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U.S. Railroad Companies Recruit Mexicans (1882-1910)

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U.S. Railroad Companies Recruit Mexicans (1882-1910)

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The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 halts Chinese immigration into the United States, leading railway companies to recruit Mexican workers. While inspection stations are set up along the southern border, the first US border patrol is established to prevent Asian workers from circumventing border controls and entering through Mexico in 1904. In the early 1900s, historians estimate that more than sixteen thousand Mexicans worked on the railroads, representing 60 percent of the U.S. railway workforce.

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Mexican Revolution Spurs Migration North (1910)

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Mexican Revolution Spurs Migration North (1910)

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A revolt among Mexican peasants and urban workers sparks the Mexican Revolution, which is led by Emiliano Zapata Salazar in the south and Francisco "Pancho" Villa in the north. Porfirio Diaz is overthrown in 1911, and Francisco Madero assumes the presidency after he said, "Poor Mexico, so far from God and so close to the United States." Mexico's bloody conflict and upheaval prompt millions of Mexicans to seek asylum in the United States. Between 1910 and 1920, more than 890,000 Mexicans migrate to the United States, although some of them ultimately return.

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Revolution in Mexico (November 20, 1910 – February 5, 1917)

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Revolution in Mexico (November 20, 1910 – February 5, 1917)

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Three significant surges of Mexican immigration occurred during the 20th century. The first surge occurred in the early 1900s when the Mexican Revolution took hold and the U.S. economy grew rapidly, leading to a tremendous increase in Mexican immigration. Between 1910 and 1930, the U.S.

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Immigration Increases Amid U.S. Restrictions Immigration Increases Amid U.S. Restrictions (1921-1929)

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Immigration Increases Amid U.S. Restrictions Immigration Increases Amid U.S. Restrictions (1921-1929)

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During the Mexican Revolution, peasants and urban workers revolt, led by Emiliano Zapata Salazar and Francisco "Pancho" Villa respectively. In 1911, Porfirio Diaz is overthrown, and Francisco Madero becomes president after he said, "Poor Mexico, so far from God and so close to the US." Mexicans seek refuge in the United States as a result of their bloody conflict and upheaval. Between 1910 and 1920, more than 890,000 Mexicans migrate to the United States, although some of them ultimately return.

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Great Depression Spurs Forced Repatriation Program (1929-1939)

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Great Depression Spurs Forced Repatriation Program (1929-1939)

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As a result of the economic collapse, tens of thousands of farmers in the Midwest migrate to California in search of work, and Americans view Mexicans as competitors to jobs and a drain on social services. Accordingly, federal authorities began a repatriation program for Mexicans and Mexican-Americans, including some U.S. citizens, which forced the migration of more than 400 thousand people from Arizona, California, and Texas to Mexico. Wary of the political climate, hundreds of thousands more return to Mexico voluntarily.

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The first U.S. president to visit Mexico since 1979, Clinton promises Mexican President Zedillo that he will not deport undocumented immigrants in mass quantities and commits to a joint drug trafficking strategy. In the plan, illegal firearms will be tracked, extradition agreements will be negotiated, and DEA agents will be allowed to be armed while in Mexico. It can be argued that the increased cooperation will compromise Mexico's sovereignty given that by the late 1990s, the United States was consuming about half of all drugs on the planet, but represented less than 5 percent of the world's population.

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Obama and Pena Nieto Pledge to Deepen Ties (2013)

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Obama and Pena Nieto Pledge to Deepen Ties (2013)

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At a meeting in Mexico, President Obama and Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto announced further bilateral cooperation to combat drug trafficking and organized crime.   It is expected that Congress will pass comprehensive immigration reform legislation to fix the nation's broken immigration system. The legislation will improve border security, streamline visa processing, and provide an alternative path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, including nearly 12 million Mexicans.

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As the United States' new president, Donald Trump is promising deportation of millions of undocumented immigrants, making Mexico pay for a new border wall, and ending NAFTA. His election threatens to upend the U.S.-Mexico relationship. His administration implements several hard-line immigration policies over the next four years, and the COVID-19 pandemic–related public health measures that close the border for all. While Central American migrants arrive in increasing numbers in 2019, Trump threatens to impose tariffs on Mexico unless its government curbs migration.

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Biden suspends Remain in Mexico, but a court ruling forces him to restart it. U.S. President Joe Biden faces numerous challenges to reorient U.S.-Mexico relations. Despite pandemic-era restrictions on migrants remaining in place, Biden reopens the southern border in November 2021. Almost eleven million vaccine doses are donated to Mexico annually, the highest number for any Latin American nation.

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Biden, AMLO Pledge Border Improvements Amid Migrant Surge (2022)

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Biden, AMLO Pledge Border Improvements Amid Migrant Surge (2022)

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It is estimated that in May 2022, U.S. Border Patrol agents apprehended 239,416 people at the Mexico-U.S. border, the highest number in history. During a meeting in July at the White House, AMLO and Biden reaffirm their commitment to securing the southern border through a joint infrastructure plan. Mexico will invest $1.5 billion through 2024 as part of this effort, which includes $3.4 billion in funding from the U.S. government for construction projects at land ports of entry. Among other things, they discuss ways to reduce bilateral trade costs, increase the number of temporary work visas available to Americans, and create a working group on worker protections and migration pathways.