# data[].attributes.body
While the Russian constitution guarantees the right to education for all citizens, discrimination and inequality in education still exist. Ethnic minorities in Russian schools are perceived by teachers to have lower academic skills than their Russian-majority counterparts.

# data[].attributes.body
The Russian education system underwent significant reforms in 2010, with the aim of improving the quality of education and modernizing the curriculum. It dramatically changed the relationship between students and teachers.

# data[].attributes.body
Literacy is stressed in Russian society. More than 99% of Russian citizens over 10 are literate.

# data[].attributes.body
Under Soviet rule, education was highly centralized, with the state controlling curriculum, textbooks, and teacher training. The emphasis was on science, mathematics, and technology, as well as Marxist-Leninist ideology. The Soviet education system was divided into three levels: primary, secondary, and higher education.

# data[].attributes.body
Russian population has stagnated since the end of the Cold War.

# data[].attributes.body
Russian art was heavily influenced by the Byzantine Empire, which had a significant impact on the development of early Russian culture. The Byzantines introduced Eastern Orthodox Christianity to Russia, which had a profound effect on Russian art and architecture.

# data[].attributes.body
Over 800 years old, the Kremlin is a historic fortress made up of cathedrals, museums, and government buildings. The Kremlin is culturally significant and has been the home of Russian power for centuries.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Call to undefined function mysql_close() in /var/www/vhosts/townsofusa.com/httpdocs/index.php:191 Stack trace: #0 {main} thrown in/var/www/vhosts/townsofusa.com/httpdocs/index.php on line 191

# data[].attributes.body
Despite pressure from Soviet authorities, Russians increasingly adopted Western music styles such as rock and disco. Today, Russian music is a diverse and vibrant scene that draws from a wide range of styles and genres including EDM, heavy metal, and hip-hop

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Various – Soviet Disco :Disco Electro Funk & More From Behind The Iron Curtain 1979-1990 Music Album

# data[].attributes.body
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was a Russian composer who created some of the most recognizable and popular works in classical music. Born in 1840, Tchaikovsky wrote works such as The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, and the 1812 Overture.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
that's why tchaikovsky is the best composer | a playlist

# data[].attributes.body
Wealthy Russian families employ nannies from Britain to educate their young children. Nannies make a good wage however, work long hours for eccentric bosses.

# data[].attributes.body
Students with disabilities do not have a lot of options. Principals can deny student enrollment. Students may not have proper supplies in general education classrooms. Some students on the spectrum are only given crafts rather than develop job skills.

# data[].attributes.body
Higher education is covered by the government and students still must maintain adequate grades in order to receive aid.

# data[].attributes.body
Students attend schools starting around age six. The year goes from September to May with several breaks in-between.

# data[].attributes.body
The father of the modern Russian language is said to be Alexander Pushkin.

# data[].attributes.headline
Languages: What's the Most Common in Russia?

# data[].attributes.subject
Languages: What's the Most Common in Russia?

# data[].attributes.body
The three most common languages spoken in Russia are Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian.

# data[].attributes.body
The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic and is loosely based on the Greek alphabet.

# data[].attributes.body
Russia has one of the highest divorce rates in the world with 5 divorces per 1000 marriages.

# data[].attributes.headline
Practices: Life as a Woman in Post-Communist Russia

# data[].attributes.subject
Practices: Life as a Woman in Post-Communist Russia

# data[].attributes.body
Women were forced to give up their jobs for men after the fall of communism. Women who remained made approx. 40% of their male counterparts wages. Women were seen as unsuitable to hold office. Many women prostitute themselves in hopes of landing a wealthy husband.

# data[].attributes.body
Bride and Groom are adorned with gold crowns and share a sip of wine. This symbolizes their shared life.

# data[].attributes.body
Part of the Orthodox religion are the Seven Sacraments. Baptism is full-immersion and the child is confirmed with a Saint's name. Infants receive Communion (wine and bread).

# data[].attributes.body
Northern Russian residents eat a great deal of meat. They also consume reindeer milk in various forms.

# data[].attributes.body
Kasha is a popular dish similar to gruel. It can be adorned with various toppings.

# data[].attributes.body
Shchi is a soup with cabbage, potatoes, garlic, carrots, roots and spices. It is served with sour cream and bread.

# data[].attributes.body
Pashka is a sweet cheese dessert sometimes decorated with religious symbols.

# data[].attributes.body
The most popular Orthodox holiday is Easter. Above are decorate Easter eggs that is tradition for the holiday.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The primary religion is Russia is Russian Orthodox. Pictured above is a Russian Orthodox church in Russia. 

# data[].attributes.body
Akifyeva, R., &amp; Alieva, A. (2018). The Influence of Student Ethnicity on Teacher Expectations and Teacher Perceptions of Warmth and Competence. Psychology of Russia: State of Art, 11(1), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2018.0109

Buchanan, J. (2015, September 1). Left out? Obstacles to Education for People with Disabilities in Russia. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/09/01/left-out/obstacles-education-people-disabilities-russia

Curtis, Glenn. ed. Russia: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1996.

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Moscow. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 29, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Moscow/

Haarmann. (2000). The soul of Mother Russia: Russian Symbols and Pre-Russian Cultural Identity. ReVision (Cambridge, Mass.), 23(1), 6–.

Khanolainen. (2019). Attitude of Russian teachers towards the new standards. Quality Assurance in Education, 27(3), 254–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAE-03-2018-0027

Matryoshka dolls and Palekh Boxes. Russia in Global Perspective. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://russiaglobal.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/exhibits/show/objects/prodconsump/matryoshka

Risch. (2015). Youth and rock in the Soviet bloc : youth cultures, music, and the state in Russia and Eastern Europe. Lexington Books.

Schultze, S. (2012). Culture and customs of Russia. Greenwood Press.

Solnt︠s︡ev, Whittaker, C. H., & Solnt︠s︡ev, F. G. (Fedor G. (2010). Visualizing Russia : Fedor Solntsev and crafting a national past. Brill.

TORCHINSKY, O. L. E. G. (1994). Cultures of the world: Russia (3rd ed.). MARSHALL CAVENDISH.

Vereykina, E. (2015, May 5). Russia's wealthiest families still pay top dollar for foreign nannies. The Moscow Times. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/05/05/russias-wealthiest-families-still-pay-top-dollar-for-foreign-nannies-a46335

Wiley. (2009). Tchaikovsky. Oxford University Press.