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A metamorphic rock is a type of rock that forms from pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic) under the influence of intense heat, pressure, and/or chemical processes, causing their mineral structure and texture to change. These changes occur deep within the Earth's crust or upper mantle. The heat and pressure cause recrystallization of minerals, realignment of mineral grains, and the development of new minerals, resulting in the formation of a new rock with distinct physical and chemical characteristics. The original rock, known as the parent rock, undergoes these transformations without melting. Examples of metamorphic rocks include marble (from limestone) and gneiss (from granite).

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Characteristics of foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks

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Characteristics of foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks

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Foliated and non-foliated are two distinct characteristics of metamorphic rocks. Foliated metamorphic rocks, such as schist or slate, have a layered or banded appearance due to the alignment of mineral grains or the presence of alternating light and dark layers. These minerals align in parallel planes or bands, giving the rock a distinct texture and often resulting from the application of directed pressure during metamorphism. In contrast, non-foliated metamorphic rocks, such as marble or quartzite, lack visible layering or banding. Instead, they typically have a more uniform texture and mineral composition. Non-foliated rocks form in environments with minimal or no directed pressure during metamorphism, and their minerals may have recrystallized or grown without any preferred orientation. Both foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks can exhibit a wide range of colors, hardness, and other physical properties, making each type unique in its appearance and formation.

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A sedimentary rock is a type of rock that forms through the accumulation and lithification (compaction and cementation) of sediments. Sediments can include rock fragments, mineral grains, organic material, and other particles that are transported and deposited by various geological processes such as erosion, weathering, and sedimentation. Over time, as these sediments become compacted and cemented together, they form sedimentary rocks. Examples of sedimentary rocks include sandstone, limestone, and shale.

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Compare/Contrast The 3 different types of sedimentary rocks

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Compare/Contrast The 3 different types of sedimentary rocks

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Clastic, organic, and chemical sedimentary rocks differ in their compositions and origins. Clastic sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone or conglomerate, are made up of fragmented rock and mineral grains. These sediments are typically derived from the weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks and are transported and deposited by various geological processes. Organic sedimentary rocks, like coal or limestone, are primarily composed of organic material, such as the remains of plants or the shells of marine organisms. These rocks form in environments where organic material accumulates and undergoes compaction and biochemical processes over time. In contrast, chemical sedimentary rocks, such as rock salt or gypsum, form from the precipitation and crystallization of dissolved minerals in water bodies like lakes or seas. These minerals often come from evaporation or chemical reactions in aqueous environments. While clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks have primarily inorganic compositions, organic sedimentary rocks are unique in their high organic content.

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An igneous rock is a type of rock that forms when magma (molten rock) cools and solidifies, either beneath the Earth's crust (intrusive igneous rocks) or on the surface (extrusive igneous rocks). This cooling and solidification process allows for the formation of mineral crystals within the rock. Examples of igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and obsidian.