body
- breaking or failing to fulfil a duty or obligation
- plaintiff needs to prove their has been a breach by the defendant
- the defendant has failed to observe a law or obligation imposed on them
- since the plaintiff has the responsiblity to prove their case, they need to establish that the defendant is in breach
- the nature of breach depends on the area of law.

# data[].attributes.headline
Key concepts of civil law, including: (Page 205)

# data[].attributes.subject
Key concepts of civil law, including: (Page 205)

# data[].attributes.headline
The purposes of and types of civil law: (Page 198)

# data[].attributes.subject
The purposes of and types of civil law: (Page 198)

# data[].attributes.body
- The degree or extent to which a case must be proven in court.
- In civil cases, the plaintiﬀ must prove the case on the balance of probabilities meaning that the plaintiﬀ must prove
that they are most likely to be in the right, and the defendant is more likely to be in the wrong.