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Parent chain is the longest chain (maximum number of bonds)

Identify the parent functional group

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Parent chain is numbered so that the side chain numbers are minimized

Identify side chain functional group

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ane - single
ene = double
yne ≡ triple

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6 carbons
6 hydrogens

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Phenol group when missing a hydrogen and attached to something else

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Molecules with same formula but different structures

Structural isomers - already have different names following the IUPAC laws of nomenclature
Methyl propane vs Butane (both C₄H₁₀)

Stereoisomers - isomers that differ by spatial orientation

Optical Isomers - two mirror images of the same molecule with different chirality a.k.a. enantiomers

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Because of double bonding, the two molecules will never be identical.

Trans is across, Cis is not across

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Chiral molecules, (carbon with 4 attached groups)

to differentiate the enantiomers, use R/S system

R/S nomenclature
lowest priority is pointed away
other three groups priority ordered
if decreases clockwise, R
if decreases counterclocwise, S

Priority rules:
Higher atomic number (Cl > H)
Higher atomic number at distance 2
Repeat until tie broken