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Blue: USA
Red: USSR AND RUSSIA
Yellow: China
Green: Other
Star: presidents

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The Short 20th century begins (1914-1991)

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The Short 20th century begins (1914-1991)

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-World adopted a bipolar view of the world with the US and USSR
-3 main explanations -> orthodox, revisionist, and post-revisionist
-Cold war begins (1945) -> ideological struggle

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What moved Stalin to want to ally with the West? (at the start)

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What moved Stalin to want to ally with the West? (at the start)

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-Prevent Germany + Japan from re-gaining PWR
-Legitimizing the new USSR borders
-Confirm its sphere of influence in E Europe
-Cooperation necessary for reconstruction
-British-American differences to surface

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⭐Stalin assumed Power USSR ( 21 January 1924)

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⭐Stalin assumed Power USSR ( 21 January 1924)

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Lenin died on 21 January 1924. Stalin was given the honour of organizing his funeral. Upon Lenin's death, Stalin was officially hailed as his successor as the leader of the ruling Communist Party and of the Soviet Union itself.

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⭐Truman Became President of US (April 12, 1945)

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⭐Truman Became President of US (April 12, 1945)

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with the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 12, 1945.

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Keynes + Harry White -> negative growth in real US GDP

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-FDR dies
-Conference of San Francisco -> UN creation
-May 8th -> Germany surrenders
-Kennan's telegram to Truman-> about the orthodox view
-US nuclear monopoly (1945-49)
-Different foreign interests

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-Rising tensions
-Establishment of blocs
-Mao's China (1949)
-Korean War (1950-53)

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End of WWII (May 8, 1945) - known as Victory in Europe Day or V-E Day 

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End of WWII (May 8, 1945) - known as Victory in Europe Day or V-E Day 

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THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN (March 12, 1947)

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THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN (March 12, 1947)

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the President announced the Truman Doctrine, a policy plan to keep Communism from spreading to politically unstable countries. Fearing that poverty and other conditions created by World War II might make Europe susceptible to Communism, the American government funneled about thirteen billion dollars into Western Europe to rehabilitate and stabilize countries through the Marshall Plan (or European Recovery Program).

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NATO was formed (April 4, 1949) WASHINGTON DC!

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NATO was formed (April 4, 1949) WASHINGTON DC!

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established in 1949 as an alliance among Western European and North American nations with the goal of containing communism.
At present, NATO has 30 members. In 1949, there were 12 founding members of the Alliance: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States.

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BERLIN BLOCKADE JUNE 24, 1948 — SEPTEMBER 30, 1949

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BERLIN BLOCKADE JUNE 24, 1948 — SEPTEMBER 30, 1949

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As American and Soviet forces occupying Germany clashed over punishment and rehabilitation plans for the country, the Soviets cut off access to Berlin. From June 26, 1948, to September 30, 1949, the United States and Great Britain dropped food and supplies into West Berlin via air.

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COMMUNIST REVOLUTION IN CHINA (OCTOBER 1, 1949)

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COMMUNIST REVOLUTION IN CHINA (OCTOBER 1, 1949)

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The People’s Liberation Army, led by Communist leader Mao Zedong, ousted Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist government in China in 1949. Mao Zedong declared the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, and Nationalist forces and sympathizers were forced to retreat to Taiwan.

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The National Security Council issued in 1950 the classified report NSC-68, which outlined a plan that would shape American Cold War policy for years to come. It advocated the worldwide containment of Communism and major rearmament. The report emphasized the need for an American commitment to fighting Communism globally, not just in Europe, and pointed to military intervention as the most effective form of containment.

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-Expansion of spheres of influence
-Nuclear weapons
-Decolonization and "hot crises" (Suez '56; Berlin'58-61; Cuba '59-62)

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He died suddenly in early March 1953 after a short illness, which was described in a series of medical bulletins in the Soviet newspaper Pravda. Based on both the clinical history and autopsy findings, it was concluded that Stalin had died of a massive hemorrhagic stroke involving his left cerebral hemisphere.

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After Stalin died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and Georgy Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union.

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The Korean War began on June 25, 1950, when North Korea invaded South Korea in an effort to unify the two countries. The UN and the United States soon intervened, hoping to halt the spread of Communism to the South. After securing the 38th parallel border, the US aimed to “liberate” North Korea from Communism rather than just allowing the countries to return to pre-war terms. US and UN forces were unsuccessful in unifying the countries under South Korean rule. The conflict ended on July 26, 1953, following two years of peace negotiations that left North and South Korea divided.

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In 1952 the United States exploded a hydrogen bomb on Eniwetok, an island in the Pacific Ocean. The detonation destroyed the island and sent up a three-mile-wide mushroom cloud. The successful test marked a new era in the arms race.

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⭐DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER ELECTED US President (NOVEMBER 4, 1952)

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⭐DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER ELECTED US President (NOVEMBER 4, 1952)

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Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower was easily elected president of the United States in 1952 with 442 electoral votes and 55.2 percent of the popular vote. In 1957 Congress approved the Eisenhower Doctrine, which extended the Truman Doctrine and provided military and economic support in the Middle East to Arab countries attempting to suppress Communist-nationalistic rebellions. In his 1961 farewell address to the nation, Eisenhower famously warned the nation about the symbiotic relationship between defense contractors and the armed forces—dubbing it “a military-industrial complex.”

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Between Eisenhower and Franco. For the US, Spain becomes attractive due to its location, and non-communist orientation. It's location it's good due to-> Canary Islands, Gibraltar. However, Spain didn't receive $ from the Marshall Plan. Having military basis in exchange for economic assistance

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Senator Joseph McCarthy began a series of televised congressional investigations into communists in the US Army. The broadcasts exposed McCarthy as an unscrupulous bully, and the Senate eventually voted to censure McCarthy for his conduct during the hearings

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BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION (US May 17, 1954)

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BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION (US May 17, 1954)

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In the case of Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court struck down the Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” decision when it ruled that segregation of public school children based on race was unconstitutional.

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In 1955, eight Communist Bloc countries signed the Warsaw Pact, a “Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance,” to form a mutual defense coalition. Force comparisons became the centerpiece of the Cold War.

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MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT (December 6, 1955)

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MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT (December 6, 1955)

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The Montgomery bus boycott began on December 6, 1955, prompted by the arrest five days earlier of Rosa Parks, who had refused to give up her seat on the bus for a white passenger. The boycotters, led by Martin Luther King Jr., walked and carpooled to protest segregation in public transportation. They faced harassment and violence from white police and residents. In November 1956, the Supreme Court ruled in Gayle et al. v. Browser that segregation of the city’s buses was unconstitutional. African Americans returned to Montgomery’s buses on December 21, 1956.

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20th CPSU. Khruschchev's secret speech (1956)

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20th CPSU. Khruschchev's secret speech (1956)

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-Bold speech
-De-stalinize USSR -> unmasking all the things Stalin did -> win the people

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Congress approved it in March of the same year. Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces “to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism.”

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Created by the Soviet Union, Sputnik I became the first satellite launched into space in October 1957. It was followed by Sputnik II a month later. The launch of the two satellites marked the beginning of the space race as a high stakes competition with national security implications between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviets’ success in launching the satellites also prompted the US to increase federal spending on education and technology advances.

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The National Aeronautics and Space Act established the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA). The primary mission of the agency was to promote manned space flight.

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NUCLEAR TEST MORATORIUM (OCTOBER 31, 1958)

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NUCLEAR TEST MORATORIUM (OCTOBER 31, 1958)

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The United States began a voluntary nuclear test moratorium in hopes that the USSR would agree to do the same. The Soviets resisted at first, completing tests on November 1 and 3, 1958, before beginning a self-imposed twelve-month ban.

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Cold pact, Kremlin and the White house disagreed.

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Nixon (vice of US) visited Moscow in July-> in a press conference -> making jokes between him and Nikita in a friendly way. Later that year, in September, Nikita visited Nixon in Texas scared about the technological PWR of the US-> potential threat

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JOHN F. KENNEDY ELECTED PRESIDENT (November 8, 1960)

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JOHN F. KENNEDY ELECTED PRESIDENT (November 8, 1960)

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In a close election, Democrat John F. Kennedy edged out Republican Richard Nixon to win the presidency. Kennedy won by fewer than 117,000 popular votes.

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US aid to Latin America (0ver 20 billion). Venezuela was the greatest recipient

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Soviet and East German troops began building the Berlin Wall to close off the western part of city after shutting down interallied checkpoints.

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Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 17, 1961) *a.k.a. Valeria's Birthday (am I a pig?)

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Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 17, 1961) *a.k.a. Valeria's Birthday (am I a pig?)

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n an invasion planned by the United States Central Intelligence Agency and approved by the Kennedy administration, US-backed Cuban anti-Castro forces landed at the Bay of Pigs but were overcome by Castro’s troops. More than 1100 men were captured in an embarrassing defeat. The prisoners were eventually ransomed back to the US in exchange for food and medicine.

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CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (October 16, 1962-October 28, 1962)

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CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (October 16, 1962-October 28, 1962)

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On October 16, 1962, President Kennedy learned of Soviet plans for missile installation in Cuba and announced a blockade of Cuba to prevent more missiles from entering the country. In the following days, Kennedy and Khrushchev exchanged messages under mutual threat of nuclear war. On October 28, Khrushchev agreed to halt missile work in Cuba, and Kennedy promised to withdraw missiles from Turkey. The agreement put an end to the crisis and averted an escalation to major nuclear conflict.

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-Early US-Soviet talks
-Vietnam War
-"Space race"
-1968 Uprisings

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Martin Luther King Jr. and others led more than 200,000 civil rights supporters in a March on Washington. There, King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech, declaring that “we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.”

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Only underground tests allowed

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⭐JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATED (November 22, 1963)

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⭐JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATED (November 22, 1963)

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President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed by assassin Lee Harvey Oswald while riding in a motorcade through Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Vice President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president upon Kennedy’s death.

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⭐LYNDON JOHNSON ELECTED PRESIDENT (November 3, 1964)

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⭐LYNDON JOHNSON ELECTED PRESIDENT (November 3, 1964)

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Incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson was easily elected president over Republican Barry Goldwater by more than fifteen million popular votes. Johnson announced his “Great Society” plan in his 1965 State of the Union address. The program called for a “war on poverty,” with social welfare legislation and increased federal support for education, health care, and voting rights. The costs of and civil strife over the Vietnam War discouraged LBJ, and he did not run for another term.

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⭐Leonid Brezhnev  goes to the office (1964)

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⭐Leonid Brezhnev  goes to the office (1964)

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After Khrushchev's removal from power in 1964, Brezhnev emerged as the General Secretary of the CPSU. He also served as the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1960 to 1964 and later as the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (renamed from Presidium in 1966) from 1977 until his death in 1982.

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US AIR STRIKES IN VIETNAM (February 24, 1965)

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US AIR STRIKES IN VIETNAM (February 24, 1965)

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In 1965, President Johnson authorized Operation Rolling Thunder, a sustained series of air strikes on North Vietnam that lasted until November 1968. On March 8, 1965, the first American combat troops entered South Vietnam.

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In the South Vietnam village of My Lai, American infantrymen murdered more than five hundred men, women, and children. The atrocities at My Lai came to light in the American media in early 1969, stunning the public and helping to turn national opinion against the war.

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MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. ASSASSINATED (April 4, 1968)

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MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. ASSASSINATED (April 4, 1968)

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Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed by James Earl Ray outside King’s room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. The assassination sparked mourning and riots across the country.

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June 23 to June 25, 1967: The Glassboro Summit. SALT (strat. arms limitation talk)

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June 23 to June 25, 1967: The Glassboro Summit. SALT (strat. arms limitation talk)

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Glassboro Conference, took place in Glassboro, New Jersey, United States. It was a historic meeting between U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin that occurred from June 23 to June 25, 1967. The summit was held at Glassboro State College (now known as Rowan University) in Glassboro, a town located in southern New Jersey. The meeting was significant as it was one of the few direct face-to-face talks between leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War era.

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ROBERT KENNEDY ASSASSINATED (June 5, 1968)

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ROBERT KENNEDY ASSASSINATED (June 5, 1968)

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Just hours after the close of the California Democratic primary, presidential hopeful Senator Robert F. Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy died a day later of his wounds.

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non proliferation, disarment, peaceful aims. Nuclear pwr only for civilian powers

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⭐RICHARD NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT (November 5, 1968)

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⭐RICHARD NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT (November 5, 1968)

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In the presidential election of 1968, Republican Richard Nixon faced off against Democrat Hubert Humphrey and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace. In a time of great divisions among Americans and violent protests over Vietnam, the Cold War, and race, Nixon seemed to promise stability and order.

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The US Apollo 11 was the first manned space craft to land on the moon. Astronaut Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the moon’s surface were watched by hundreds of millions in a live television broadcast of the landing.

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INVASION OF CAMBODIA KENT STATE MASSACRE (APRIL 30, 1970 — MAY 4, 1970)

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INVASION OF CAMBODIA KENT STATE MASSACRE (APRIL 30, 1970 — MAY 4, 1970)

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Richard Nixon announced the US invasion of Cambodia in 1970. The news prompted protests and anger among the public. Four people were killed and nine wounded when the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of anti-war protestors at Kent State University.

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End of the fixed convertibility between US dollar and gold. (WTO, World Bank, and IMF)

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-US-USSR and US-PRC negotiations
-End of Bretton Woods and "oil shocks"
-Iranian Revolution (1978-79")

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It started when Richard Nixon visited soviet leader Brezhnev in 1972

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US: arms control and human rights progress
USSR: legitimizing their status as a world power and expamding their sphere of influence

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Ford, quien era el vicepresidente de Nixon, se convirtió en el 38º presidente de los Estados Unidos tras la renuncia de Nixon. Fue el único presidente de la historia del país que no fue elegido ni como presidente ni como vicepresidente. Su presidencia se centró en la estabilización del país después del escándalo de Watergate y en abordar cuestiones económicas y energéticas.

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Durante su presidencia, se centró en temas como los derechos humanos, el proceso de paz en Oriente Medio y la crisis de rehenes en Irán. Sin embargo, su mandato estuvo marcado por desafíos económicos y energéticos, así como por la crisis de los rehenes estadounidenses en Irán.

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December 27, 1979: The USSR invades Afghanistan

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December 27, 1979: The USSR invades Afghanistan

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US leads Iranian Revolution

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P. volcker --> Chairman of Federal Reserve (1979-87)
Peaking interest rates to curb inflation
Process of Stagflagtion --> Caused by Oil Schock

The first Volcker Shock occurred in October 1979 when the Federal Reserve announced a significant increase in the benchmark interest rate, the federal funds rate. This sudden and substantial increase in interest rates was intended to curb inflationary pressures but also had the effect of causing a severe recession.

The second Volcker Shock took place in 1981. The Federal Reserve continued its tight monetary policy by raising interest rates even higher to combat persistently high inflation. This led to a deep recession, although it eventually succeeded in reducing inflation.

The Volcker Shocks had far-reaching consequences, including high levels of unemployment and economic contraction. However, they were effective in breaking the inflationary spiral that had plagued the U.S. economy. By the mid-1980s, inflation had significantly decreased, paving the way for a period of sustained economic growth.

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fue reelegido en 1984. Su presidencia se caracterizó por su enfoque en la economía, la reducción de impuestos, la desregulación y la política exterior anticomunista. Es recordado por su rol en el fin de la Guerra Fría y su famoso llamado a Mijaíl Gorbachov, líder de la Unión Soviética, para "derribar ese muro" en referencia al Muro de Berlín.

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Andropov succeeded Brezhnev as the General Secretary of the CPSU in 1982. However, his tenure was short-lived as he passed away in 1984.

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1. Support for Anti-Communist Movements: The United States pledged support for anti-communist insurgencies and resistance movements around the world that were fighting against Soviet-backed or communist governments. This support often involved military aid, training, and other forms of assistance to these groups.

2. Rollback of Soviet Influence: The Reagan Doctrine aimed to roll back Soviet influence and control in various regions, particularly in Third World countries. The United States sought to challenge Soviet-backed governments and undermine their influence by supporting opposition groups and promoting democracy.

3. Military Buildup and Defense Spending: The Reagan Doctrine emphasized a significant military buildup and increased defense spending to strengthen the United States and deter Soviet aggression. This included the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a proposed missile defense system to protect against nuclear attacks.

4. Assertive U.S. Leadership: The doctrine called for assertive U.S. leadership on the global stage, advocating for the promotion of American values and interests worldwide. It sought to project American strength and influence while challenging Soviet dominance.

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Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the CPSU in 1985. He introduced significant reforms, including the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). Gorbachev served as the head of state until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Durante su presidencia, enfrentó desafíos como la caída del comunismo en Europa del Este, la Guerra del Golfo Pérsico y problemas económicos internos.

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The Soviet Union dissolved on December 26, 1991

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The Soviet Union dissolved on December 26, 1991