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About me

The Address of Park Grove New Township by Prestige Construction is Chikkanahalli Road, Whitefield, near Station Rd, East Bengaluru, Karnataka Pincode - 560067.The IT boom in the country foreran the growth of Whitefield, which belongs to Urban Bangalore. A quiet zone on the outskirts of Bangalore turned into a vital suburb in the late 90s. The structure of the International Tech Park began this locality's makeover. Large MNCs like Wipro, TCS, and SAP moved to Whitefield. This shift brought in a massive influx of new residents. The distance to the proposed Metro is just 3.1 km, and ITPL main road is just 5.1 km from the project location.

All major real estate firms have established their projects in the area. Several new projects are lined up for launch. The area's physical structure is evolving with many new development works. Social infrastructure is also rising, with good hospitals, schools, and malls in the area.

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https://www.prestigesparkgrove.in/ Prestige Park Grove is in the lovely Whitefield neighborhood of the east zone. It is a project that is spread across a vast. It is a green and beautiful area of 80 acres. The enclave has spacious one, two, and three-bedroom apartments in it. It is located on beautiful grounds and has some of the finest homes in the city.

There are apartments of a lot of sizes. https://independent.academia.edu/prestigeconstructions2023/Papers

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https://www.prestigesparkgrove.in/ Prestige Park Grove is in the lovely Whitefield neighborhood of the east zone. It is a project that is spread across a vast. It is a green and beautiful area of 80 ...

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Prestige Park Grove is a futuristic pre-launch residential project in Whitefield, East Bangalore. The Township project by Prestige Group is on 78 acres of prime land. The layout offers 1,2 & 3 BHK luxury Apartments. It also hosts 3 & 4 BHK premium Villas. This Prestige launch is a key to fine living.

The project is a symbol of comfort and luxury. Thanks to diligent drafts and plans. Homes are ample and well-lit. The sizes scale between 600 - 1800 sq. ft. in area. The Vaastu concepts ensure good vibes and aura.

A Grove means a mini woodland with a cluster of small trees. Park Grove lives up to this name by imbibing the nature theme to feature orchards, parks, and groves filled with local trees and shrubs. Parks and gardens are essential parts of the design. The open areas are curated with lush terrains and quads. The project is awaiting approval from RERA Board and is expected to launch in June 2023

Whitefield is a popular locale in East Bangalore. Top IT firms and Tech Parks besets Park Grove. The project prevails near top schools and hospitals.

Whitefield is the IT helm of the city. The area hosts nifty housing projects. The upcoming Purple metro link is a commute booster.

Prestige Group is a reliable real estate brand. It operates in the top cities of India. The firm ensures superior quality at the best prices.
Address: https://www.prestigesparkgrove.in/location-map.html

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The latest Gabs from prestigeconstructions (@prestigeconstructions). https://www.prestigesparkgrove.in/price.html Prestige Park Grove is a futuristic pre-launch residential project in Whitefield, East Bangalore. The Township project by Prestige Group is on 78 acres of prime land. The layout offers 1,2 & 3 BHK luxury Apartments. It also hosts 3 & 4 BHK premium Villas.

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prestige park uses Letterboxd to share film reviews and lists. Bio: Prestige Park Grove A New Pre Launch Project By Prestige Group; Location:Whitefield, East, Bangalore.For More Details on Price, Offers & Discounts Contact Us. https://www.sbnation.com/users/parkgrovebangalore

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Prestige Park Grove Prices start at approximately 60 Lakhs to 90 Lakhs for 1 BHK to 3 BHK excluding other charges, and 2.2 Crores for luxury villas in a gated community. This project is the latest luxury housing launched by the Prestige Group. Whitefield is high on the list of real estate destinations in the city. This area has changed its character over the past few years. The locality has gone from a laidback suburb to a modern locality. The change in Whitefield began with the development of the International Tech Park, Bangalore. The development of many other work hubs soon followed this tech park. There are many large corporate offices in the area today. These include TCS, Wipro, SAP, and Mindtree. The area is one of the major employment hubs of Bangalore currently. The locality is developing fast. The area is now seeing a massive influx of new residents. The population of the area is growing. These new residents have led to a growing demand for housing in the area. Today's homebuyer is spoilt for choice regarding homes in Whitefield. Prestige Park Grove apartment price is budget friendly and gives you high returns in the future, and it is an elite project of apartments in this prime city area. This enclave is splendidly planned and developed. The project is well suited to the tastes of the modern urban resident. The Prestige Park Grove project has been designed to enhance the lives of the residents. https://sites.google.com/view/prestigegroup2023/home https://www.instagram.com/prestigeconstructions2023/ https://trello.com/u/prestigeconstructions2023/activity https://www.imdb.com/user/ur167059038/ https://dribbble.com/prestigedeveloper https://disqus.com/by/prestigeconstructions2023/about/ https://codepen.io/prestige-constructions-2023 https://ko-fi.com/prestigeconstructions2023 https://www.indiegogo.com/individuals/34325459 https://onlyfans.com/u343000185 https://seekingalpha.com/user/58974740/profile https://www.credly.com/users/prestige-constructions-2023/badges https://my.archdaily.com/us/@prestige-constructions-2023 https://camp-fire.jp/profile/prestigeconstructions2023 https://www.gamespot.com/profile/prestige2023/

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Prestige Park Grove

The Prestige Park Grove Township specifications are inclusive of quality structures and fittings. It includes an RCC structure, vitrified flooring, wooden main doors, and suitable electrical and plumbing fittings. The net size of the site is 72 acres and hosts 3600 plus apartments and 82 villas. The flats are sized as 1, 2, 3, & 4 BHK units priced between INR 50 L - 3.5 Cr.

Live in an address of affluence that ensures the best lifestyle for you and your family. The project opens doors for bright homes filled with daylight and fresh air. Life here is bountiful with the richness of nature amenities all around.

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The Address of Park Grove New Township by Prestige Construction is Chikkanahalli Road, Whitefield, near Station Rd, East Bengaluru, Karnataka Pincode - 56006...

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Prestige Park Grove is a futuristic pre-launch residential project in Whitefield, East Bangalore. The Township project by Prestige Group is on 78 acres

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Prestige Park Grove is a futuristic pre-launch residential project in Whitefield, East Bangalore. The Township project by Prestige Group is on 78 acres

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View prestige constructions 2023's verified achievements on Credly. Prestige Park Grove Master Plan layout is set and designed on 78 acres Township at Kadugodi Whitefield. It offers luxury Villas and Apartments with 85% open space that meets customers' demand. The projects represent PETAL OF LIFE with a unique design and architecture in East Bangalore.

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Chikkanahalli Road, Whitefield near Station Rd, East Bengaluru, Karnataka Pin Code: 560067

The Address of Park Grove New Township by Prestige Construction is Chikkanahalli Road, Whitefield, near Station Rd, East Bengaluru, Karnataka Pincode - 560067.The IT boom in the country foreran the growth of Whitefield, which belongs to Urban Bangalore. A quiet zone on the outskirts of Bangalore turned into a vital suburb in the late 90s. The structure of the International Tech Park began this locality's makeover.https://ko-fi.com/prestigeconstructions2023

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Prestige Park Grove is a futuristic pre-launch residential project in Whitefield, East Bangalore.

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prestige constructions 2023 | Prestige Park Grove Amenities are various community, leisure, and sports niceties offered to the residents of this splendid community. The project offers more than 80 indoor & outdoor luxuries. The Amenities in a project play a significant role in setting up the right ambiance.

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Prestige Park Grove is in the lovely Whitefield neighborhood of the east zone. It is a project that is spread across a vast. It is a green and beautiful area of 80 acres. The enclave has spacious one, two, and three-bedroom apartments in it. It is located on beautiful grounds and has some of the finest homes in the city.

There are apartments of a lot of sizes. The Prestige Park Grove contact team will be happy to share with you the details of the project's many homes. They will also share details of the layout of the homes. You can decide on the home that suits you and your family. The project's facilities will also be described to you.

The Prestige Park Grove contact staff can arrange for a free tour of the site for you. You are welcome to come by and watch the project grow and progress. The site tour will show you all the details of the project, its design, and its grounds. You can see the physical manifestation of the home of your dreams here.

If you are looking for a luxurious home in the city, the enclave is worth thinking of. It has stunning design and amenities and is in a prime location. It is an exceptional project. It has the finest homes in the east of the city. Please get in touch with the Prestige Park Grove contact team to learn more.

The builder's headquarters are on Brunton Road in the city. You can learn more about this excellent housing project from this office. Please complete the request form that is on this site. That will make it easy for the Prestige Park Grove contact staff to get in touch with you. Our team will give you all the details you want.

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Prestige Park Grove is in the lovely Whitefield neighborhood of the east zone. It is a project that is spread across a vast. It is a green and beautiful area of 80 acres. The enclave has spacious one, two, and three-bedroom apartments in it.

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A Grove means a mini woodland with a cluster of small trees. Park Grove lives up to this name by imbibing the nature theme to feature orchards, parks, and groves…

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prestige park grove 2023 by prestigegroup

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https://www.prestigesparkgrove.in/builders-in-bangalore.html
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Why We Need to Invest in Prestige Projects
The Prestige Group was established in 1986. This builder is one of the top builders in Bangalore. Here is why we need to invest in Prestige projects:

The company has gained vast amounts of experience and knowledge.
The builder has constructed flawless construction projects over the past thirty years. This group is well known for the development of exemplary projects.
The Prestige Group is one of the top builders in India.
The builder places great emphasis on innovation.
The company has developed many landmark projects across India. These classic projects have changed the skyline of several cities.
The group has won many awards. The Prestige Group is the only builder from Bangalore to have won the FIABCI Award.
When you buy a Prestige property, you get the highest quality. These are some of the best projects in the country today.
There are over 200 Prestige projects in Bangalore alone.
The group has also developed many different construction projects. These include malls, townships, and tech parks. There are also SEZs and villa developments.
The builder uses the highest quality materials in every project. The most modern techniques are also employed.
Prestige homes are well-designed and spacious. This group is known for its luxurious projects.
There are many exclusive services provided at the projects.
Prestige projects are calm and peaceful spaces. These are perfect getaways from noisy city life.
Prestige properties in Bangalore have the most modern and luxurious homes. Homebuyers can be sure their money is spent on the best home in the city. These properties are always in demand in the housing market. There is excellent resale and rental value.
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Padlet (formerly Wallwisher) is an educational technology startup company based in San Francisco, California and Singapore. Padlet provides a cloud-based software-as-a-service, hosting a real-time collaborative web platform in which users can upload, organize, and share content to virtual bulletin boards called "padlets".

Originally named Wallwisher, the company was started in 2008 by Nitesh Goel and Pranav Piyush, two friends from India, and was incorporated in 2012 with funding from the startup accelerator Start-Up Chile. In 2013, Padlet was additionally backed by accelerators Y Combinator and ImagineK12. As of November 2020, the company has raised over $13 million across three Series A rounds of funding.

In 2018, the company drew criticism for its abrupt switch from a free service to a paid pricing model.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Padlet saw an increase in users, attributed to its use by educators and students following a rise in remote learning worldwide. In 2021, the platform adopted stronger content moderation practices in response to multiple cases of offensive content - including racist, anti-semitic, and pornographic material - being published on student Padlet accounts.

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Padlet (formerly Wallwisher) is an educational technology startup company based in San Francisco, California and Singapore. Padlet provides a cloud-based software-as-a-service, hosting a real-time collaborative web platform in which users can upload, organize, and share content to virtual bulletin boards called "padlets".

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Prestige Park Grove Price is a new pre-launch residential project in Whitefield. The project's area is 80 acres. The project offers 1,2 & 3 BHK luxury Apartments. It also offers 3 & 4 BHK premium Villas. This Prestige launch is a solution to fine living. The project offers comfort and luxury. Thanks to the best drafts and plans. Homes are premium and well-lit. The Vaastu concepts ensure positive vibes and atmosphere. Prestige Group is one of the entrusted names in the real estate industry regarding commitment and in-time delivery. Its upcoming projects are in Whitefield; The Prestige Park Grove launch date is expected in the second quarter of 2025. The quality of new apartments in Whitefield will be maintained, with the assurance of providing the best value for the customer's money, whether a commercial or a residential project. The latest technologies are adapted to develop safer, in-time, and reliable buildings. Lending the best buy chance to its residents. Specifications of the Prestige Park Grove Apartments in Bangalore delivered by Prestige Group are of the best standards. RCC structures with the best technologies for faster and safer delivery and vitrified ceramic tiles are used for flooring. Premium exterior paints will be used for painting the apartment walls. Security being the topmost important aspect, the security cabins at all property entrances and exits will have tight CCTV coverage, with Door Video Phone and Intercom for all the residents. Rainwater harvesting, sewage water treatment, and water recycling are some of the best measures by developers.

Conveniences are the basics of the project. Some amenities that might be provided in the project are a swimming pool, a fully equipped Club House, a multipurpose hall, beautiful gardens, a Kids' play area, a gym, a Health club, and a large spa. The Prestige Park Grove is a landmark new project by Prestige Constructions in Whitefield, East Bangalore. Prestige Park Grove will house Flats, Villas, and plots the very best in the Group's mixed development. Whitefield hosts the best projects in east Bangalore and is a rapidly growing realty hub with many tech parks. This new launch of elegant apartments in Whitefield is another landmark. Each flat has proper ventilation. Optimum space usage and utmost safety. There is a varied mix of apartments in the township. Prestige Group is one of the top names in the real estate industry. It is known for designing and delivering excellent residential and commercial projects. The Prestige Park Grove Apartments launch is one of Prestige's most esteemed products. It has many ongoing projects in Bangalore. The renowned Prestige Group developed this innovative Prestige Park Grove residential project in Whitefield, Bangalore.

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Prestige Park Grove Apartment is a residential project by the reputed Prestige Group. The upcoming project Prestige Park Grove is sprawled across a vast area of Whitefield in East Bangalore.

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An apartment ( American English), flat ( British English) or unit ( Australian English), is a self-contained housing unit (a type of residential real estate) that occupies only part of a building, generally on a single level.

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Whitefield is a neighbourhood on Bangalore's east side. The locality is famous for its IT industries. Banks, schools, hotels, markets, and dining establishments are all well-established in the area. Prestige Group has several initiatives in this area.

Prestige Park Grove

New pre-launch apartments by the Prestige Group, called Prestige Park Grove. In Whitefield, the residential community known as Prestige Park Grove is currently in the pre-launch phase of its construction. A total of 80 acres are included in the scope of the project. Prestige Park Grove Floor Plan design can accommodate opulent apartments with one, two, or all three bedrooms. In addition to that, there are deluxe villas available that have three or four bedrooms. The latest offering from Prestige fills in an important gap in the luxury lifestyle. The endeavor, in its entirety, is the very definition of coziness and luxury. Thanks to diligent drafts and plans. There is an abundance of well-lit homes available to choose from. They can be as small as 600 square feet or as large as 1800 square feet in total area. The principles of Vaastu work to endow a location with a distinctive aura and positive vibes.

Throughout the entirety of Park Grove, there are numerous footpaths and internal roads that are suitable for pedestrian use. The plan calls for a sizable amount of land dedicated to green spaces like parks and gardens. The open areas have been thoughtfully planned to incorporate lush terrains and quads into the design. In Whitefield, the residential community known as Prestige Park Grove is currently in the pre-launch phase of its construction. A total of 80 acres are included in the scope of the project. This floor plan design can accommodate opulent apartments with one, two, or all three bedrooms. In addition to that, there are deluxe villas available that have three or four bedrooms. The latest offering from Prestige fills in an important gap in the luxury lifestyle.

The endeavor, in its entirety, is the very definition of coziness and luxury. Thanks to diligent drafts and plans. There is an abundance of well-lit homes available to choose from. They can be as small as 600 square feet or as large as 1800 square feet in total area. The principles of Vaastu work to endow a location with a distinctive aura and positive vibes. Throughout the entirety of Park Grove, there are numerous footpaths and internal roads that are suitable for pedestrian use. The plan calls for a sizable amount of land dedicated to green spaces like parks and gardens. The open areas have been thoughtfully planned to incorporate lush terrains and quads into the design. The RERA Board must first give its blessing for the project to move forward.

Prestige Waterford

Another project of the Prestige company is Prestige Waterford. The Prestige Waterford project's futuristic design aims to give someone who wants a posh lifestyle a contemporary home. East of Bangalore Whitefield, at Prestige Waterford, which comprises 7 stunning towers and 689 roomy, well-built 3 and 4 BHK apartments spread across a sizable 16 acres of land, is located. Three-bedroom apartments start at Rs. 1.42 crores. This Prestige Group apartment building offers several benefits: a fantastic location, a pleasant and comfortable lifestyle, first-rate amenities, a safe environment, and high potential. On ECC Road in the heart of Whitefield in East Bangalore, an opulent pre-launch building known as Prestige Waterford is expertly built.

Prestige Lakeside Habitat

Prestige Lakeside Habitat is another posh residential enclave on Whitefield-Sarjapur Road. Sprawling across a massive 102 acres, the project showcases a total of 3,697 unique and breathtaking dwellings, out of which there are 3,426 impressive apartments in 1, 2, 3, and 4 bedroom sets and 271 imposing villas with 3 and 4 bedroom sets in an array of configurations, layouts, and prices. This grandeur overlooks the pristine Varthur Lake, the periphery encapsulates 80 acres of open landscape, and each exquisite villa has private gardens. Each of the abodes is thoughtfully planned and designed, which offers the dwellers a fine living experience. The residents enjoy the perfect bliss: world-class architecture, specs, interiors, select recreational amenities, and other facilities. The starting price of the outstanding property is INR 95 lakhs, and the property is currently sold out.

Prestige White Meadows

One of the most well-known home builders is Prestige Group. The Prestige Group's best project is Prestige White Meadows. Prestige White Meadows in Whitefield comprises four structures and more than 60 villas and bungalows on one of the prettiest hills in the city. Due to its various amenities designed to international standards, Prestige White Meadows is one of the finest residences in Bangalore.

Prestige Lavender Fields

Prestige Lavender Fields is top-notch and luxurious among Whitefield- The first choice for your dream home. In Whitefield, Bangalore, the Prestige Group has developed a futuristic residential Township called Prestige Lavender Fields. The development offers luxurious 1, 2, and 3 BHK apartments. The location spans numerous acres and is home to tall towers with opulent urban residences. The idea integrates luxurious outdoor space with contemporary conveniences. This concept is a passionate address for a wealthy life filled with elegant homes and luxurious pleasures. The apartments here are the epitome of exquisite craft. The apartments are carefully designed to maximize the usable space and create a spacious, breezy feel. Each house offers plenty of room and complete seclusion. The homes have adequate natural lighting and airflow. The apartments follow the fundamental Vaastu laws and logistics.

Prestige Group Blogs

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Whitefield is a neighbourhood on Bangalore's east side. The locality is famous for its IT industries. Prestige Group has several initiatives in this area.

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Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning, design, and financing; it continues until the project is built and ready for use.

Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. A project manager normally manages the budget on the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or architect supervises it. Those involved with the design and execution must consider zoning requirements, environmental impact of the job, scheduling, budgeting, construction-site safety, availability and transportation of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding. Large construction projects are sometimes referred to as megaprojects.

Construction is a general term meaning the art and science to form objects, systems, or organizations, and comes from Latin constructio (from com- "together" and struere "to pile up") and Old French construction. To construct is the verb: the act of building, and the noun construction: how a building was built, the nature of its structure.

In general, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential (commercial/institutional). Infrastructure is often called heavy civil or heavy engineering that includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, railways, water or wastewater and utility distribution. Industrial construction includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing plants. There are also other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets.

Engineering News-Record ( ENR), a trade magazine for the construction industry, each year compiles and reports data about the size of design and construction companies. In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste and a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.

The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that perform or engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project).

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings. The majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. Although building construction projects consist of common elements such as design, financial, estimating and legal considerations, projects of varying sizes may reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation. For this reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.

Commercial building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing various delivery methodologies, including cost estimating, hard bid, negotiated price, traditional, management contracting, construction management-at-risk, design & build and design-build bridging.

Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradesmen. Residential construction as well as other types of construction can generate waste such that planning is required.

According to McKinsey research, productivity growth per worker in construction has lagged behind many other industries across different countries including in the United States and in European countries. In the United States, construction productivity per worker has declined by half since the 1960s.

The most popular method of residential construction in North America is wood-framed construction. Typical construction steps for a single-family or small multi-family house are:

Obtain an engineered soil test of lot where construction is planned. From an engineer or company specializing in soil testing.

Develop floor plans and obtain a materials list for estimations (more recently performed with estimating software)

Obtain structural engineered plans for foundation and structure. To be completed by either a licensed engineer or architect. To include both a foundation and framing plan.

Obtain lot survey

Obtain government building approval if necessary

If required obtain approval from HOA (homeowners association) or ARC (architectural review committee)

Clear the building site (demolition of existing home if necessary)

Survey to stake out for the foundation

Excavate the foundation and dig footers (Scope of work is dependent of foundation designed by engineer)

Install plumbing grounds

Pour a foundation and footers with concrete

Build the main load-bearing structure out of thick pieces of wood and possibly metal I-beams for large spans with few supports. See framing (construction)

Add floor and ceiling joists and install subfloor panels

Install roof shingles or other covering for flat roof

Install windows

Frame interior walls with wooden 2×4s

Add internal plumbing, HVAC, electrical, and natural gas utilities

Building inspector visits if necessary to approve utilities and framing

Install insulation and interior drywall panels (cementboard for wet areas) and to complete walls and ceilings

Install bathroom fixtures

Spackle, prime, and paint interior walls and ceilings

Additional tiling on top of cementboard for wet areas, such as the bathroom and kitchen backsplash

Installation of major appliances

Unless the original owners are building the house, at this point it is typically sold or rented.

In the industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a design team including architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers, fire protection engineers, planning consultants, architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. The design team is most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system, once the design is completed by the design team, a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor. Following evaluation of bids, the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder.

The best modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, a firm that is nominally an "architecture" or "construction management" firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as "one-stop shopping" for a construction project, from beginning to end. This is designated as a "design build" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications.

Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design-build, partnering and construction management. In general, each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and construction. In response, many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process.

The increasing complexity of construction projects creates the need for design professionals trained in all phases of the project's life-cycle and develop an appreciation of the building as an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components, including sustainability. Building engineering is an emerging discipline that attempts to meet this new challenge.

Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems. Underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials, and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time, can arise even when the overall total is enough. Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field. Financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project.

Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs, which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid.

Large projects can involve highly complex financial plans and often start with a conceptual estimate performed by a building estimator. As portions of a project are completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another, while the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials available for each stage of the building construction project carries forward. In many English-speaking countries, but not the United States, projects typically use quantity surveyors.

A construction project must fit into the legal framework governing the property. These include governmental regulations on the use of property, and obligations that are created in the process of construction.

When applicable, the project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent indisputably bad phenomena, e.g. explosions or bridge collapses. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or factors that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses from a business district or residences from a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community).

A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible. The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive. Thus, the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out. Contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse.

Legal advisors in the beginning of a construction project seek to identify ambiguities and other potential sources of trouble in the contract structure, and to present options for preventing problems. Throughout the process of the project, they work to avoid and resolve conflicts that arise. In each case, the lawyer facilitates an exchange of obligations that matches the reality of the project.

Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and interrelate. The design must be not only structurally sound and appropriate for the use and location, but must also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The financial structure must accommodate the need for building the design provided, and must pay amounts that are legally owed. The legal structure must integrate the design into the surrounding legal framework, and enforce the financial consequences of the construction process.

Procurement describes the merging of activities undertaken by the client to obtain a building. There are many different methods of construction procurement; however, the three most common types of procurement are traditional ( design-bid-build), design-build and management contracting.

There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship among the principal, the contractor, and other stakeholders within a construction project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering (PPPs) aka private finance initiatives (PFIs) and alliances such as "pure" or "project" alliances and "impure" or "strategic" alliances. The focus on co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry.

Traditional

This is the most common method of construction procurement, and it is well-established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator. His or her role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings, administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. There are direct contractual links between the architect's client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor. The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy.

Design-build

This approach has become more common in recent years, and also involves the client contracting a single entity that both provides a design and builds it. In some cases, the design-build package can also include finding the site, arranging funding and applying for all necessary statutory consents.

The owner produces a list of requirements for a project, giving an overall view of the project's goals. Several D&B contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals. The owner selects the ideas they like best and hires the appropriate contractor. Often, it is not just one contractor, but a consortium of several contractors working together. Once these have been hired, they begin building the first phase of the project. As they build phase 1, they design phase 2. This is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract, where the project is completely designed by the owner, then bid on, then completed.

Kent Hansen pointed out that state departments of transportation usually use design build contracts as a way of progressing projects when states lack the skills-resources. In such departments, design build contracts are usually employed for very large projects.

Management procurement systems

In this arrangement the client plays an active role in the procurement system by entering into separate contracts with the designer (architect or engineer), the construction manager, and individual trade contractors. The client takes on the contractual role, while the construction or project manager provides the active role of managing the separate trade contracts, and ensuring that they complete all work smoothly and effectively together.

Management procurement systems are often used to speed up the procurement processes, allow the client greater flexibility in design variation throughout the contract, give the ability to appoint individual work contractors, separate contractual responsibility on each individual throughout the contract, and to provide greater client control.

In recent time, construction software starts to get traction-as it digitizes construction industry. Among solutions, there are for example: Procore, GenieBelt, PlanGrid, bouw7, etc.

Sustainability during the construction phase is one of the aspects of "green building," defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as "the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction."

In construction, the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) is the governmental agency or sub-agency that regulates the construction process. In most cases, this is the municipality where the building is located. However, construction performed for supra-municipal authorities are usually regulated directly by the owning authority, which becomes the AHJ.

Before the foundation can be dug, contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations. During the construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code. Once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed, an occupancy permit may be issued.

An operating building must remain in compliance with the fire code. The fire code is enforced by the local fire department or a municipal code enforcement office.

Changes made to a building that affect safety, including its use, expansion, structural integrity, and fire protection items, usually require approval of the AHJ for review concerning the building code.

In the United States, the industry in 2014 has around $960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the Census Bureau, of which $680 billion is private (split evenly between residential and nonresidential) and the remainder is government. In 2005, there were about 667,000 firms employing 1 million contractors (200,000 general contractors, 38,000 heavy, and 432,000 specialty); the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees. As a whole, the industry employed an estimated 5.8 million in April 2013, with a 13.2% unemployment rate. In the United States, approximately 828,000 women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011.

There are many routes to the different careers within the construction industry. These three main tiers are based on educational background and training, which vary by country:

Unskilled and semi-skilled - General site labor with little or no construction qualifications.

Skilled - Tradesmen who've served apprenticeships, typically in labor unions, and on-site managers who possess extensive knowledge and experience in their craft or profession.

Technical and management - Personnel with the greatest educational qualifications, usually graduate degrees, trained to design, manage and instruct the construction process.

Skilled occupations include carpenters, electricians, plumbers, ironworkers, masons, and many other manual crafts, as well as those involved in project management. In the UK these require further education qualifications, often in vocational subject areas. These qualifications are either obtained directly after the completion of compulsory education or through "on the job" apprenticeship training. In the UK, 8500 construction-related apprenticeships were commenced in 2007.

Technical and specialized occupations require more training as a greater technical knowledge is required. These professions also hold more legal responsibility. A short list of the main careers with an outline of the educational requirements are given below:

In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry. The results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the construction industry, such as the Middle East, yield higher average salaries than in the UK, for example. The average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East, across all sectors, job types and levels of experience, is £42,090, compared to £26,719 in the UK. This trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available; however, as architects with 14 or more years' experience working in the Middle East earn on average £43,389 per annum, compared to £40,000 in the UK. Some construction workers in the US/Canada have made more than $100,000 annually, depending on their trade.

Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union. In 2009, the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that for all workers, with Falls being one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment such as harnesses, hard hats and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry. Other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins.

Other safety risks for workers in construction include hearing loss due to high noise exposure, musculoskeletal injury, chemical exposure, and high levels of stress. Besides that, the high turnover of workers in construction industry imposes a huge challenge of accomplishing the restructuring of work practices in individual workplaces or with individual workers.[citation needed ] Construction has been identified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.

The first huts and shelters were constructed by hand or with simple tools. As cities grew during the Bronze Age, a class of professional craftsmen, like bricklayers and carpenters, appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for construction work. In the Middle Ages, the artisan craftsmen were organized into guilds. In the 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and, later, diesel- and electric-powered vehicles such as cranes, excavators and bulldozers.

Fast-track construction has been increasingly popular in the 21st century. Some estimates suggest that 40% of construction projects are now fast-track construction.

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Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries.

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A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in Late Antiquity, sometimes transferred to the Church for reuse as a monastery. Then they gradually re-evolved through the Middle Ages into elegant upper-class country homes. In modern parlance, "villa" can refer to various types and sizes of residences, ranging from the suburban semi-detached double villa to residences in the wildland-urban interface.

Roman villas included:

the villa urbana, a country seat that could easily be reached from Rome or another city for a night or two

the villa rustica, the farm-house estate that was permanently occupied by the servants who had charge generally of the estate, which would centre on the villa itself, perhaps only seasonally occupied. The Roman villae rusticae at the heart of latifundia were the earliest versions of what later and elsewhere became called plantations.

Not included as villae were the , city houses for the élite and privileged classes, and the , blocks of apartment buildings for the rest of the population. In (1st century CE), Petronius described the wide range of Roman dwellings. Another type of villae is the "villa maritima", a seaside villa, located on the coast.

A concentration of Imperial villas existed on the Gulf of Naples, on the Isle of Capri, at Monte Circeo and at Antium ( Anzio). Examples include the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum; and the Villa of the Mysteries and Villa of the Vettii in Pompeii.

There was an important villa maritima in Barcola near Trieste. This villa was located directly on the coast and was divided into terraces in a representation area in which luxury and power was displayed, a separate living area, a garden, some facilities open to the sea and a thermal bath. Not far from this noble place, which was already popular with the Romans because of its favorable microclimate, one of the most important Villa Maritima of its time, the Miramare Castle, was built in the 19th century.

Wealthy Romans also escaped the summer heat in the hills round Rome, especially around Tibur ( Tivoli and Frascati), such as at Hadrian's Villa. Cicero allegedly possessed no fewer than seven villas, the oldest of which was near Arpinum, which he inherited. Pliny the Younger had three or four, of which the example near Laurentium is the best known from his descriptions.

Roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self-sufficiency of their latifundium villas, where they drank their own wine and pressed their own oil. This was an affectation of urban aristocrats playing at being old-fashioned virtuous Roman farmers, it has been said that the economic independence of later rural villas was a symptom of the increasing economic fragmentation of the Roman Empire.

Archaeologists have meticulously examined numerous Roman villas in England. Like their Italian counterparts, they were complete working agrarian societies of fields and vineyards, perhaps even tileworks or quarries, ranged round a high-status power centre with its baths and gardens. The grand villa at Woodchester preserved its mosaic floors when the Anglo-Saxon parish church was built (not by chance) upon its site. Grave-diggers preparing for burials in the churchyard as late as the 18th century had to punch through the intact mosaic floors. The even more palatial villa rustica at Fishbourne near Winchester was built (uncharacteristically) as a large open rectangle, with porticos enclosing gardens entered through a portico. Towards the end of the 3rd century, Roman towns in Britain ceased to expand: like patricians near the centre of the empire, Roman Britons withdrew from the cities to their villas, which entered on a palatial building phase, a "golden age" of villa life. Villae rusticae are essential in the Empire's economy.

With the decline and collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries, the villas were more and more isolated and came to be protected by walls. In England the villas were abandoned, looted, and burned by Anglo-Saxon invaders in the fifth century, but the concept of an isolated, self-sufficient agrarian working community, housed close together, survived into Anglo-Saxon culture as the , with its inhabitants - if formally bound to the land - as .

In regions on the Continent, aristocrats and territorial magnates donated large working villas and overgrown abandoned ones to individual monks; these might become the nuclei of monasteries. In this way, the Italian villa system of late Antiquity survived into the early Medieval period in the form of monasteries that withstood the disruptions of the Gothic War (535-554) and the Lombards. About 529 Benedict of Nursia established his influential monastery of Monte Cassino in the ruins of a villa at Subiaco that had belonged to Nero.

From the sixth to the eighth century, Gallo-Roman villas in the Merovingian royal fisc were repeatedly donated as sites for monasteries under royal patronage in Gaul - Saint-Maur-des-Fossés and Fleury Abbey provide examples. In Germany a famous example is Echternach; as late as 698, Willibrord established an abbey at a Roman villa of Echternach near Trier, presented to him by Irmina, daughter of Dagobert II, king of the Franks. Kintzheim was Villa Regis, the "villa of the king". Around 590, Saint Eligius was born in a highly placed Gallo-Roman family at the 'villa' of Chaptelat near Limoges, in Aquitaine (now France). The abbey at Stavelot was founded ca 650 on the domain of a former villa near Liège and the abbey of Vézelay had a similar founding.

In post-Roman times a villa referred to a self-sufficient, usually fortified Italian or Gallo-Roman farmstead. It was economically as self-sufficient as a and its inhabitants, who might be legally tied to it as serfs were . The Merovingian Franks inherited the concept, followed by the Carolingian French but the later French term was basti or bastide.

Villa/ Vila (or its cognates) is part of many Spanish and Portuguese placenames, like Vila Real and Villadiego: a villa/ vila is a town with a charter ( or ) of lesser importance than a ciudad/ cidade ("city"). When it is associated with a personal name, villa was probably used in the original sense of a country estate rather than a chartered town. Later evolution has made the Hispanic distinction between villas and ciudades a purely honorific one. Madrid is the Villa y Corte, the villa considered to be separate from the formerly mobile royal court, but the much smaller Ciudad Real was declared ciudad by the Spanish crown.

In 14th and 15th century Italy, a villa once more connoted a country house, like the first Medici villas, the Villa del Trebbio and that at Cafaggiolo, both strong fortified houses built in the 14th century in the Mugello region near Florence. In 1450, Giovanni de' Medici commenced on a hillside the Villa Medici in Fiesole, Tuscany, probably the first villa created under the instructions of Leon Battista Alberti, who theorized the features of the new idea of villa in his De re aedificatoria.

From Tuscany the idea of villa was spread again through Renaissance Italy and Europe.

Rome had more than its share of villas with easy reach of the small sixteenth-century city: the progenitor, the first villa suburbana built since Antiquity, was the Belvedere or palazzetto, designed by Antonio Pollaiuolo and built on the slope above the Vatican Palace.

The Villa Madama, the design of which, attributed to Raphael and carried out by Giulio Romano in 1520, was one of the most influential private houses ever built; elements derived from Villa Madama appeared in villas through the 19th century. Villa Albani was built near the Porta Salaria. Other are the Villa Borghese; the Villa Doria Pamphili (1650); the Villa Giulia of Pope Julius III (1550), designed by Vignola. The Roman villas Villa Ludovisi and Villa Montalto, were destroyed during the late nineteenth century in the wake of the real estate bubble that took place in Rome after the seat of government of a united Italy was established at Rome.

The cool hills of Frascati gained the Villa Aldobrandini (1592); the Villa Falconieri and the Villa Mondragone. The Villa d'Este near Tivoli is famous for the water play in its terraced gardens. The Villa Medici was on the edge of Rome, on the Pincian Hill, when it was built in 1540. Besides these designed for seasonal pleasure, usually located within easy distance of a city, other Italian villas were remade from a or castello, as the family seat of power, such as Villa Caprarola for the Farnese.

In the later 16th century in the northeastern Italian Peninsula the Palladian villas of the Veneto, designed by Andrea Palladio (1508-1580), were built in Vicenza in the Republic of Venice. Palladio always designed his villas with reference to their setting. He often unified all the farm buildings into the architecture of his extended villas.

Examples are the Villa Emo, the Villa Godi, the Villa Forni Cerato, the Villa Capra "La Rotonda", and Villa Foscari.

The Villas are grouped into an association (Associazione Ville Venete) and offer touristic itineraries and accommodation possibilities.

In the early 18th century the English took up the term, and applied it to compact houses in the country, especially those accessible from London: Chiswick House is an example of such a "party villa". Thanks to the revival of interest in Palladio and Inigo Jones, soon Neo-Palladian villas dotted the valley of the River Thames and English countryside. Marble Hill House in England was conceived originally as a "villa" in the 18th-century sense.

In many ways the late 18th century Monticello, by Thomas Jefferson in Virginia, United States is a Palladian Revival villa. Other examples of the period and style are Hammond-Harwood House in Annapolis, Maryland; and many pre- American Civil War or Antebellum Plantations, such as Westover Plantation and many other James River plantations as well dozens of Antebellum era plantations in the rest of the Old South functioned as the Roman Latifundium villas had. A later revival, in the Gilded Age and early 20th century, produced The Breakers in Newport, Rhode Island, Filoli in Woodside, California, and Dumbarton Oaks in Georgetown, Washington, D.C.; by architects-landscape architects such as Richard Morris Hunt, Willis Polk, and Beatrix Farrand.

In the nineteenth century, the term villa was extended to describe any large suburban house that was free-standing in a landscaped plot of ground. By the time 'semi-detached villas' were being erected at the turn of the twentieth century, the term collapsed under its extension and overuse.

The second half of the nineteenth century saw the creation of large "Villenkolonien" in the German speaking countries, wealthy residential areas that were completely made up of large mansion houses and often built to an artfully created masterplan. Also many large mansions for the wealthy German industrialists were built, such as Villa Hügel in Essen. The Villenkolonie of Lichterfelde West in Berlin was conceived after an extended trip by the architect through the South of England. Representative historicist mansions in Germany include the Heiligendamm and other resort architecture mansions at the Baltic Sea, Rose Island and King's House on Schachen in the Bavarian Alps, Villa Dessauer in Bamberg, Villa Wahnfried in Bayreuth, Drachenburg near Bonn, Hammerschmidt Villa in Bonn, the Liebermann Villa and Britz House in Berlin, Albrechtsberg, Eckberg, Villa Stockhausen and Villa San Remo in Dresden, Villa Waldberta in Feldafing, Villa Kennedy in Frankfurt, Jenisch House and Budge-Palais in Hamburg, Villa Andreae and Villa Rothschild in Königstein, Villa Stuck and Pacelli-Palais in Munich, Schloss Klink at Lake Müritz, Villa Ludwigshöhe in Rhineland-Palatinate, Villa Haux in Stuttgart and Weinberg House in Waren.

In France the Château de Ferrières is an example of the Italian Neo-Renaissance style villa - and in Britain the Mentmore Towers by John Ruskin. A representative building of this style in Germany is Villa Haas (designed by Ludwig Hofmann) in Hesse.

20th - 21st centuries

During the 19th and 20th century, the term "villa" became widespread for detached mansions in Europe. Special forms are for instance spa villas ( Kurvillen in German) and seaside villas ( Bädervillen in German), that became especially popular at the end of the 19th century. The tradition established back then continued throughout the 20th century and even until today.

Another trend was the erection of rather minimalist mansions in the Bauhaus style since the 1920s, that also continues until today.

In Denmark, Norway and Sweden "villa" denotes most forms of single-family detached homes, regardless of size and standard.

The villa concept lived and lives on in the haciendas of Latin America and the estancias of Brazil and Argentina. The oldest are original Portuguese and Spanish Colonial architecture; followed after independences in the Americas from Spain and Portugal, by the Spanish Colonial Revival style with regional variations. In the 20th century International Style villas were designed by Roberto Burle Marx, Oscar Niemeyer, Luis Barragán, and other architects developing a unique Euro-Latin synthesized aesthetic.

Villas are particularly well represented in California and the West Coast of the United States, where they were originally commissioned by well travelled "upper-class" patrons moving on from the Queen Anne style Victorian architecture and Beaux-Arts architecture. Communities such as Montecito, Pasadena, Bel Air, Beverly Hills, and San Marino in Southern California, and Atherton and Piedmont in the San Francisco Bay Area are a few examples of villa density.

The popularity of Mediterranean Revival architecture in its various iterations over the last century has been consistently used in that region and in Florida. Just a few of the notable early architects were Wallace Neff, Addison Mizner, Stanford White, and George Washington Smith. A few examples are the Harold Lloyd Estate in Beverly Hills, California, Medici scale Hearst Castle on the Central Coast of California, and Villa Montalvo in the Santa Cruz Mountains of Saratoga, California, Villa Vizcaya in Coconut Grove, Miami, American Craftsman versions are the Gamble House and the villas by Greene and Greene in Pasadena, California

Modern architecture has produced some important examples of buildings known as villas:

Country-villa examples:

Today, the term "villa" is often applied to vacation rental properties. In the United Kingdom the term is used for high quality detached homes in warm destinations, particularly Florida and the Mediterranean. The term is also used in Pakistan, and in some of the Caribbean islands such as Jamaica, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Guadeloupe, British Virgin Islands, and others. It is similar for the coastal resort areas of Baja California Sur and mainland Mexico, and for hospitality industry destination resort "luxury bungalows" in various locations worldwide.

In Indonesia, the term "villa" is applied to Dutch colonial country houses ( landhuis). Nowadays, the term is more popularly applied to vacation rental usually located in countryside area.

In Australia, "villas" or "villa units" are terms used to describe a type of townhouse complex which contains, possibly smaller attached or detached houses of up to 3-4 bedrooms that were built since the early 1980s.

In New Zealand, "villa" refers almost exclusively to Victorian and Edwardian wooden weatherboard houses mainly built between 1880 and 1914, characterised by high ceilings (often 3.7 m or 12 ft), sash windows, and a long entrance hall.

In Cambodia, "villa" is used as a loanword in the local language of Khmer, and is generally used to describe any type of detached townhouse that features yard space. The term doesn't apply to any particular architectural style or size, the only features that distinguish a Khmer villa from another building are the yard space and being fully detached. The terms "twin-villa" and "mini-villa" have been coined meaning semi-detached and smaller versions respectively. Generally, these would be more luxurious and spacious houses than the more common row houses. The yard space would also typically feature some form of garden, trees or greenery. Generally, these would be properties in major cities, where there is more wealth and hence more luxurious houses.

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A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in Late Antiquity, sometimes transferred to the Church for reuse as a monastery.

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( Bangalore (), officially known as Bengaluru ( Kannada pronunciation: [ˈbeŋgɐɭuːɾu] listen )), is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than 8 million and a metropolitan population of around 11 million, making it the third most populous city and fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India.[12] Located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau, at a height of over 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level, Bangalore is known for its pleasant climate throughout the year. Its elevation is the highest among the major cities of India.[13]

The city's history dates back to around 890 CE, as found in a stone inscription found at the Nageshwara Temple in Begur, Bangalore. The Begur inscription is written in Halegannada (ancient Kannada), and mentions 'Bengaluru Kalaga' (battle of Bengaluru). It was a significant turning point in the history of Bangalore as it bears the earliest reference to the name 'Bengaluru'. In 1537 CE, Kempé Gowdā - a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire - established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore and its oldest areas, or petes, which exist to the present day. After the fall of the Vijayanagar empire, Kempe Gowda declared independence, then in 1638, and a large Adil Shahi Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by his second in command Shāhji Bhōnslé defeated Kempe Gowda III and Bangalore was given to Shāhji as a jagir (feudal estate) and the Mughals captured Bangalore from his son, Ekoji I and sold it to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673-1704), the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees. When Haider Ali seized control of the Kingdom of Mysore, the administration of Bangalore passed into his hands.

The city was captured by the British East India Company after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore. The old city developed under the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was made the capital of the Princely State of Mysore, which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a town grew up around it, which was governed as part of British India. Following India's independence in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State, and remained the capital when the new Indian state of Karnataka was formed in 1956. The two urban settlements of Bangalore - city and cantonment - which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing Kannada name, Bengalūru, was declared the official name of the city in 2006.

Bangalore is widely regarded as the " Silicon Valley of India" (or "IT capital of India") because of its role as the nation's leading information technology (IT) exporter. Indian technological organisations are headquartered in the city. A demographically diverse city, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India. Recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area have ranked Bangalore either the fourth- or fifth-most productive metro area of India. It is home to many educational and research institutions. Numerous state-owned aerospace and defence organisations are located in the city. The city also houses the Kannada film industry and is a hub of sporting events. It was ranked the most liveable Indian city with a population of over a million under the Ease of Living Index 2020.

The name "Bangalore" represents an ( anglicised version of the city's Kannada name Bengalūru ( Kannada pronunciation: [ˈbeŋɡəɭuːru] listen )). It was the name of a village near Kodigehalli in Bangalore city today and was used by Kempegowda to christen the city as Bangalore at the time of its foundation. The earliest reference to the name "Bengalūru" was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga dynasty stone inscription on a vīra gallu (Kannada: ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು; lit. ' hero stone', a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). In an inscription found in Begur, "Bengalūrū" is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 CE.[20][21]

An apocryphal story recounts that the twelfth century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "Benda-Kaal-uru" (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which eventually evolved into "Bengalūru". Suryanath Kamath has put forward an explanation of a possible floral origin of the name, being derived from benga, the Kannada term for Pterocarpus marsupium (also known as the Indian Kino Tree), a species of dry and moist deciduous trees that grows abundantly in the region.

On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru. On 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change. The government of Karnataka accepted the proposal and it was decided to officially implement the name change from 1 November 2006. The Union government approved this request, along with name changes for 11 other Karnataka cities, in October 2014. Hence, Bangalore was renamed to "Bengaluru" on 1 November 2014.

Early and medieval history

A discovery of Stone Age artefacts during the 2001 census of India at Jalahalli, Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli, all of which are located on Bangalore's outskirts today, suggest probable human settlement around 4000 BCE. Around 1,000 BCE ( Iron Age), burial grounds were established at Koramangala and Chikkajala on the outskirts of Bangalore. Coins of the Roman emperors Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius found at Yeswanthpur and HAL indicate that the region was involved in trans-oceanic trade with the Romans and other civilisations in 27 BCE.

The region of modern-day Bangalore was part of several successive South Indian kingdoms. Between the fourth and the tenth centuries, the Bangalore region was ruled by the Western Ganga dynasty of Karnataka, the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region. According to Edgar Thurston, there were twenty-eight kings who ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Christian era until its conquest by the Cholas. These kings belonged to two distinct dynasties: the earlier line of the Solar race which had a succession of seven kings of the Ratti or Reddi tribe, and the later line of the Ganga race. The Western Gangas ruled the region initially as a sovereign power (350-550), and later as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Badami, followed by the Rashtrakutas until the tenth century. The Begur Nageshwara Temple was commissioned around 860, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I and extended by his successor Nitimarga II. Around 1004, during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince Rajendra Chola I, and captured Bangalore. During this period, the Bangalore region witnessed the migration of many groups - warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from Tamil Nadu and other Kannada-speaking regions. The Chokkanathaswamy temple at Domlur, the Aigandapura complex near Hesaraghatta, Mukthi Natheshwara Temple at Binnamangala, Choleshwara Temple at Begur, Someshwara Temple at Ulsoor, date from the Chola era.

In 1117, the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended its rule over the region. Vishnuvardhana expelled the Cholas from all parts of the Mysore state. By the end of the 13th century, Bangalore became a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III of Halebidu and Ramanatha, who administered from the Hoysala held territory in Tamil Nadu. Veera Ballala III had appointed a civic head at Hudi (now within Bangalore Municipal Corporation limits), thus promoting the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala III's death in 1343, the next empire to rule the region was the Vijayanagara Empire, which itself saw the rise of four dynasties, the Sangamas (1336-1485), the Saluvas (1485-1491), the Tuluvas (1491-1565), and the Aravidu (1565-1646). During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, Achyuta Deva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty raised the Shivasamudra Dam across the Arkavati river at Hesaraghatta, whose reservoir is the present city's supply of regular piped water.

Foundation and early modern history

Modern Bangalore was begun in 1537 by a vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda I, who aligned with the Vijayanagara empire to campaign against Gangaraja (whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi), and who built a mud-brick fort for the people at the site that would become the central part of modern Bangalore. Kempe Gowda was restricted by rules made by Achuta Deva Raya, who feared the potential power of Kempe Gowda and did not allow a formidable stone fort. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "gandubhūmi" or "Land of Heroes". Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions-each called a "Pete" ( Kannada pronunciation: ). The town had two main streets-Chikkapeté Street, which ran east-west, and Doddapeté Street, which ran north-south. Their intersection formed the Doddapeté Square-the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda I's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers that marked Bangalore's boundary. During the Vijayanagara rule, many saints and poets referred to Bangalore as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City").

After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in the Battle of Talikota, Bangalore's rule changed hands several times. Kempe Gowda declared independence, then in 1638, a large Adil Shahi Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by his second in command Shāhji Bhōnslē defeated Kempe Gowda III, and Bangalore was given to Shāhji as a (feudal estate). In 1687, the Mughal general Kasim Khan, under orders from Aurangzeb, defeated Ekoji I, son of Shāhji, and sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673-1704), the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees. After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. Hyder Ali is credited with building the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760. The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan. Hyder and Tipu contributed to the beautification of the city by building Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens in 1760. Under them, Bangalore developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.

The Bangalore fort was captured by the British armies under Lord Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War and formed a centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan. Following Tipu's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), the British returned administrative control of the Bangalore "pētē" to the Maharaja of Mysore and was incorporated into the Princely State of Mysore, which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. The old city ("pētē") developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore. The Residency of Mysore State was first established in Mysore City in 1799 and later shifted to Bangalore in 1804. It was abolished in 1843 only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore and to be closed down permanently in 1947, with Indian independence. The British found Bangalore to be a pleasant and appropriate place to station their garrison and therefore moved their cantonment to Bangalore from Seringapatam in 1809 near Ulsoor, about 6 km (4 mi) northeast of the city. A town grew up around the cantonment, by absorbing several villages in the area. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the Wodeyar Kings of the Princely State of Mysore. Two important developments which contributed to the rapid growth of the city, include the introduction of telegraph connections to all major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to Madras (now Chennai), in 1864.

Later modern and contemporary history

In the 19th century, Bangalore essentially became a twin city, with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas and the cantonment created by the British. Throughout the 19th century, the Cantonment gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience as it was governed directly by the British and was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore. While it remained in the princely territory of Mysore, Cantonment had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the princely state of Mysore, including British and Anglo-Indians army officers.

Bangalore was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak catalysed the city's sanitation process. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect. A health officer was appointed and the city divided into four wards for better co-ordination. Victoria Hospital was inaugurated in 1900 by Lord Curzon, the then Governor-General of British India. New extensions in Malleswaram and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the pētē. In 1903, motor vehicles came to be introduced in Bangalore. In 1906, Bangalore became one of the first cities in India to have electricity from hydro power, powered by the hydroelectric plant situated in Shivanasamudra. The Indian Institute of Science was established in 1909, which subsequently played a major role in developing the city as a science research hub. In 1912, the Bangalore torpedo, an offensive explosive weapon widely used in World War I and World War II, was devised in Bangalore by British army officer Captain McClintock of the Madras Sappers and Miners.

Bangalore's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927 with the silver jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city. Bangalore played an important role during the Indian independence movement. Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here. In 1926, the labour unrest in Binny Mills due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in lathi charging and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries. In July 1928, there were notable communal disturbances in Bangalore, like when a Ganesh idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bangalore. In 1940, the first flight between Bangalore and Bombay took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.

After India's independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the newly carved Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh (appointed governor). The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the Bangalore City Corporation. The Government of Karnataka later constituted the Bangalore Development Authority in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies. Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941-51 and 1971-81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000. In the decades that followed, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as MICO (Motor Industries Company), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city.

By the 1980s, it was clear that urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority, was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit. On 8 February 1981, a major fire broke out at Venus Circus in Bangalore, where more than 92 lives were lost, the majority of them being children. Bangalore experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial bungalows into multi-storied apartments. In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first multinational corporation to set up base in Bangalore. Other information technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century, Bangalore had established itself as the Silicon Valley of India. Today, Bangalore is India's third most populous city. During the 21st century, Bangalore has suffered major terrorist attacks in 2008, 2010, and 2013.

Bangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Cretaceous Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 900 m (2,953 ft). It is located at and covers an area of 741 km ² (286 sq mi). The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagara from the old Bangalore Rural district.

The topology of Bangalore is generally flat, though the western parts of the city are hilly. The highest point is Vidyaranyapura Doddabettahalli, which is 962 m (3,156 ft) and is situated to the north-west of the city. No major rivers run through the city, although the Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills, 60 km (37 mi) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's sewage. A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km ² (83 sq mi) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centres located in the periphery of Bangalore.

In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of 20th century, the Nandi Hills waterworks was commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail ( Diwan of Mysore, 1926-41 CE) to provide a water supply to the city. The river Kaveri provides around 80% of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20% being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river. Bangalore receives 800 million litres (211 million US gallons) of water a day, more than any other Indian city. However, Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages, especially during summer- more so in the years of low rainfall. A random sampling study of the air quality index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration.

Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks, the largest of which are Madivala tank, Hebbal Lake, Ulsoor Lake, Yediyur Lake and Sankey Tank. However, recently many lakes have been polluted, decreasing the quality of the water. The Government is making revival and conservation efforts. Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites, gneisses and migmatites, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils.

Vegetation in the city is primarily in the form of large deciduous canopy and minority coconut trees. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 4.5 on the Richter scale.

Bangalore has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw) with distinct wet and dry seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional heat waves can make summer somewhat uncomfortable. The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) and the hottest month is April with an average high temperature of 35 °C (95 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is 39.2 °C (103 °F) (recorded on 24 April 2016) as there was a strong El Niño in 2016. The lowest ever recorded is 7.8 °C (46 °F) in January 1884. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 14 °C (57 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36 °C (97 °F). Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons and the wettest months are September, October and August, in that order. The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. Most of the rainfall occurs during late afternoon/evening or night and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of a number of organisations for over a couple of days. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 179 mm (7 in) recorded on 1 October 1997.

Demographics

Bangalore is a megacity with a population of 8,443,675 in the city and 10,456,000 in the urban agglomeration, up from 8.5 million at the 2011 census. This makes it the third-most-populous city in India, the 18th-most-populous city in the world and the fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India. Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi between 1991 and 2001, with a growth rate of 38% during the decade. Residents of Bangalore are referred to as "Bangaloreans" in English, Bengaloorinavaru or Bengaloorigaru in Kannada and Banglori in Hindi or Urdu. People from other states have migrated to Bangalore, study, or work there as well.

According to the 2011 census of India, 78.9% of Bangalore's population is Hindu, a little less than the national average. Muslims comprise 13.9% of the population, roughly the same as their national average. Christians and Jains account for 5.6% and 1.0% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. The city has a literacy rate of 89%. Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in slums.-a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai (50%) and Nairobi (60%). The 2008 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 8.5% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India which is an increase in the crime rate when compared to the number of crimes fifteen years ago.

It was ranked the most liveable Indian city with a population of over a million under the Ease of Living Index 2020.

Bangalore suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast-growing cities in developing countries: rapidly escalating social inequality, mass displacement and dispossession, the proliferation of slum settlements, and epidemic public health crisis due to severe water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods.

The official language of Bangalore is Kannada which is spoken by 44.5% of the population. The second-largest language is Tamil, spoken by 15.0% of the population. 14% speak Telugu, 12% Urdu, 6% Hindi, 3% Malayalam and 2.07% have Marathi as their first language. The Kannada language spoken in Bangalore is a form called as 'Old Mysuru Kannada' which is also used in most of the southern part of Karnataka. A vernacular dialect of this, known as Bangalore Kannada, is spoken among the youth in Bangalore and the adjoining Mysore regions. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the professional and business class.

The major communities of Bangalore who share a long history in the city other than the Kannadigas are the Telugus and Tamilians who migrated to Bangalore in search of a better livelihood, and Dakhanis. Already in the 16th century, Bangalore had few speakers of Tamil and Telugu, who spoke Kannada to carry out low profile jobs. However, the Telugu Speaking Morasu Vokkaligas are the native people of Bangalore Telugu-speaking people initially came to Bangalore on invitation by the Mysore royalty (a few of them have lineage dating back to Krishnadevaraya).

Other native communities are the Tuluvas and the Konkanis of coastal Karnataka, the Kodavas of the Kodagu district of Karnataka. The migrant communities are Maharashtrians, Punjabis, Rajasthanis, Gujaratis, Tamilians, Telugus, Malayalis, Odias, Sindhis, Biharis, Jharkhandis and Bengalis. Bangalore once had a large Anglo-Indian population, the second largest after Calcutta. Today, there are around 10,000 Anglo-Indians in Bangalore. Bangalorean Christians include Tamil Christians, Mangaloreaon Catholics, Kannadiga Christians, Malayali Syrian Christians and Northeast Indian Christians. Muslims form a very diverse population, consisting of Dakhini and Urdu-speaking Muslims, Kutchi Memons, Labbay and Mappilas.

Other languages with sizeable numbers of speakers include Konkani, Bengali, Marwari, Tulu, Odia, Gujarati, Kodagu, Punjabi, Lambadi, Sindhi and Nepali. As in the rest of the state, Kannada is the most widely spoken language, but English is a commonly spoken second language in the city.

Civic administration

Management

The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP, Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation) is in charge of the civic administration of the city. It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, with seven neighbouring City Municipal Councils, one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore. The number of wards increased to 198 in 2009. The BBMP is run by a city council composed of 250 members, including 198 corporators representing each of the wards of the city and 52 other elected representatives, consisting of members of Parliament and the state legislature. Elections to the council are held once every five years, with results being decided by popular vote. Members contesting elections to the council usually represent one or more of the state's political parties. A mayor and deputy mayor are also elected from among the elected members of the council. Elections to the BBMP were held on 28 March 2010, after a gap of three and a half years since the expiry of the previous elected body's term, and the Bharatiya Janata Party was voted into power - the first time it had ever won a civic poll in the city. Indian National Congress councillor Sampath Raj became the city's mayor in September 2017, the vote having been boycotted by the BJP. In September 2018, Indian National Congress councillor Gangambike Mallikarjun was elected as the mayor of Bangalore and took charge from the outgoing mayor, Sampath Raj. In 2019 BJP's M Goutham Kumar took charge as mayor. On 10 September 2020, the term of the BBMP council ended and Gaurav Gupta was appointed as the administrator of BBMP.

Bangalore's rapid growth has created several problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence that the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike has found challenging to address. The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks that the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a flyover system and by imposing one-way traffic systems. Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately but were unable to adequately address the disproportionate growth of city traffic. A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life) air quality and noise pollution scored poorly. The BBMP works in conjunction with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects.

The Bangalore City Police (BCP) has seven geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations. Other units within the BCP include Traffic Police, City Armed Reserve (CAR), City Special Branch (CSB), City Crime Branch (CCB) and City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB). As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the Karnataka High Court, the Vidhana Soudha (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the governor of Karnataka). Bangalore contributes four members to the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the , from its four constituencies: Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Central, Bangalore North, and Bangalore South, and 28 members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.

Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM), while water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB).

The city has offices of the Consulate General of Germany, France, Japan, Israel, British Deputy High Commission, along with honorary consulates of Ireland, Finland, Switzerland, Maldives, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Peru. It also has a trade office of Canada and a virtual Consulate of the United States.

Pollution control

Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of solid waste per day, of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to composting units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. The remaining solid waste collected by the municipality is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city. In 2008, Bangalore produced around 2,500 metric tonnes of solid waste, and increased to 5000 metric tonnes in 2012, which is transported from collection units located near Hesaraghatta Lake, to the garbage dumping sites. The city suffers significantly with dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals. The IT hub, the Whitefield region, is the most polluted area in Bangalore. Recently a study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions.

Anil Kumar, Commissioner Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike BBMP, said: "The deteriorating air quality in cities and its impact on public health is an area of growing concern for city authorities. While much is already being done about collecting and monitoring air quality data, little focus has been given on managing the impacts that bad air quality is having on the health of citizens."

According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bangalore had 862 slums from a total of around 2000 slums in Karnataka. The families living in the slum were not ready to move into the temporary shelters. 42% of the households migrated from different parts of India like Chennai, Hyderabad and most of North India, and 43% of the households had remained in the slums for over 10 years. The Karnataka Municipality works to shift 300 families annually to newly constructed buildings. One-third of these slum clearance projects lacked basic service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lacked complete water supply lines and shared BWSSB water supply.

Waste management

Ιn 2012, Bangalore generated 2.1 million tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste (195.4 kg/cap/yr). The waste management scenario in the state of Karnataka is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) which is a Central Government entity. As part of their Waste Management Guidelines the government of Karnataka through the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) has authorised a few well-established companies to manage the biomedical waste and hazardous waste in the state of Karnataka.

Bangalore is second fastest growing metropolis in India. Bangalore contributes 38% of India's total IT exports. It's economy is primarily service oriented and industrialized. The economy of Bangalore is contributed by information technology, telecommunication, biotechnology, manufacturing and industries (electronics, machinery, automobiles, foods & beverages) sectors etc. Major industrial areas around Bangalore are Adugodi, Bidadi, Bommanahalli, Bommasandra, Domlur, Hoodi, Whitefield, Doddaballapura, Hoskote, Bashettihalli, Yelahanka, Electronic City, Peenya, Krishnarajapuram, Bellandur, Narasapura, Rajajinagar, Mahadevapura etc. Bangalore is one of the favorable business destinations. It is fifth city in India to host maximum numbers of Fortune Companies next to Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai.

The growth of IT has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure, and the state government, whose electoral base is primarily the people in rural Karnataka. The encouragement of high-tech industry in Bangalore, for example, has not favoured local employment development, but has instead increased land values and forced out small enterprise. The state has also resisted the massive investments required to reverse the rapid decline in city transport which has already begun to drive new and expanding businesses to other centres across India. Bangalore is a hub for biotechnology related industry in India and in the year 2005, around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India were located here; including Biocon, India's largest biotechnology company. With an economic growth of 10.3%, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India, and is also the country's fourth largest fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) market. Forbes considers Bangalore one of "The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities". The city is the third largest hub for high-net-worth individuals and is home to over 10,000-dollar millionaires and about 60,000 super-rich people who have an investment surplus of ₹45 million (US$590,555) and (US$65,600) respectively. As of 2017, Bangalore was home to 7,700 millionaires and 8 billionaires with a total wealth of $320 billion.

The city is widely regarded as Silicon Valley of Asia, since Bangalore has been the largest IT hub. Infosys, Wipro, Mindtree, Mphasis, Flipkart, Myntra are headquartered in Bangalore. A large number of information technology companies located in the city which contributed 33% of India's ₹1,442 billion (US$20 billion) IT exports in 2006-07. Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main clusters - Software Technology Parks of India (STPI); International Tech Park, Bangalore (ITPB); and Electronic City. Most of the IT companies are located in Bommanahalli, Domlur, Whitefield, Electronic City, Krishnarajapuram, Bellandur, Mahadevapura. The city turned out as IT hub due to the presence of many institutions like Bangalore University, Indian Institute of Science etc. Bangalore is also known as Biotech Capital of India as it hosts as the headquarters of India's largest biotechnology company Biocon. Startup companies such as Swiggy, Ola Cabs, InMobi, Quikr, RedBus are also based in the city.

Bangalore is a favorable destination for industrial developments. United Breweries Group is headquartered in Bangalore. The city is an automobile hub. Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery, Mahindra Electric, Bharat Earth Movers, Toyota Kirloskar Motor, Tesla India, Ather Energy are headquartered in Bangalore within there operations. Robert Bosch GmbH, Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, General Motors, Royal Enfield, Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India, Scania AB, Larsen & Toubro have their plants and research & development (R&D) centers around Bangalore. ABB, General Electric, Tyco International have their research & development centers in Bangalore. Aerospace industries are also popular around Bangalore, which made it as Aviation Monopoly capital of India. Airbus, Boeing, Tata Advanced Systems, Indian Space Research Organisation, Liebherr Aerospace have there units in Bangalore. Bangalore is also emerged as an electronics & hardware manufacturing hub of India. It houses Dell, Nokia, Philips, Wistron manufacturing and R&D units. Public sector undertakings (PSUs) such as Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML), Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI), HMT (formerly Hindustan Machine Tools) and Rail Wheel Factory (RWF). SKF also has a plant in the city.

Bangalore is served by Kempegowda International Airport ( IATA: BLR, ICAO: VOBL), located at Devanahalli, about 40 km (25 mi) from the city centre. It was formerly called Bangalore International Airport. The airport started operations from 24 May 2008 and is a private airport managed by a consortium led by the GVK Group. The city was earlier served by the HAL Airport at Vimanapura, a residential locality in the eastern part of the city. The airport is third-busiest in India after Delhi and Mumbai in terms of passenger traffic and the number of air traffic movements (ATMs). Taxis and air conditioned Volvo buses operated by BMTC connect the airport with the city.

Railways and Metro

A rapid transit system called the Namma Metro is being built in stages. Initially opened with the 7 km (4.3 mi) stretch from Baiyappanahalli to MG Road in 2011, phase 1 covering a distance of 42.30 km (26.28 mi) for the north-south and east-west lines was made operational in June 2017. Phase 2 of the metro covering 72.1 km (44.8 mi) is under construction and includes two new lines along with the extension of the existing north-south and east-west lines. There are also plans to extend the north-south line to the airport, covering a distance of 29.6 km (18.4 mi). It is expected to be operational by 2021.

Bangalore is a divisional headquarters in the South Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. There are four major railway stations in the city: Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station, Bangalore Cantonment railway station, Yeshwantapur Junction and Krishnarajapuram railway station, with railway lines towards Jolarpettai in the east, Guntakal in the north, Kadapa (only operational till Kolar) in the northeast, Tumkur in the northwest, Hassan and Mangalore in the west, Mysore in the southwest and Salem in the south. There is also a railway line from Baiyappanahalli to Vimanapura which is no longer in use. Though Bangalore has no commuter rail at present, there have been demands for a suburban rail service keeping in mind the large number of employees working in the IT corridor areas of Whitefield, Outer Ring Road and Electronics City. The Rail Wheel Factory is Asia's second-largest manufacturer of wheel and axle for railways and is headquartered in Yelahanka, Bangalore.

Buses operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city. While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users. BMTC runs air-conditioned luxury buses on major routes, and also operates shuttle services from various parts of the city to Kempegowda International Airport. The BMTC also has a mobile app that provides real-time location of a bus using the global positioning system of the user's mobile device. The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation operates 6,918 buses on 6,352 schedules, connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka as well as other neighbouring states. The main bus depots that KSRTC maintains are the Kempegowda Bus Station, locally known as "Majestic bus stand", where most of the out station buses ply from. Some of the KSRTC buses to Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh ply from Shantinagar Bus Station, Satellite Bus Station at Mysore Road and Baiyappanahalli satellite bus station. BMTC and KSRTC were the first operators in India to introduce Volvo city buses and intracity coaches in India. Three-wheeled, yellow and black or yellow and green auto-rickshaws, referred to as autos, are a popular form of transport. They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers. Taxis, commonly called City Taxis, are usually available, too, but they are only available on call or by online services. Taxis are metered and are generally more expensive than auto-rickshaws.

An average of 1,250 vehicles are being registered daily in Bangalore RTOs. The total number of vehicles as of 2020 are around 85 lakh vehicles, with a road length of 11,000 km (6,835 mi).

Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its greenery, broad streets and the presence of many public parks, such as Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park. Bangalore is sometimes called as the " Pub Capital of India" and the "Rock/Metal Capital of India" because of its underground music scene and it is one of the premier places to hold international rock concerts. In May 2012, Lonely Planet ranked Bangalore third among the world's top ten cities to visit.

Biannual flower shows are held at the Lal Bagh Gardens during the week of Republic Day (26 January) and Independence Day (15 August). Bangalore Karaga or "Karaga Shaktyotsava" is one of the most important and oldest festivals of Bangalore dedicated to the Hindu Goddess Draupadi. It is celebrated annually by the Thigala community, over a period of nine days in the month of March or April. The Someshwara Car festival is an annual procession of the idol of the Halasuru Someshwara Temple (Ulsoor) led by the Vokkaligas, a major land holding community in the southern Karnataka, occurring in April. Karnataka Rajyotsava is widely celebrated on 1 November and is a public holiday in the city, to mark the formation of Karnataka state on 1 November 1956. Other popular festivals in Bangalore are Ugadi, Ram Navami, Eid ul-Fitr, Ganesh Chaturthi, St. Mary's feast, Dasara, Deepawali and Christmas.

The diversity of cuisine is reflective of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore. Bangalore has a wide and varied mix of restaurant types and cuisines and Bangaloreans deem eating out as an intrinsic part of their culture. Roadside vendors, tea stalls, and South Indian, North Indian, Chinese and Western fast food are all very popular in the city. Udupi restaurants are very popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine. Bangalore is also home to many vegan-friendly restaurants and vegan activism groups, and has been named as India's most vegan-friendly city by PETA India.

Art and literature

Bangalore did not have an effective contemporary art representation, as compared to Delhi and Mumbai, until recently during the 1990s, several art galleries sprang up, notable being the government established National Gallery of Modern Art. Bangalore's international art festival, Art Bangalore, was established in 2010.

Kannada literature appears to have flourished in Bangalore even before Kempe Gowda laid the foundations of the city. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Kannada literature was enriched by the (a form of rhythmic writing) composed by the heads of the Veerashaiva Mathas (monastery) in Bangalore. The headquarters of the Kannada Sahitya Parishat, a nonprofit organisation that promotes the Kannada language, is located in Bangalore. The city has its own literary festival, known as the "Bangalore Literature Festival", which was inaugurated in 2012.

The Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath is an art gallery that showcases a collection of painting, sculptures, and various other forms of art.

Indian Cartoon Gallery

The cartoon gallery is located in the heart of Bangalore, dedicated to the art of cartooning, and is the first of its kind in India. The gallery conducts fresh cartoon exhibitions of various professional as well as amateur cartoonists every month. The gallery has been organised by the Indian Institute of Cartoonists based in Bangalore that serves to promote and preserve the work of eminent cartoonists in India. The institute has organised more than one hundred exhibitions of cartoons.

Theatre, music, and dance

Bangalore is home to the Kannada film industry, which produces about 80 Kannada feature films each year. Bangalore also has a very active and vibrant theatre culture with popular theatres being Ravindra Kalakshetra and the Ranga Shankara The city has a vibrant English and foreign language theatre scene with places like Ranga Shankara and Chowdiah Memorial Hall leading the way in hosting performances leading to the establishment of the Amateur film industry. Kannada theatre is very popular in Bangalore and consists mostly of political satire and light comedy. Plays are organised mostly by community organisations, but there are some amateur groups which stage plays in Kannada. Drama companies touring India under the auspices of the British Council and Max Müller Bhavan also stage performances in the city frequently. The Alliance Française de Bangalore also hosts numerous plays through the year.

Bangalore is also a major centre of Indian classical music and dance. The cultural scene is very diverse due to Bangalore's mixed ethnic groups, which is reflected in its music concerts, dance performances and plays. Performances of Carnatic (South Indian) and Hindustani (North Indian) classical music, and dance forms like Bharat Natyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Kathak, and Odissi are very popular. Yakshagana, a theatre art indigenous to coastal Karnataka is often played in town halls. The two main music seasons in Bangalore are in April-May during the Ram Navami festival, and in September-October during the Dusshera festival, when music activities by cultural organisations are at their peak. Though both classical and contemporary music are played in Bangalore, the dominant music genre in urban Bangalore is rock music. Bangalore has its own subgenre of music, "Bangalore Rock", which is an amalgamation of classic rock, hard rock and heavy metal, with a bit of jazz and blues in it. Notable bands from Bangalore include Raghu Dixit Project, Kryptos, Inner Sanctum, Agam, All the fat children, and Swaratma.

The city hosted the Miss World 1996 beauty pageant.

Until the early 19th century, education in Bangalore was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion. The western system of education was introduced during the rule of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar. Subsequently, the British Wesleyan Mission established the first English school in 1832 known as Wesleyan Canarese School. The fathers of the Paris Foreign Missions established the St. Joseph's European School in 1858. The Bangalore High School was started by the Mysore government in 1858 and the Bishop Cotton Boys' School was started in 1865. In 1945 when World War II came to an end, King George Royal Indian Military Colleges was started at Bangalore by King George VI; the school is popularly known as Bangalore Military School

In post-independent India, schools for young children (16 months-5 years) are called nursery, kindergarten or play school, which are broadly based on Montessori or multiple intelligence methodology of education. Primary, middle school and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to one of the government or government recognised private boards of education, such as the Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC), Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), International Baccalaureate (IB), International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) and National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). Schools in Bangalore are either government run or are private (both aided and un-aided by the government). Bangalore has a significant number of international schools due to expats and IT crowd. After completing their secondary education, students either attend Pre University Course or continue an equivalent high school course in one of three streams - arts, commerce or science with various combinations. Alternatively, students may also enroll in diploma courses. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry.

Below are some of the historical schools in Bangalore and their year of establishment.

Universities

The Central College of Bangalore is the oldest college in the city, it was established in the year 1858. It was originally affiliated with University of Mysore and subsequently to Bangalore University. Later in the year 1882 the priests from the Paris Foreign Missions Society established the St. Joseph's College. The Bangalore University was established in 1886, it provides affiliation to over 500 colleges, with a total student enrolment exceeding 300,000. The university has two campuses within Bangalore - Jnanabharathi and Central College. University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering was established in the year 1917, by M. Visvesvaraya, At present, the UVCE is the only engineering college under Bangalore University. Bangalore also has many private engineering colleges affiliated with Visvesvaraya Technological University.

Some of the professional institutes in Bangalore are:

Some private institutions in Bangalore include Symbiosis International University, SVKM's NMIMS, CMR University, Christ University, Jain University, PES University, Dayananda Sagar University and Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences. Private medical colleges include St. John's Medical College, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, and Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. The M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research has a branch located in Bangalore.

The first printing press in Bangalore was established in 1840 in Kannada by the Wesleyan Christian Mission. In 1859, the Bangalore Herald became the first English bi-weekly newspaper to be published in Bangalore; and in 1860, the Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore.Vijaya Karnataka and The Times of India are the most widely circulated Kannada and English newspapers in Bangalore respectively, closely followed by the and Deccan Herald (both owned by the Printers (Mysore) Limited) - the largest print media house in Karnataka. Other circulated newspapers are , Vishwavani, Kannadaprabha, , Bangalore Mirror, provide localised news updates. On the web, Explocity provides listings information in Bangalore.

Bangalore got its first radio station when All India Radio, the official broadcaster for the Indian Government, started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on 2 November 1955. The radio transmission was AM, until in 2001, Radio City became the first private channel in India to start transmitting FM radio from Bangalore. In recent years, a number of FM channels have started broadcasting from Bangalore. The city probably has India's oldest Amateur (Ham) Radio Club - Bangalore Amateur Radio Club (VU2ARC), which was established in 1959.

Bangalore got its first television network when Doordarshan established a relay centre here and started relaying programs from 1 November 1981. A production centre was established in the Doordarshan's Bangalore office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on 19 November 1983. Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on 15 August 1991 which is now named DD Chandana. The advent of private satellite channels in Bangalore started in September 1991 when Star TV started to broadcast its channels. Though the number of satellite TV channels available for viewing in Bangalore has grown over the years, the cable operators play a major role in the availability of these channels, which has led to occasional conflicts. Direct To Home (DTH) services also became available in Bangalore from around 2007.

The first Internet service provider in Bangalore was STPI, which started offering internet services in early 1990s. This Internet service was, however, restricted to corporates until VSNL started offering dial-up internet services to the general public at the end of 1995. Bangalore has the largest number of broadband Internet connections in India.

Namma Wifi is a free municipal wireless network in Bangalore, the first free WiFi in India. It began operations on 24 January 2014. Service is available at M.G. Road, Brigade Road, and other locations. The service is operated by D-VoiS and is paid for by the State Government. Bangalore was the first city in India to have the 4th Generation Network ( 4G) for Mobile.

Cricket is by far the most popular sport in the city, with a huge following. Bangalore has many parks and gardens that provide excellent pitches for impromptu games. A significant number of national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former captains Rahul Dravid and Anil Kumble. Some of the other notable players from the city who have represented India include Gundappa Viswanath, Syed Kirmani, E. A. S. Prasanna, B. S. Chandrasekhar, Roger Binny, Venkatesh Prasad, Sunil Joshi, Robin Uthappa, Vinay Kumar, KL Rahul, Karun Nair, Mayank Agarwal, Brijesh Patel and Stuart Binny. Bangalore's international cricket stadium is the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 55,000 and has hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup, 1996 Cricket World Cup and the 2011 Cricket World Cup. The Chinnaswamy Stadium is the home of India's National Cricket Academy. The Indian Premier League franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore is based on the city

Football also has a significant following, and has produced several notable players. The Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC are based in the city. It hosted some games of the 2014 Unity World Cup. The I-League 2nd Division clubs FC Bengaluru United, Ozone FC and South United FC are also based in Bangalore.

The city hosts the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Bangalore Open tournament annually. Beginning September 2008, Bangalore has also been hosting the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open ATP tournament annually.

Bangalore is home to the Bangalore rugby football club (BRFC). It has a number of elite clubs, like Century Club, The Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive Bangalore Club, which counts among its previous members Winston Churchill and the Maharaja of Mysore.

India's Davis Cup team members, Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna reside in Bangalore. Other sports personalities from Bangalore include national swimming champion Nisha Millet, world snooker champion Pankaj Advani and former All England Open badminton champion Prakash Padukone.

Bangalore's Kanteerava Indoor Stadium hosted the SABA Championship in 2015 and 2016. India's national basketball team won the gold medal on both occasions. Bangalore is home to Bengaluru Beast, 2017 vice-champion of India's top professional basketball division, the UBA Pro Basketball League.

The Kanteerava Indoor Stadium and Sheraton Grand has hosted various kabaddi matches, including the entire Pro Kabaddi League Season 8. Bengaluru Bulls is one of the teams in this league.

Sister cities

References

Works cited

Further reading

Archaeological Survey of India. "Annual Report of the Archaeological researches in Mysore during the year 1914-15". New Delhi: Central Archaeological Library.

Rangachari, Edgar Thurston, K. (1993). Castes and tribes of southern India. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120602885.

Rice, B. Lewis (2001). Mysore : a gazetteer compiled for government. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-8120609778.

Stein, Burton (1989). The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26693-2.

Hasan, Fazlul (1970). Bangalore Through The Centuries. Bangalore: Historical Publications.

Vagale, Uday Kumar. "Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections". hdl:10919/9941. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2012. (773 KB). Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. 27 April 2004.

Meyer, William Stevenson; Burn, Richard; Cotton, James Sutherland; Risley, Herbert Hope (2006) [1909]. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 315.

External links

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( Bangalore (), officially known as Bengaluru ( Kannada pronunciation: [ˈbeŋgɐɭuːɾu] listen )), is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka.

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Whitefield is a neighbourhood of Bangalore in the state of Karnataka, India. Established in 1882 as a settlement for the Eurasians and Anglo Indians of Bangalore, Whitefield remained a quaint little settlement at the eastern periphery of Bangalore city till the late 1990s when the local IT boom turned it into a major suburb. It is now a major part of Greater Bangalore. Whitefield is Bengaluru's first tech corridor to be connected by Namma Metro.

The locality is named after David Emmanuel Starkenburgh White, founder of the European and Anglo Indian Association which received 4,000 acres of land from Mysore Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar in the 19th century.

In 1882, King Chamaraja Wodeyar IX, the Maharaja of the Mysore State, granted 3,900 acres (16 km ²) of land to the Eurasian and Anglo-Indian Association for the establishment of agricultural settlements at Whitefield, which lay within his territory. The association was then about 170 strong with a committee of 30 members. They were part of the formation of the only settlement in India that Europeans and Eurasians could call their own. Mr. White, the then president of the E&AI Association., took a lively interest in it and helped in its advancement which at the beginning was an uphill task.

In the first decade of the 1900s, there were about 45 houses: 18 were on the village site and the remainder were on farms throughout the settlement and contained about 2,000 acres (8.1 km ²) of land fit for cultivation. The number of residents in 1907 was 130. Lord Connemara, the then governor of Madras (1890) and General Sir Harry Prendergast, a British resident in Mysore, visited the settlement and lent support to the development of Whitefield. Subsequently, there were regular visits to Whitefield by the Bangalore District officials and high dignitaries from the Madras Presidency.

The settlement was 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the Bangalore-Madras (now Chennai) line and a station was built. It led to the influx of residents and their families who worked at Kolar Gold Fields, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) (by train) to the east. It became convenient for those working at KGF to catch a train (running 3 to 4 times a day) and return to their families. There were frequent trains running to Bangalore 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the west (by train). Reaching the settlement from the railway station was possible only by writing a letter to Mrs. Hamilton (wife of a James Hamilton, the keeper of the Waverly Inn) who would arrange for a bullock cart trip for 8 annas.

Until the late 1990s, Whitefield was a small village. It has since become a major hub for the Indian technology industry. The Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) at Whitefield is one of the country's first information technology parks- International Tech Park, Bangalore (ITPB) which houses offices of many IT and ITES companies.

Whitefield is now officially part of Bangalore city which is part of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike.

Whitefield has started seeing a boom in residential construction since the latter half of 1990s and especially during 2002 and onwards.

There are two major four-lane roads connecting Bangalore city with Whitefield - Whitefield road via Mahadevapura and Varthur road (HAL Old Airport Road) via Marathahalli. Both roads intersect with Karnataka State highway 35 (SH 35) which runs north-south (Siddlaghatta in the north to Anekal in the south).

The Whitefield railway station is about 3 km north of the Whitefield Bus stop. It lies on the Bangalore-Chennai route and is double and electrified, the Krishnarajapuram- Whitefield railway station section is slated to be converted to a quadruple line. The station is slated to become a junction with a new Whitefield-Kolar (53 km; 33 miles) line being laid. Neighbouring the Whitefield railway station is Brindavan, the ashram and winter residence of the Hindu spiritual leader Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba.

The Container Corporation of India (CONCOR) has a large inland container depot just off Whitefield road near ITPB.

Shopping malls like Nexus Whitefield (earlier called The Forum Neighborhood Mall), Phoenix Market City, VR Bengaluru, Ascendas Park Square Mall and Nexus Shantiniketan Mall are in the Whitefield area. It also houses the renowned super speciality hospital, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Whitefield, inaugurated by Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba on 19 January 2001, which offers all the medical services for free. Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre is the other major super-speciality hospital in Whitefield.

Whitefield has extensive city bus connectivity with a wide range of services offered by BMTC. A Traffic and Transit Management Centre (TTMC) in EPIP is functional with schedules connecting it with most areas of the city.

The much anticipated Namma Metro project started catering to Whitefield under Phase 2 from March 26, 2023. The Purple line has been extended to cover stations from Baiyyappanahalli to Whitefield (Kadugodi) covering 13 stations in between. This 13.71 km long route was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 25 March, 2023.

Whitefield suffers from water shortages especially during summer months as the whole region relies almost entirely on groundwater. With the increase in housing and office space, the demand has been multiplying over the years, and groundwater depletion has been worsening alarmingly. BWSSB is supplying the region with water under the Cauvery Water Supply Scheme Stage IV, Phase II. BWSSB has been granted Rs.1000 crore for water projects in 2012 including supplying water to areas of Greater Bangalore which includes Whitefield.

There are two main roads serving this area - Whitefield Road from Krishnarajapuram and Whitefield Main Road from Varthur. From HAL Old Airport Road and Kudhanahalli Gate is direct link between Central City and Whitefield .On November 2, 2020, Whitefield recorded its poorest air quality since the lockdown due to COVID-19. On January 24, 2021, residents petitioned the authorities to save the neighbouring Pattandur Agrahara Lake. They demanded removal of encroachments and rejuvenation of the water body by the city corporation.Most of the People live in Varthur ,Thubhannahalli, AECS Layout, Kudhanahalli Gate area,BEML layout because it is located close to Major Tech company

There are multiple malls and food hotspots in and around the Whitefield area, some of them include -

These malls host multiple restaurants that cater to a variety of cuisines - Regional Indian cuisines, Japanese, Fast Food, etc.

Additional prominent standalone restaurants in the area apart from the ones hosted in malls include -

Stoners (Burger and Ice Cream franchise)

Windmills Craftworks (Restaurant and Micro-brewery)

Pasta Street (Italian Cuisine)

A2B - Adyar Ananda Bhavan (South Indian restaurant franchise)

Media related to Whitefield, Bangalore at Wikimedia Commons

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Whitefield is a neighbourhood of Bangalore in the state of Karnataka, India. Established in 1882 as a settlement for the Eurasians and Anglo Indians of Bangalore, Whitefield remained a quaint little settlement at the eastern periphery of Bangalore city till the late 1990s when the local IT boom turned it into a major suburb.

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Builders in Bangalore | Real Estate Developers in South India

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Residential Apartments in Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kochi, Mumbai & Mangalore. Flats & Luxury Villas by Prestige Group. Make an Enquiry for Prices of our Properties.

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Bangalore has emerged as a promising location for real estate developers. For those seeking a reliable investment income and a competitive rate of return, Bangalore is the best.

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Whitefield’s IT sector primarily drives this region’s real estate development. Businesses fuel the demand for housing projects right outside your door.

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Prestige Park Grove price is the main attracting feature of the property as it is located in the most rapidly transformed locality, Whitefield. This intense change in the locality began with establishing the International Tech Park, Bangalore. It was followed by the movement of several significant corporates such as TCS, Wipro, SAP, and Mindtree into the area. Currently, the neighbourhood is one of the most prominent employment hubs and constantly sees an influx of new residents. These new residents have led to an upswing in demand for residential real estate. Today's homebuyer is spoilt for choice regarding sophisticated residential real estate developments in the area. The property costs in Whitefield are increasing steadily as more and more investors are starting to view the site appreciatively. The moderate price from January to March 2022 is Rs. 6000-plus per square foot. The highest price is Rs. 8000-plus per square foot, and the minimum is Rs. 4000-plus per square foot.

Prestige Park Grove's price is yet to be unveiled. In Whitefield the average apartment price of 1 BHK is about Rs. 50 Lakhs. 2 BHK price range is between Rs. 70 to 1.5 Cr. 3 BHK price in this location is around Rs. 1.3 to Rs. 2.2 Cr. Prestige Park Grove will offer 1, 2, and 3 BHK apartments and villas. Villas prices in Whitefield are over Rs 3 Cr.

Prestige Group is a renowned builder with very high brand value. The launch price of Prestige Park Grove will be very competitive. Apartments cost depends on the location and the builder's brand value.

Once the pre-launch is done, the Price List, Cost Sheet, and Payment plans are updated. Prestige Park Grove has two and three BHK apartments of varied sizes and prices.

Prestige Park Grove was developed by the Prestige Group, a well-known and reputable company in the real estate industry. Its units are in high demand. Furthermore, their properties consistently generate large profit margins. As a result, buying in The Prestige Park Grove is unquestionably beneficial.

A property's pricing is an essential consideration for any buyer. A reasonable price will surely entice a potential buyer and is a critical determining factor in any real estate transaction. After conducting extensive market research, a builder comes at customized pricing that ensures the company's profitability. Realtors currently provide highly competitive pricing in the real estate market. Today's commercial and residential buildings provide the best location, architecture, amenities, and features and are extremely reasonably priced.

A cost sheet is an essential tool for investors that is also available to the general public. It consists of two primary components: a breakdown of the cost of a home and a payment schedule.

Bangalore has remained a real estate hotspot for decades. People come from all across the country to visit this significant IT destination with a multicultural atmosphere. Bangalore's fast expansion allows house buyers to purchase their dream residences.

Prestige Park Grove is easily accessible from main thoroughfares such as Sarjapur Road, MG Road, Outer Ring Road, and Electronic City. The Brigade School, Gopalan National School, Euro School, St. Joseph's Convent, Royal Public School, The Bangalore School, and others are among the prestigious educational institutions in the area. IBM, Oracle, TCS, SAP Labs, Qualcomm, Accenture, Tesco, Huawei, GE, Capgemini, Mercedes Benz, and many more notable enterprises and IT organizations have established themselves near Prestige Park Grove.

Columbia Asia, Narayana Multi-specialty Hospital, Hope Hospital, Vydehi Hospital, Sri Sathya Sai General Hospital, and more hospitals are located close to this residential project. Near proximity to Kempegowda International Airport and critical job centres from this residential complex (about 23 kilometres).

Find the Best Real Estate Property At a Reasonable Price

For the buyer searching for an excellent rental and resale value, Prestige Park Grove is a worthy investment. Every project from this prestigious developer is backed by a guarantee of quality and expertise. Furthermore, as an investment, the project's location is a sensible decision. Whitefield is a popular neighbourhood in Bangalore today, and real estate has a high resale value. Many individuals seek rental homes, increasing property investment value in this area.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the price of an apartment in Prestige Park Grove?

2. What is the price of 3 BHK in Prestige Park Grove?

3. What would be the expected launch price of Prestige Park Grove apartments?

4. Which banks have approved Prestige Park Grove and are providing loans?

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Price | Prestige Park Grove | Payment Plan | 1,2 & 3 BHK Apartments

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Prestige Park Grove price is yet to be announced. Apartment price, cost sheet and Pre launch Price will be updated shortly. Appreciation is Guaranteed.

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Whitefield is a residential hotspot that functions as a commercial and residential area of the city. It is situated in the eastern periphery of Bangalore. Its employment spaces, IT Parks, and developed infrastructural frameworks are famous. Its greenery and iconic lakes make it more peaceful and consist of residential dwellings. It has a robust presence in the best residential communities by leading real-estate developers featuring premium homes with the best amenities. The demand for residential homes is steadily rising in Whitefield. The area offers buyers multiple housing options, from luxury villas to villas and plots. It provides vital closeness to Old Madras, Varthur, Old Airport Road, the ORR from Marathahalli, and other localities. Prestige Park Grove is a futuristic luxury villa project by the reputed Prestige Group in Whitefield, East Bangalore. It offers lavish 1 BHK, 2 BHK, and 3 BHK homes across 80 acres. The villas in this project are spacious, well-ventilated, and Vaastu compliant. This futuristic project offers you a modern lifestyle coping with your expectations. With the privilege of being in the best location, this project by Prestige Group fulfills one dream of owning a dream home. The location is the project's plus point as it offers all the amenities one can think of. Whitefield is home to many shopping centers, educational establishments, and hospitals. It provides good connectivity to other parts of Bangalore.

Prestige Park Grove's Villa perfect location in Whitefield makes it accessible to the city's business, IT, and industrial areas. The city is far ahead of other well-known places due to its carefully planned infrastructure. The project has a clubhouse with many amenities, like a swimming pool, gym, health club, indoor badminton courts, billiards, table tennis, and party halls, to meet the resident's needs and provide excellent recreational options. The project's primary goal is to develop something that matches the needs of the people. The Prestige Park Grove combines the premium elements of Bangalore with a close connection to nature. Due to its proximity to all essentials and amenities, Prestige Park Grove is one of the city's most sought-after homes. Prestige Park Grove features every comfort a potential homebuyer might want, from design to layout, amenities to space, to help them spend more time at home with their dear ones. There are big windows for ventilation and natural light in each unit's spacious bedroom. Due to its location in a developed neighborhood, your new dream home is convenient to shops, malls, schools, and colleges. You can check out residences at Prestige Park Grove.

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prestige park grove villas specifications

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prestige park grove villas neighbourhood

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Whitefield is a residential hotspot that functions as a commercial and residential area of the city. It is situated in the eastern periphery of Bangalore. Its employment spaces, IT Parks, and developed infrastructural frameworks are famous. Its greenery and iconic lakes make it more peaceful and consist of residential dwellings.