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Interoceptors—or internal receptors—
collect information about the human
body’s internal conditions. These receptors,
located in the internal environment, mostly
respond to chemical stimuli.

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Exteroceptors—or external receptors—
provide information from the body’s outside
environment and are therefore located on
the surface of the body. Sense organs are
exteroceptors.

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Proprioceptors provide information concerning body position and body motion, as well
as on the relative position of body parts. These
receptors are located in the inner ear’s vestibule and the locomotive system (muscles,
tendons, and articulations), respectively.

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Sight is the sense through which we detect light stimuli.
The eye, the sense organ for sight, has photoreceptors, which are cells specialized in detecting light stimuli and transforming them into nerve impulses. The eye has Iris, Pupil, Retina, Cornea, Crystalline lens and optical nerve.

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Through the sense of hearing humans can detect sound.
The ear is the sense organ that allows us to detect sound waves through mechanoreceptors, cells that are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding environment. The vestibular system in the inner ear has proprioceptors that play a part in the sense of balance. The ear has 3 parts: Outer, middle, and inner ear.

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The outermost part of the ear acts as an antenna to intercept sound waves and direct them into the middle ear and has Pinna and Ear canal.

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Vibrations of the air in the middle ear are transferred to a system of membranes and tiny bones and has Eardrum, Ear bones and Eustachian tube.

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Sound vibrations in the inner ear are transformed by the sensory cells into nerve impulses. These are sent to the
brain for interpretation and has Vestibular system, Cochlea and Auditory nerve.

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Smell is the sense that lets humans detect substances dissolved in the air. The olfactory cells are chemoreceptors found in the olfactory mucosa, a part of the nasal cavity.
Has olfactory mucosa, bulb and nerve.

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The sense of taste lets humans detect certain substances dissolved in liquids found in the oral cavity. The chemoreceptors for this sense are found on the surface of the
tongue and are called taste buds (that are tiny bumps covering the upper surface of the tongue). Has Taste receptors and Nerve endings.

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The sense of touch detects stimuli
through physical contact with elements in the environment. Touch receptors are located in the skin. Has Free nerve endings, Krause's corpuscles, Meissne's corpuscles, Ruffini's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles.

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The central nervous system (CNS) consists of brain and spinal cord.

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The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the network of sensory nerves that runs throughout the entire human body.

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The soma or body of a neuron contains the nucleus.
The axon is the longest extension of the cell body. Dendrites are short protrusions that generally transmit incoming
nerve impulses. Synapses are structures that connect the axon of one neuron with another neuron or effector. The nerve impulse at the axon ending causes the release of
neurotransmitters.

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The endocrine system coordinates body processes using chemical messengers called hormones. We have more than 70 different hormones, each one acting on certain cells—target cells—and triggering specific responses.

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Responses are the changes that the human body experiences when the coordinating systems have detected and interpreted stimuli. Effectors are organs, tissues, or cells that carry out responses. They can be Motor or Secretary responses.

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Behavior is the set of responses that humans produce in the presence of stimuli. Can be learned behavior or innate behavior.

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The locomotor system is the set of structures and organs that carry out motor responses.
This system is further divided into two more systems that work together to allow body movement:
The skeletal system, formed of bones and joints, provides support and protects internal organs.
The muscular system, formed of muscles, acts on the skeleton and certain organs and allows voluntary (consciously controlled) and involuntary (not consciously controlled) movements.

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Sense Organs (Disorders in Responses to the Environment)

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Sense Organs (Disorders in Responses to the Environment)

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Genetic disorders. Some people are born with sense organs that may be dysfunctional. Injuries and infectious diseases. Severe injuries and diseases to sense organs and nearby nerve structures may lead to perception disorders. Degenerative diseases. Sense organs become gradually impaired over the years.

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Endocrine disorders. Diabetes is the most common endocrine disease.
Medullary lesions. Severe traumas may lead to spinal cord injuries and may even sever it. Infectious diseases.
Infectious diseases are contagious diseases produced by microorganisms.
Degenerative diseases. Neurodegeneration is caused by a progressive loss of neuronal cells that brings about changes in behavior.
Mental disorders. Apart from physical disorders, mental disorders such as anxiety, depression...

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Injuries. Injuries result from traumas or bad postures.
Degenerative diseases. Degenerative diseases are disorders that tend to occur over time.

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A drug is any harmful substance that causes abnormalities in thenervous system. Can be depressant, narcotics, stimulants and hallucinogens.

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The body’s response to these threats, the immune
response, is carried out by the immune system.
The immune system consists of various types of white
blood cells, structures, and components that:
1. Detect the presence of foreign, potentially damaging
elements in the body which may come from the outside
environment or which are generated internally; and
2. Are involved in producing an appropriate response in
order to eliminate these elements.