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STEP 1:   Find the theory that was assigned to you (see below):

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME A-D are assigned to Precaution Adoption Process Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME E-I are assigned to Diffusion of Innovation Theory

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME J-L are assigned to Social Cognitive Theory

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME M-N are assigned to Transtheoretical Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME O-Q are assigned to Theory of Planned Behavior

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME R-S are assigned to the Health Belief Model

STUDENTS WITH LAST NAME T-Z are assigned to the Social Ecological Model

STEP 2:   Choose one (1) concept from the theory that was assigned to you.  Please include the following:

1. TITLE: NAME OF YOUR CONCEPT

2. EXPLANATION OF HOW PHOTO/PICTURE IS RELATED TO CONCEPT

3. PHOTO OR PICTURE THAT REPRESENTS YOUR CONCEPT

STEP 5:   COMMENT ON AT LEAST 2 POSTS FROM YOUR CLASSMATES

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The photo presented relates to the Health Belief Model.

The individual is at risk for a heart attack.

Perceived susceptibility is the belief of getting the condition. Therefore, the individual may suspect they are likely to develop heart diseases if no exercise is performed.
Perceived severity is the seriousness of a condition. The individual will believe that they are likely to die from heart disease if no exercise is performed.
Perceived benefits is taking action to reduce the risk. This is when the individual begins to exercise and begins to eat healthier.
Perceived barriers are material and psychological costs of taking action. This implies the individual has no resources or accessibility to a gym, park, or unsafe neighborhood.
Cues to action activates the change. The individual compares gym memberships, programs, or the sudden death of a loved one due to the disease.
Self-efficacy is the ability to succeed. This means the individual has been working out for a couple months.

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multiple levels of influence: Interpersonal Relationships

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The picture above is showing how this boy has been pressured to smoke representing peer pressure.

the concept shows different levels of influence and i have decided to do: Interpersonal relationships are the interpersonal processes and primary groups which include friends and how they provide social identity, support, and role definition. this level of influence can affect health behavior.

This photo represents this concept as the young boy is being pressured by his friends to smoke the cigarette that he is holding in his hand. this shows how his interpersonal relationships are putting him in a setting that can lead him to change his health behavior, he might go from never smoking to now becoming addicted due to the actions and influences of his friends leading to a decline in his health. his friends have supported and defined him now as a smoker due to peer pressure.

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This photo demonstrates the bell curve process of adoption (which in this case in shown as an S curve).

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This theory explains how new products, ideas and social norms are spread throughout society. In public health, these are how health promotion programs are spread. This process of adoption is called the "bell curve" or "adoption curve".

This process of innovation usually follows the main five categories before the product or program becomes a new social norm. The first category is the innovators which can be shown by the first people wearing green in the picture shown above. These are the people who are the first to use the innovation, which in this case is a flying moped. The next category is the early adopters which can be shown by the group of people wearing blue. They are the ones who become the the very small group of people who will try this new product and influence the next set of people. The people wearing yellow are known as the early majority adopters is where half of the majority will be found, and this will influence the late majority adopters who is usually the second half of the majority. This is shown by the people who are wearing red. The product then becomes more mainstream and is something that everyone has or is a program that everyone follows. Then at the every end are the laggards, and they are people who usually gain access to the product or start the program later after majority of the population has. This shows that people are influenced to take part in these health promotion programs if majority of the population does.

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This photo relates to the Health Belief Model and the concept of Self Efficacy because one's self-efficacy is in the eye of the beholder. Whether someone believes they have self efficacy or believes that they don't, they are right. In this photo, the shadows reflects how the man views himself. Because he seems big and strong, it shows that the man believes he is capable. In the case of the Health Belief Model, personal strength and capability is a very important concept that is influential in behavior change.

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Legislature enforces a mandatory seatbelt law in accordance to vehicle safety standards to contribute with injury/death prevention.

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Individuals behavior contributes multiple levels of influence. The model represents a concept of influence of public policy which means that federal laws are regulated for safety actions to prevent and manage. Citizens are able to shape their behavior and conform to acts of safety by wearing a seatbelt. Seatbelt laws is mainly on a societal level influence because of its macro level factors meaning that there is a higher influence on how an individual lives in society. To get this law passed, it had to take a collaboration of multiple people in order to enforce this policy on the United Sates. This picture represents my concept because there had to be a change in traffic safety culture. Public health officials had to implement a plan and strategize an ultimatum for the safety of citizens. Although this may be true, there is an emphasis on all levels.
Individual: we know that a majority of people wear
a seat belt
Family/friends: since our peers wear a seatbelt,
it dominates the expectation of us not wanting to
Community: campaigns reach out to cities to
promote wearing a seatbelt
Society: seatbelt laws implemented throughout the
states

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Levels of Influence: Interpersonal Relationships

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The photo above is showing how the girl with the mask is trying to stay protected and follow the guidelines, while her friends are gathered together in a closed place without using the mask.

The concept of interpersonal level reveals the interpersonal processes and primary groups, including family, friends and peers that provide social identity, support, and role definition.

The image above shows how the girl wants to follow the mask regulation by staying safe and protected. It seems that her friends are in a closed place that might be a party, and no one is wearing a mask. Her friend is waiting for her at the door and possibly encouraging her that nothing will happen and that no one at the party is wearing a mask. At this point the girl might feel pressured and left out since she is the only one wearing a mask. This shows how the behavior and attitudes of the others might affect her own thoughts and actions because she is being left out and also pressured into being like the others. -Jessica Zaragoza

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Levels of influence: Interpersonal Relationships

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The photo above is showing how the girl with the mask is trying to stay protected and follow the guidelines, while her friends are gathered together in a closed place without using the mask.

The concept of interpersonal level reveals the interpersonal processes and primary groups, including family, friends and peers that provide social identity, support, and role definition.

The image above shows how the girl wants to follow the mask regulation by staying safe and protected. It seems that her friends are in a closed place that might be a party, and no one is wearing a mask. Her friend is waiting for her at the door and possibly encouraging her that nothing will happen and that no one at the party is wearing a mask. At this point the girl might feel pressured and left out since she is the only one wearing a mask. This shows how the behavior and attitudes of the others might affect her own thoughts and actions because she is being left out and also pressured into being like the others. -Jessica Zaragoza

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The photo represents the Health Belief Model

In this image, the photo represents the concept that the Health Belief Model exhibits of the idea that a person can prevent certain diseases, illnesses, or accidents depending on their health behavior. In this image, the individual is standing on a table, a box, and then a chair trying to grab an object. While there is a sign that states "safety first", the individual is ignoring this and continuing to try and reach the object. He is objectively going against the safety tip and he might injure himself while doing so. This image shows that with poor behavior and actions, will result in illness, disease or injury. Things can be avoided and illnesses do not have to be the outcome for everyone, but if we do not take care of ourselves then there is illness ahead. This outlines the health belief model.

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The image above represents the Precaution Adoption Process Model

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“The Precaution Adoption Process Model” (PAPM) is a seven stage journey which starts with unawareness, to being unengaged, to then deciding to take action or not, to decided to act on it, acting and then maintaining. Therefore, the image above is an example of PAPM because the individual may not be aware that they are at risk of osteoporosis. However, once they know the risk, they can take action to prevent it by taking calcium supplements or not. If they decide to go that route they must maintain it to prevent osteoporosis. The book discusses how one can not return once completing the first two stages. Once a person is informed and aware, they can not simply become unaware and must move on to the next stage, whether that be deciding to act or not.

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This photo demonstrates a Public Service Announcement regarding colon cancer, and the best methods that can help with prevention throughout your lifetime.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model is a health theory model that consists of seven stages. It begins with Stage 1, being unaware of the issue even existing. Stage 2 is being unengaged with the issue, although the person is now aware of the issue existing. Stage 3, "Deciding About Acting" begins a shift in the person, as they will be deciding to act upon it and begin to enact change. This marks the beginning of two paths the subject can take, since they can go to Stage 4: "Decided Not To Act", or continuing on and going to Stage 5: "Decided to Act". Although someone may decide not to act at the current point in time, one positive of the Precaution Adoption Process Model is the ability to go back and change their decision to deciding to act, since they may not have been at an immediate risk. Following Stage 5, we have Stage 6: which is acting, whether it be things like screening for certain cancers or lifestyle changes. Lastly, we have Stage 7: Maintenance, which involves the person maintaining their healthy lifestyle and getting the proper screenings at the correct times, which will mitigate their health risks.

Ultimately, this Public Service Announcement relates to the stages of the Precaution Adoption Process model. Colon cancer is a very serious issue in both men and women, as it is the fourth most commonly diagnosed form of cancer, and the second leading cause of cancer death. The infographic begins with informing people of the issue of colon cancer, stating, "We all have a colon", meaning we are all potentially at risk for developing this form of cancer, targeting Stage 1, to make people informed of the issue. It then advises how to live a healthier lifestyle which can help prevent the likelihood of colon cancer occurring. It grants tips such as getting exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding tobacco products, and limiting consumption of red and processed meats. The infographic also relates to those who may now be aware of the issue but are not acting upon it (unengaged), those who are undecided about acting upon it, and those who have decided not to act upon the information and screenings, (Stage 2, 3, and 4), by stating, "It's great to start early, but it's never too late to make healthy changes!". This goes to show that although you may be young and healthy, it is never too late to start making lifestyle changes that can help prevent this disease in the future. It then relates to the final steps, “Acting”, by advising that by age 35, you should ask your doctor what age you need screening and what choices are available, and by actually getting screened by the end of your 45th year. Lastly, for the “Maintenance” stage, one must follow through with surveillance and screening schedules in order to stay healthy and prevent any complications from possible cancer forming.

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Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)

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Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)

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The Transtheoretical Model also known as the Stages of Change is a process that an individual may go through in order to change their behavior. Within the model, there are five stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. As every individual and behavior are different the stages may vary for the desired benefit. In the photo provided, it presents a visual representation of the thoughts of each stage to assist in differentiating each stage. In the precontemplation stage, it shows the "no, not me" where is demonstrates the individual not yet acknowledging the problem behavior. In the contemplation stage, it shows the "well maybe" where the individual is now aware of the problem behavior and is thinking about changing it. In the preparation stage, it shows "so, ok. what do I do now" where the individual now intends to take steps in changing their problem behavior. In the action stage, it shows "ok. let's do this" where the individual is now modifying their behavior for change. In the maintenance stage, it shows "it is possible" where the individual attempts to keep the change by avoiding temptations that may turn them back to the problem behavior. Thus, this picture provides a concise visual and basis of the transtheoretical model.

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The precaution adoption process model (PAPM) exhibits seven stages that a person goes through to make decisions that translate into specific actions or awareness. When adopting a new behavior, precaution and awareness occur because a person must make certain decisions that help guide or stop the action. According to the textbook, the seven stages of PAPM include being unaware of the issue, being unengaged by the issue, making a decision about acting on the issue, deciding to act on the issue, choosing not to act on the issue, taking action, and maintaining the action. An example of PAPM taking place is shown in the attached picture. For the first stage, the person might be unaware of breast cancer screening or breast cancer in general. Many people may not have the family history of breast cancer. The person may be unengaged or not occupied with getting a screening for breast cancer in the second stage. For the third stage, the person may decide to get a breast cancer screening like a mammogram. For stages four and five, the person may or may not decide to get the screening. For stage six, the person would undergo the screening. The person may decide to get more mammograms in the future for the last stage. The picture showcases facts about getting a mammogram annually. Breast cancer is a severe health issue that many people should be aware of, and getting a mammogram saves many lives. The statistics and facts from the picture showcase how many people don’t know about the screenings or choose not to get screened. Taking the precaution of breast cancer screenings results in early detection, which ultimately contributes to reducing breast cancer rates.

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Diffusion of Innovation theory addresses how a new idea, innovation, or program gets adopted and accepted by society. Public Health often views this theory as a way to successfully reach many individuals who could be benefitted from the new programs.

As shown above, the far left of the curve is known as the innovators. These are the very first and few individuals that get exposed early to the products. As time progressed, a smaller group formed, known as the early adopters, which also accepted the new idea. Then the products reach more and more individuals who belong to the early and late majority categories. Mainstream products that go viral often result from being adopted by the early majority; meanwhile, the late majority gets influenced slower after being greatly influenced by the majority. Lastly, the laggards phase describes a small population that avoids new changes and detaches from social influence. With this theory in mind, public health interventions and programs would be carefully implemented so that the new ideas would reach as many individuals as possible.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model is a health model that flows through 7 stages of a health journey. The model starts at Stage 1, unawareness of the issue where the individual is completely unaware of the issue at hand, in this case Radon exposure in the home. The second stage, unengaged with the issue, where the individual is aware, but remains unengaged with the concepts and makes no conscious effort towards them, in this case they would be aware of radon exposure in homes, but would not consider applying it to themselves. Next, the third and fourth stage would be deciding to act or deciding not to act respectively. In this example, deciding to act would include planning to contact local health departments and researching where to purchase testing kits. On the other hand, deciding not to act would be making the decision to ignore the issue and not research/contact anyone for assistance with the issue. Assuming that the person decided to act on the issue, they would progress to stage 6, acting. This would be the physical act of testing the home for radon. If the person decided not to act and remained in stage 4, they would be free to do so, but at any time could regress to stage 3, deciding to act, and therefore move on to stage 6 where they would act. Finally, stage 7 would be maintenance, this would include regularly testing the home for radon and staying on top of the health concern. Through this chain of events, people are able to regress back through the steps as they please, but it is noted that they cannot return to stage 1 or 2 once they have completed them, because logically someone cannot become unaware of an issue once they have been made aware.

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Image displays how maintaining the lifestyle change of quitting smoking over years will benefit the individual. 

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According to the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM), there are seven different steps that must be passed through before a behavior is adopted and/or maintained. An individual is completely unaware of the problem during the first stage of the PAPM. This means the individual doesn’t know that their is an issue with their habits or if they have an illness or disease. In stage 2, the person may become aware of the problem but remain unconcerned about it. Following that, in PAPM stage 3, the person must decide whether or not to act on it. They may choose not to act on it in stage 4 of PAPM, but they may choose to act on it in stage 5. Stage 6 of PAPM is when the individual begins to carry out the action. Finally, in PAPM stage 7, the individual maintains this change. When relating it to the image, for stage one the individuals have never heard that their smoking habits are harmful and acting causing them to be predisposed to many illnesses for the future. The second stage would be that the individual never has thought of quitting smoking. The third stage will be for the individual to decide whether to quit smoking or to not quit. Stage 4 would them ultimately deciding not to quit as stage 5 would be them deciding to quit smoking. Stage 5 of PAPM pertaining to smoking would the individual actually acting on their decision of quitting smoking and taking out the smoking habit. The last stage, 7 would be the individual maintaining them not smoking which would ultimately lead them to having a better life.

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Photo representing peer pressure to drinking alcohol between two young boys 

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The photo chosen above deals with peer pressure when it comes to consuming alcohol at a premature age. This photo is related to the social ecological theory because this picture represents the interaction that the boy on the left is having with the boy on the right (the one peer pressuring). This social interaction largely dictates how the boy on the left will react and deal with his own health The inner dialogue that must be made for the boy on the left is important in terms of how he will deal with this decision. This photo is important because it highlights the interaction between the boy's intrapersonal dialogue and his community factors, which could impact his decision making and lead to poor health habits at an early age.
The concept of the social ecological model emphasizes how important an individual and that individual's behavior and environment will largely affect their health practices. It is important to consider the wide range of factors that could influence a person's health-- intrapersonal, interpersonal, and community factors that all play a role in healthy habit making, thus heavily affecting one's health.

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The Transtheoretical Model is best defined as a theory utilized by individuals to assess readiness in health behavior changes, such as smoking, losing weight, healthier eating habits, etc. The model consists of five stages used to help guide individuals through a more organized process of transitioning from one behavior to another. These stages include, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. This image represents this model because just like the stages of change there are obstacles to pass when climbing to the top of the mountain. The mountain is metaphorical of all the stages in the model while the flag at the top is the desired change in behavior the individual aspires to reach. In the model, the individual has a chance of relapsing and not achieving their goal they wished to change. The same goes for anyone climbing a mountain. You can take as many steps as you want to try to get to the top but some obstacles may be too hard or too tiring to get over so one may feel like their best option is to give up and stop trying. These two examples are very similar in terms of strategy and meaning.

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This image is showing an example of communication channels, which is one of the four main concepts for the Diffusion of Innovation  Theory.

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The Diffusion of Innovation Theory addresses how ideas, products, and social practices that are perceived as "new" spread throughout society or from one society to another. According to E.M. Rogers, there are four main concepts in this being innovations, communication channels, time, and social systems. Implementation of this theory can be seen at the individual level, organizational level, and community level. The community level includes the use of media, advance of policies, and starting initiatives. The image I selected represents the Diffusion of Innovation Theory by showing the concept of communication channels at the community level. The individual in the image is shown consuming the media and information present around them.

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The Social Cognitive Theory is the explanation of individual and group behaviors based on the influence exerted on a person through their own personal beliefs and experiences, the environment in which they live and human behavior. The Social Cognitive Theory explains how every aspect of these 3 areas exert influence on one another equally.
The Social Cognitive Theory consists of 6 main concepts:
Reciprocal Determinism- The interaction between a person their behavior and its effect on their environment.
Behavioral capability- The knowledge required to change a behavior
Expectation- The expected goals of performing or changing a behavior.
Self-efficacy- Ones personal belief in their ability to overcome obstacles.
Observational Learning- Learning that occurs by observing the actions of other people in ones environment.
Reinforcements- positive or negative responses that can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.
These 6 concepts help to explain the social learning theory and how the influences that the environment, individual, and personal behavior can all exert influence on one another and can play a vital role in the changing of habits, beliefs and behaviors.
The picture that I chose to use is the triangle outlining the social learning theory showing the arrows of influence pointing in both directions to all three corners illustrating the equal influence they exert on one another.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) is a theory that focuses on the psychological process of an individual making their decision to take action on a health issue. This model identifies seven stages starting from being unaware of a health issue to maintaining the behavior to take care of a health issue. The first stage of PAPM begins with an individual lacking awareness of a health issue. Next, the second stage is where the individual becomes aware of the health issue, but is unengaged to act on it. In the third stage, the individual contemplates acting on the health issue which they also might decide to not act on it in the fourth stage. After, the individual decides to take action on the health issue in the fifth stage and continue on working on their behavior for the health issue in the sixth stage. The seventh stage is the final stage of PAPM in which the individual is maintaining the actions to care for the health issue. In the example shown, PAPM is presented as it shows that the individual may be unaware of having Hepatitis B since it could be obtained at birth, through direct contact with infected blood, or through sexual transmission. However, the only way they can start to take action and adopt health behaviors for this infection is when they discover the health risks of it and how they keep their family healthy. Once they are aware of the risks of the infection in causing liver cancer, liver failure, and premature death, the individual will decide to take action and obtain testing and a Hepatitis B vaccination (HBV) for themselves and their family. If individuals continue to get annual checkups with their doctors or at their local clinic, they can get their Hepatitis B shot in 3 doses that can protect them for up to 20 years from getting infected. Statistics above show that every 30 seconds, a person dies from Hepatitis B and it can affect 1 in 12 Asian Americans in getting liver cancer. It is important that individuals become aware of Hepatitis B on how it can be transmitted and prevented because this could help reduce the rates of infection and risks for liver cancer and liver diseases.

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Diffusion of Innovation Theory (Communication Channels)

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Diffusion of Innovation Theory (Communication Channels)

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The Diffusion Innovation Theory explains how different ideas, products, innovations, and other social norms are spread throughout society, which involves several concepts that ultimately lead to a wide range of adoption from others. In a public health context, this theory is utilized to understand how different healthful behaviors, interventions, and related material is adopted from individuals. A concept that is vital towards the theory is communication channels.

My picture is a representation of the endless means of communicating information to populations of interest. The concept of communication channels in the Diffusion Innovation Theory is the means of transmitting new ideas from one person to another. Communication in this theory requires a multistep process in order to maximize its effectiveness to reach audiences. Channels of communication can be both informal and formal, which is shown by several parts of the image. The picture I chose shows a hand using a phone where text messages are received, which could be an informal channel. The picture also shows paper documentation, which represents a formal channel of communication. The theory explains that forms of communication should be conveyed through mass media and interpersonal interactions, and each form is demonstrated in the image, such as through phone use, internet articles, mail, and direct messaging. Communication channels ultimately provide means of influence when considering the spread of adoptive behavior.

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The image that I chose shows that the area above is a pollution free zone. This image relates to the social ecological model because it shows a community level example, particularly in public policy. In this level policies and laws at the local, state, and federal level are created to regulate actions and practices for disease prevention, early detection, control, and management. This image shows that people in this pollution free area are able to enjoy clean, safe air that will not harm them, unlike people in heavily air polluted areas.  There have been many laws and policies passed at the local, state, and federal levels to ensure that air pollution is being decreased to prevent peoples' health being harmed, as well as the environment.

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Access Google Sites with a personal Google account or Google Workspace account (for business use).

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This image shows the five categories within the adoption curve of the Diffusion of Innovation Theory in society. 

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The Diffusion of Innovation Theory explains the spread of innovations, social norms, and different ideas through adoption within the population. In public health, the Diffusion of Innovation Theory is used to accelerate the adoption of essential health programs that aim to change the behavior of a social system. The image above shows the process of innovation through five categories. The first category on the curve's far left is innovators. Innovators are the ones that get exposed first to the idea. They are also the ones to want to be the first to try the idea. They are very interested in new ideas, are willing to take risks, and do not always care if it appeals to others. The next category is early adopters, they also accept the idea. They are opinion leaders and embrace change opportunities. They also realize that change is needed and they don’t need information on the new idea to make that change. The chasm shown between the early adopters and early majorities is the tipping point. The early majority are in the third category. They are rarely leaders but still adopt the ideas however, they typically need to see evidence of the idea working before they adopt it. Next is the late majority, as shown in the image they are skeptical of change and will adapt to the idea once the majority has tried it out first. Lastly, the laggards are people that are very traditional and conservative. They can be seen in the image above as skeptical of change and are hard to convince. This theory overall shows that people are influenced by behavioral and changes within the community level. In public health, this theory is helpful in understanding different behaviors and how individuals adapt to health interventions and programs.

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The Theory of Planned Behavior suggests that individuals act upon a certain behavior according to their intentions to perform that behavior. Their intentions are determined by three constructs such as behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Behavioral attitude is how a person thinks and feels about a behavior either being enjoyable or beneficial to their life. In this photo provided above, if a person enjoys working out and understands that it benefits their health in a good way such as improving their overall wellbeing, they are more likely to work out. The more positive the attitude is towards working out, the higher the chances are for that person to work out. Subjective norms relate to whether or not that person has a support system and how others view this specific behavior. If their support system views that behavior as good, the individual will be more likely to perform that behavior and vice versa. In this picture, the girl gains support from her friend which motivates her to continue this behavior since her friend is also engaging in working out. Lastly, perceived behavioral control is the belief that the individual is capable and confident to execute the desired behavior. In the picture, if the girl has stronger intentions to have a healthy lifestyle by working out everyday, she will overcome barriers and will try harder and longer to succeed in this behavior.

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This image shows how the individual is able to move forward in the Precaution Adoption Process  Model.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) identifies seven unique phases people go through in their journey to adopting better awareness and understanding of a specific behavior. This technique is useful when working with interventions on issues people go through, for example, addiction. The photo illustrates a staircase, each step embarking on a new stage of their life. The individual is able to take a step back and move forward of their own will. The “sun” represents light which many people are unable to see at the beginning when confronted with a new feeling.   This model begins with being 1) unaware of the issue and 2) unengaged by the Issue where individuals start to become consciously aware of but are hesitant to engage in resolving the pattern. Then the individual is 3)deciding about whether or 4) not they will act on the issues leading to the final 5)decision to act. Finally, 6) acting upon and 7)maintaining the change will allow individuals to make active decisions. The stages follow sequentially, meaning once a person has entered the next phase, they cannot resort to initially being unaware. (pg.18-19) During these different stages, individuals are searching for resources to help them get through their issues. This model is practiced in medicine with intervention and prevention measures such as screenings, checkups, and therapy to ensure healthier outcomes.

-Martin I Cruz Martinez

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The Diffusion of Innovations Theory describes the pattern and speed at which new ideas, practices, or products spread through a population.

In the picture shown above, we can see that there are multiple types of people in this population. Firstly, there are innovators, the people who are open to risks and the first to try new ideas. The innovator in the picture is taking a risk by trying a new style or taste of drink rather than the norm. Then there are early adopters, which are the people who are interested in trying new technologies and then establishing them.  From the picture, we can see the early adopter taking a small risk by trying a double-shot espresso instead of the usual one-shot. The early majority group of people paved the way for using innovation within mainstream society for everyone to use. For instance, that person was the first to get his drink to go, which no one before that has tried, but it's useful in society.  The late majority of people are ones who follow the early majority and adopt their innovations into their lives; in the picture, we can see the late adopter get the same drink as the early adopter, but he got it a little bigger. Lastly, there are the laggards, the people who lag in adopting innovative products or ideas, and if they don't achieve it soon they will miss the opportunity to adopt it again.

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This informational poster showcases the illustrations of the symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes and the effects that it has on an individual's blood sugar levels.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) is a theory that expands upon the seven cognitive stages that a person undergoes when deciding to act on their health risk or issue and managing the maintenance of their decision afterward. During the first stage of PAPM, the individual does not know about their health risk or problem, so they cannot take action. When the individual reaches the second stage of PAPM, they might have an idea that they have a health issue but choose to ignore it. Followed by the third stage, the individual thinks about making a decision but is not adamant about making one officially. The fourth and fifth stage of PAPM becomes contemplative to the individual since they have to lean on making one decision or the other, to engage with their health issue or leave it alone. The sixth stage of PAPM is when the individual finally comes to a decisive conclusion and acts upon it. Lastly, the seventh stage of PAPM would be the individual maintaining the upkeep of their decision; this will prevent the progression of their health risk or issue.

As seen above, this poster from the CDC for awareness of prediabetes is related to the concept of the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) because it advises everyone to check if they have prediabetes so that they can start practicing primary levels of prevention such as checking blood sugar levels. From the start, an individual could be unaware that they might have prediabetes, but this poster aids them in learning about the types of symptoms to notice. The provided statistics underline the severity of prediabetes, urging everyone to take precautions by getting their blood tested. In addition, the poster emphasizes how common it is for adults to not check their blood for prediabetes which can lead to worse results such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, or a stroke. This vital information supplies people with the knowledge to check their blood levels and reduce the progression of their risk of prediabetes; thus, this takes the individual on a psychological journey to reach a decision that would either improve or worsen their health risk of prediabetes.

- Ellen Bui

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Precaution adoption process model (PAPM) explains how a person comes to a new decision and how that person can make it become an action. There are 7 stages in this model, unaware of issue, unengaged by issue, deciding about acting, deciding not to act, decided to act, acting and maintenance. An example of PAPM taking place is shown in the image below of HIV and AIDs. In the first stage of PAPM, an individual may not know that they are exposed to HIV/ AIDs. HIV/ AIDs can be transmitted by sleeping with others that have HIV/ AIDS without protection, using the same needles, and not getting regular tested. For stages five and six an individual can decide if they would like to receive treatment to control it. Lastly in the last stage, stage 7 is the maintain which is required in order for the individual to control the HIV/ AIDS.

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) is an individual-level health model that focuses on the cognitive process of a person becoming aware of a health issue and deciding whether to act or not to act on it. This model has identified seven stages that start with being unaware of a health issue to maintaining behaviors that reduce the risk. The first stage is the individual being unaware of the health issue. The second stage involves the individual being aware of the health issue but deciding not to make any decisions about it. The third stage is when the individual decides to either act or not act on the health issue. The fourth stage has the person deciding not to take any actions toward the health issue. Stage five is when the person decides to take action on the health issue. The sixth stage is when a person adopts a healthy behavior and the seventh stage maintains that behavior.
This infographic relates to this model as it has the necessary information for an individual to take action. The infographic provides statistics showing this type of cancer is a major health risk for men. This encapsulates stages one through three as the reader is informed and now aware of the health risk of prostate cancer. The fourth and fifth stages can be represented as the individual deciding whether or not to take action depending on their personal circumstances and risk of obtaining prostate cancer. This can be influenced by the shown increased risk factors for family history, age, and ancestry. Other information such as the survival rate and fatalities may also push the individual to act. The sixth and seventh can be represented by the individual taking action through screenings, consultation with their health providers, and limiting their smoking to reduce the risk and increase the detection of prostate cancer as suggested by the infographic.

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This is an informative poster done by Appalachian Regional Healthcare System and is a great example of the Precaution Adoption Process Model.

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This is an example of the concept of Precaution Adoption Process Model. The Precaution Adoption Process Model is a theory that explains the mental stages that someone experiences when deciding to act on a specific health risk or issue. This process uses seven stages. The first stage is the individual could be completely unaware of the health issue. This could be that someone is unaware that they have breast cancer or are overdue for a mammogram as a preventative measure. The second stage is explained as this individual becomes aware of the issue, which can be achieved by this informative poster that shows the importance of getting routine check-ups. The third stage is when the person is faced with the decision to act on the new information they have received, such as deciding whether to schedule a mammogram and prioritize routine check-ups or not. If the individual decides not to act, then they are going through the fourth stage of the Precaution Adoption Process Model and could be ignoring the information they were provided from the breast cancer awareness poster. If they later decide to act on the health concern, they will continue through the stages and experience stage five which is to act on the issue. Once someone has scheduled a mammogram after looking at this poster, they have undergone stage six which is when it is concluded that they are acting on it. The final stage is the seventh stage which is the process of continued care and prioritization of the health risk at hand (breast cancer) and also continuing the prevention of this health concern.

-Eliza de Vera

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Transtheoretical Model- stages of change 

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Transtheoretical Model- stages of change 

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The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is also known as the stages of change. TTM was based on theories of behavior change and psychotherapy. Stages of Change describes the many phases of change a person goes through while seeking to change a health-related behavior. There are five stages involved. Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. An individual can be at any stage; therefore, it can be described as a continuum, but it is also not linear.

The picture I chose to represent TTM is an individual going through the stages of change,  seeking a healthy transformation, such as being at a healthy weight. In this hypothetical situation, let’s say that an individual is graduating through each stage and does not relapse. This individual begins at the pre-contemplation stage, and he does not have any intention of changing his current health behaviors for the next 6 months. As time goes by, he is exposed to multiple government-sponsored flyers that promote healthy eating and now begins to contemplate and intends to take action in the next 6 months. To prepare, he starts reading articles found in credible sources that give recommendations for some low-cost exercises and what a healthy meal looks like. He finally takes action and begins to walk in the park. Six months have passed by, and he has maintained the changed behavior of exercising and healthy eating.

Of course, this is just a hypothetical situation; in reality, the individual can enter any stage of change, relapse, start the process all over, and repeat it to modify another behavior.
-Fatima Mejia

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The Precaution Adoption Process Model involves seven steps on how a person should come to a decision to take action and how that person translates that decision into action. PAPM starts with being unaware of the issue and unengaged by the issue, in which steps three and four transitions into decisions: deciding about acting or decided not to act on the issue, but if you do chose on deciding about acting then it is a matter of deciding to act on it where action and eventually maintenance takes place.

The image above is an example of PAPM, as well as it is related to the concept we are learning as an individual may be unaware that they are in risk of 🤬 cancer. By showing this, the image brings to light a health issue that men are now aware and engaged of this matter and can now decide to take action on it or to decide not to take action. But overall, young men are now shown this image and can see the importance of 🤬 cancer and how it can be detrimental to one's health. They can take action on it by just checking to see if their 🤬 are in good shape. But if they do not take action, there is a higher risk of preventing this type of issue. Therefore, maintenance in checking to see if the 🤬 are in good shape may prevent any further cancer from spreading. And can simply prevent the health issue from furthering in cancer stages. The earlier the detection, the better. It is primarily on us if we want to action on the information that is presented to us by performing these types of self-checks for the benefit of our health as young men.

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The picture displays an individual eating unhealthy cafeteria food at his work place because that is all that accessible to him.
This conveys different levels of influence however, I want to focus on community influence. The community or setting that this individual is in influences eating habits.
In this case, due to the location and accessibility of food, it is more convenient for this man to eat the food that is accessible to him and within proximity than to go eat somewhere else. Thus, his work place only having unhealthy options does not promote healthy eating influencing his unhealthy eating habits that will challenge his health.

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Theory of planned behavior proposes individuals acting based of their behavior. Their are 3 constructs, the first is subjective norms, behavioral attitude and perceived behavioral control.

Subjective norms can relate if the support system is positive that behavior can reflect on the individual. For this photo the child is not only keeping active but as well attending school to be surrounded by other students.

Behavioral attitude is how an individual thinks and feels, this can be through a positive behavior that can be beneficial. For the photo the child is keeping busy, for the regimen that the child has it creates a positive attitude within the child.

Perceived Behavioral control is when an individual is able to complete a desired behavior. For this picture the child wishes to enhance a specific regimen like playing more sports to increase physical activity the child will continue to improve their health.

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This image related to the health belief model because it is up to the individual's beliefs and actions that can lead them to create a difference in their life. It all starts with one simple belief that can lead to a whole set of actions and precautions and end up influencing a change in behavior.

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The Diffusions of Innovations, a bell-shaped curved shows the pattern and speed as new ideas, products, or practices are spread through a population. 

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The Diffusions of Innovations Theory, as shown above is a process of how a specific population absorbs new ideas/programs. More specifically, for publish health officials Diffusion of Innovation Theory is a successful way to show how well a targeted population is catching on to the proposed program. For example, Diffusions of Innovation Theory has made great leeway in a wide range of health behaviors, smoke cessation, and condom usage.
As shown above, the photo attached is a great visual on how this theory applies to potential programs. As mentioned in our text, there are five categories that make up this thoery;  innovators, early adopters, early majority adopters, late majority adopters, and laggards. When an innovation is introduced, the majority of people will adopt these programs early on or either very late. Those are refrences as the early and late majority. On the other hand, there will almost always be smaller sections that include earlier adopters, laggars, and innovators.

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Title: Health Belief Model

Explanation: I chose this picture to represent the health belief model ideology, because it is strongly based off of an individual’s own perceptions and preconceived notions regarding their health and human behavior.

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The Diffusion of Innovation Theory focuses on change over time across a group by highlighting the innovation and its adoption amongst individuals. This theory can apply to ideas, social behaviors, consumer products, and more. Communication is key to diffusion, allowing individuals to connect on different sources such as social media, television, mail, billboards, written documentation such as blogs, messaging, and more.
The theory can be broken down into five main groups of individuals in a population when assessing "innovation ideas". The population is divided amongst a bell curve of these different people: 1. Innovators, 2. Early Adopters, 3. Majority Adopters, 4. Late Majority, and 5. Laggards. One main concept is "Innovation" or the "Innovators" which is demonstrated in my photo. Innovators are an individual or groups of individuals who come together/ come up with a new concept they want the community to know about.
This concept is important in Public Health as technology continues to advance to help keep communities safer than before. Taking a deeper look into the different stages of when individuals are being introduced to new health behaviors, ideas, and technology when they uptake the idea, and those who follow along can help recognize patterns and speed to diffuse innovation ideas further.

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My picture represents a conversation between an old phone and a new phone. According to the diffusion of innovation theory, one of the key attributes that influence the speed of an innovation's diffusion is if there is a relative advantage. In other words, is the newer innovation being introduced better than what it will be replacing? In regards to the smart phone compared to the flip phone, we can see that the smart phone in this image believes that they are better than the flip phone, and the flip phone recognizes that. Once smart phones began to become more popular because it is better than the flip phone, it soon replaced the old phone and became the newest innovation that people around the world one day will use daily.

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A social-ecological model is to understand the multifaceted levels happening in society and find ways in which the environment interacts with the social system.
In this model shown above it is multiple influences that are specific to health behavior but consideration with five stages.
First, "Individual" in this part of the model it is based on helping the individual develop skills of understanding more of the topic. For example, a patient may have a disease such as diabetes; it is essential to help them know that there are two types of diabetes and how they can treat them.
Second, the "Interpersonal" this level involves the individual having a personal relationship with a friend or family. Someone who is well trusted, such as an example, parents who may educate their kids on the importance of wearing a condom. As well as being a resource for parents providing condoms.
Third, the "organizational" this level also consists of an educational level, such as schools being provided with rallies in which high professionals will come and educate these students on practicing safe sex and providing condoms for these individuals.
Fourth, "community" when it comes to things related to health such as this image an example has to do with hospitals with health professions such as nurses, and doctors coming together to share ideas to find ways in helping the community improve certain health skills.
Lastly, "Public Policy" the government is in charge of prevention. This is done by research and avoiding certain spreads involving health risks. The importance of this model is it affects large populations.

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Diffusion of Innovation Theory (Innovation)

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Diffusion of Innovation Theory (Innovation)

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According to the passage, the Diffusion of Innovation Theory explains social issues among the community perspective, maximizing the exposure of preceding programs that were successful and therefore, increasing the number of people who are reached by the intervention.

A concept in the Diffusion of Innovation Theory includes innovation, which discusses the object, idea, or practice which is to be perceived as new to the community or organization adopting the idea. The following photo is an example of the concept, innovation, because the picture showcases an example of an “innovation”. To further explain, although methods of family planning and reproduction are commonly discussed in a professional setting in the United States, it is less common in many other areas such as Indonesia and in developing countries, for instance. As a result, an “innovation” could include a family planning model to reduce barriers towards family planning such as setting up clinics and employing laypersons to increase the amount of individuals available to provide service (purely an example). All in all, these community based innovations can affect the environment of the individuals and therefore influence behaviors.

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The precaution adoption process model has seven different stages that people go through to make decisions in their health journey that will allow them to pick up a new behavior. To create a new behavior, this starts with being completely unaware of any problem, to being aware of the problem, but not worrying about it, to starting to think about making a decision of change. this image relates to the percussion adoption process model, because it allows an individual to recognize the symptoms of diabetes and trying to maintain precautionary measures in their every day life such as paying attention to how often they may be urinating, if they are losing weight with, seemingly no explanation, or are always hungry. By paying attention to these symptoms, they will be able to determine their level of health, and if they are putting themselves at risk for diabetes.