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There are four common states of matter (or phases) in the universe: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The state of matter affects a substance's properties, such as density, viscosity (how well it flows), malleability (how easy it is to bend), and conductivity.

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There are four common states of matter (or phases) in the universe: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The state of matter affects a substance's properties, such as density, viscosity (how well it flows), malleability (how easy it is to bend), and conductivity.

Common states of matter

In a solid, the positions of atoms are fixed relative to each other over long time. That is due to the cohesion or "friction" between molecules. This cohesion is provided by metallic, covalent or ionic bonds. Only solids can be pushed on by a force without changing shape, which means that they can be resistant to deformation. Solids also tend to be strong enough to hold their own shape in a container. Solids are generally denser than liquids. Solid becoming a gas is sublimation.

In a liquid, molecules are attracted to other molecules strong enough to keep molecules in contact, but not strong enough to fix a particular structure. The molecules can continually move with respect to each other. This means that liquids can flow smoothly, but not as smoothly as gases. Liquids will tend to take the shape of a container that they are in. Liquids are generally less dense than solids, but denser than gases.

In a gas, the chemical bonds are not strong enough to hold atoms or molecules together, and from this a gas is a collection of independent, unbonded molecules which interact mainly by collision. Gases tend to take the shape of their container, and are less dense than both solids and liquids. Gases have smaller forces of attraction than solids and liquids. Gas becoming a solid is deposition

Plasmas are gases that have so much energy that electrons of an atom cannot stay in orbit around one atomic nucleus. The atomic ions and free electrons mix around like a hot soup.

Because the positive and negative charged particles are not stuck together, plasma is a good conductor of electricity. For example, air is not good at conducting electricity. However, in a bolt of lightning, the atoms in air get so much energy that they no longer can hold on to their electrons, and become a plasma for a brief time. Then an electric current is able to flow through the plasma, making the lightning.

Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe. Both stars and the interstellar medium are mostly made of plasma.

Phase changes

Phases of matter can be changed by a number of things. This includes pressure and temperature.

When a solid becomes a liquid, it is called melting. When a solid becomes a gas, it is called sublimation. When a liquid becomes a gas, it is called evaporation. When a gas becomes a liquid, it is called condensation. When a liquid becomes a solid, it is called freezing. The freezing point and the melting point are said to be the same, because any increase in temperature will cause it to melt and any drop in temperature will cause it to freeze. This is also the reason that the vaporizing and condensation point are the same.

Other states

Many other states of matter can exist under special conditions, including strange matter, superfluids, and supersolids, and possibly string-net liquids. Scientist work on new experiments at higher temperatures and energy levels than have ever been made. They also work on experiments at very low temperatures. Such experiments help scientists learn more about phases of matter.

Quark-gluon plasmas

Quark-gluon plasmas are a relatively newly discovered phase of matter that happen at about 2 trillion Kelvin. Scientists believe that protons and neutrons are held together by tiny things called quarks (which are "glued" together by things called " gluons"). At an incredibly high temperature only achievable by the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, quarks and gluons begin to separate into a new state of matter. Little is known about quark-gluon plasmas because of the huge amount of energy needed to make them.

Bose-Einstein condensates

Bose-Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates are phases of matter that apply to particles called bosons and fermions, respectively. (More than one boson can exist in the same spot at the same time. Only one fermion can exist in the same spot at the same time). Bose-Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates occur at incredibly low temperatures (about 4° Kelvin, which is the same as -452° Fahrenheit). Little is known about either state because of the sheer amount of energy needed to be taken away to create them. Inside of them, all of the particles begin to act like one big quantum state. That is, they have near-zero electrical resistance, and have almost no friction.

Images for kids

The spaces between gas molecules are very big. Gas molecules have very weak or no bonds at all. The molecules in a state of gas can move freely and fast.

In Spanish: Estado de agregación de la materia para niños

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Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation), is a system of train transportation that uses two sets of electromagnets: one set to repel and push the train up off the track, and another set to move the elevated train ahead, taking advantage of the lack of friction.

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Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) is a system of train transportation that uses two sets of electromagnets: one set to repel and push the train up off the track, and another set to move the elevated train ahead, taking advantage of the lack of friction. Such trains rise approximately 10 centimetres (4 in) off the track. There are both high-speed, intercity maglev systems (over 400 kilometres per hour or 250 miles per hour), and low-speed, urban maglev systems (80-200 kilometres per hour or 50-124 miles per hour) under development and being built. The Shanghai maglev train is the only maglev train in commercial operation that can be considered as high speed.

Development

In the late 1940s, the British electrical engineer Eric Laithwaite, a professor at Imperial College London, developed the first full-size working model of the linear induction motor. He became professor of heavy electrical engineering at Imperial College in 1964, where he continued his successful development of the linear motor.

The linear motor was naturally suited to use with maglev systems as well. In the early 1970s, Laithwaite discovered a new arrangement of magnets, the magnetic river, that allowed a single linear motor to produce both lift and forward thrust, allowing a maglev system to be built with a single set of magnets.

The first commercial maglev people mover was simply called "MAGLEV" and officially opened in 1984 near Birmingham, England. It operated on an elevated 600 metres (2,000 ft) section of monorail track between Birmingham Airport and Birmingham International railway station, running at speeds up to 42 kilometres per hour (26 mph). The system was closed in 1995 due to reliability problems.

Technology

The two main types of maglev technology are:

Electromagnetic suspension (EMS), electronically controlled electromagnets in the train attract it to a magnetically conductive (usually steel) track.

Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) uses superconducting electromagnets or strong permanent magnets that create a magnetic field, which induces currents in nearby metallic conductors when there is relative movement, which pushes and pulls the train towards the designed levitation position on the guide way.

High-speed maglev comparison with conventional high-speed trains

Maglev transport is non-contact and electric powered. It relies less or not at all on the wheels, bearings and axles common to wheeled rail systems.

Speed: Maglev allows higher top speeds than conventional rail. While experimental wheel-based high-speed trains have demonstrated similar speeds, conventional trains will suffer from friction between wheels and track and thus elevating the maintenance cost if operating at such speed, unlike levitated maglev trains.

Maintenance: Maglev trains currently in operation have demonstrated the need for minimal guideway maintenance. Vehicle maintenance is also minimal (based on hours of operation, rather than on speed or distance traveled). Traditional rail is subject to mechanical wear and tear that increases rapidly with speed, also increasing maintenance. For example: the wearing down of brakes and overhead wire wear have caused problems for the Fastech 360 rail Shinkansen. Maglev would eliminate these issues.

Weather: In theory, maglev trains should be unaffected by snow, ice, severe cold, rain or high winds. However, as of yet no maglev system has been installed in a location with such a harsh climate.

Acceleration: Maglev vehicles accelerate and decelerate faster than mechanical systems regardless of the slickness of the guideway or the slope of the grade, because they are non-contact systems.

Track: Maglev trains are not compatible with conventional track, and therefore require custom infrastructure for their entire route. By contrast conventional high-speed trains such as the TGV are able to run, albeit at reduced speeds, on existing rail infrastructure, thus reducing expenditure where new infrastructure would be particularly expensive (such as the final approaches to city terminals), or on extensions where traffic does not justify new infrastructure. John Harding, former chief maglev scientist at the Federal Railroad Administration, claimed that separate maglev infrastructure more than pays for itself with higher levels of all-weather operational availability and nominal maintenance costs. These claims have yet to be proven in an intense operational setting and they do not consider the increased maglev construction costs. However, in countries like China, there are discussion of building some key conventional high-speed rail tunnels/bridges to a standard that would allow them upgrading to maglev.

Efficiency: Conventional rail is probably more efficient at lower speeds. But due to the lack of physical contact between the track and the vehicle, maglev trains experience no rolling resistance, leaving only air resistance and electromagnetic drag, potentially improving power efficiency. Some systems, however, such as the Central Japan Railway Company SCMaglev use rubber tires at low speeds, reducing efficiency gains.

Weight: The electromagnets in many EMS and EDS designs require between 1 and 2 kilowatts per ton. The use of superconductor magnets can reduce the electromagnets' energy consumption. A 50-ton Transrapid maglev vehicle can lift an additional 20 tons, for a total of 70 tons, which consumes 70-140 kilowatts (94-188 hp). Most energy use for the TRI is for propulsion and overcoming air resistance at speeds over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).

Weight loading: High-speed rail requires more support and construction for its concentrated wheel loading. Maglev cars are lighter and distribute weight more evenly.

Noise: Because the major source of noise of a maglev train comes from displaced air rather than from wheels touching rails, maglev trains produce less noise than a conventional train at equivalent speeds. However, the psychoacoustic profile of the maglev may reduce this benefit: a study concluded that maglev noise should be rated like road traffic, while conventional trains experience a 5-10 dB "bonus", as they are found less annoying at the same loudness level.

Magnet reliability: Superconducting magnets are generally used to generate the powerful magnetic fields to levitate and propel the trains. These magnets must be kept below their critical temperatures (this ranges from 4.2 K to 77 K, depending on the material). New alloys and manufacturing techniques in superconductors and cooling systems have helped address this issue.

Control systems: No signalling systems are needed for high-speed maglev, because such systems are computer controlled. Human operators cannot react fast enough to manage high-speed trains. High-speed systems require dedicated rights of way and are usually elevated. Two maglev system microwave towers are in constant contact with trains. There is no need for train whistles or horns, either.

Terrain: Maglevs are able to ascend higher grades, offering more routing flexibility and reduced tunneling.

High-speed maglev comparison with aircraft

Differences between airplane and maglev travel:

Efficiency: For maglev systems the lift-to-drag ratio can exceed that of aircraft (for example Inductrack can approach 200:1 at high speed, far higher than any aircraft). This can make maglevs more efficient per kilometer. However, at high cruising speeds, aerodynamic drag is much larger than lift-induced drag. Jet-powered aircraft take advantage of low air density at high altitudes to significantly reduce air drag. Hence despite their lift-to-drag ratio disadvantage, they can travel more efficiently at high speeds than maglev trains that operate at sea level.

Routing: Maglevs offer competitive journey times for distances of 800 kilometres (500 mi) or less. Additionally, maglevs can easily serve intermediate destinations.

Availability: Maglevs are little affected by weather.

Travel time: Maglevs do not face the extended security protocols faced by air travelers nor is time consumed for taxiing, or for queuing for take-off and landing.

With maglev technology, the train travels along a guideway of electromagnets which control the train's stability and speed. While the propulsion and levitation require no moving parts, the bogies can move in relation to the main body of the vehicle and some technologies require support by retractable wheels at low speeds under 150 kilometres per hour (93 mph). This compares with electric multiple units that may have several dozen parts per bogie. Maglev trains can therefore in some cases be quieter and smoother than conventional trains and have the potential for much higher speeds.

Despite over a century of research and development, there are only six operational maglev trains today - three in China, two in South Korea, and one in Japan. Maglev can be hard to economically justify for certain locations, however it has notable benefits over conventional railway systems, which includes lower operating and maintenance costs (with zero rolling friction its parts do not wear out quickly and hence less need to replace parts often), significantly lower odds of derailment (due to its design), an extremely quiet and smooth ride for passengers, little to no air pollution, and the railcars can be built wider and make it more comfortable and spacious for passengers. And also because it can travel up higher ascending grades (up to 10 percent), compared to conventional trains (up to 4 percent or less), maglev trains can also reduce the need to create new tunnels or to level the landscape to build its tracks.

The highest-recorded maglev speed is 603 kilometres per hour (375 mph), achieved in Japan by JR Central's L0 superconducting maglev on 21 April 2015, 28 kilometres per hour (17 mph) faster than the conventional TGV wheel-rail speed record. However, the operational and performance differences between these two very different technologies is far greater. The TGV record was achieved accelerating down a 72.4 kilometres (45 mi) slight decline, requiring 13 minutes. It then took another 77.25 kilometres (48 mi) for the TGV to stop, requiring a total distance of 149.65 kilometres (93 mi) for the test. The L0 record, however, was achieved on the 42.8 kilometres (26.6 mi) Yamanashi test track - less than 1/3 the distance. No maglev or wheel-rail commercial operation has actually been attempted at speeds over 500 kilometres per hour (310 mph).

History of maglev speed records

Two incidents involved fires. A Japanese test train in Miyazaki, MLU002, was completely consumed by a fire in 1991.

On 11 August 2006, a fire broke out on the commercial Shanghai Transrapid shortly after arriving at the Longyang terminal. People were evacuated without incident before the vehicle was moved about 1 kilometre to keep smoke from filling the station. NAMTI officials toured the SMT maintenance facility in November 2010 and learned that the cause of the fire was "thermal runaway" in a battery tray. As a result, SMT secured a new battery vendor, installed new temperature sensors and insulators and redesigned the trays.

On 22 September 2006, a Transrapid train collided with a maintenance vehicle on a test/publicity run in Lathen (Lower Saxony / north-western Germany). Twenty-three people were killed and ten were injured; these were the first maglev crash fatalities. The accident was caused by human error. Charges were brought against three Transrapid employees after a year-long investigation.

Safety is a greater concern with high-speed public transport due to the potential for high impact force and large number of casualties. In the case of maglev trains as well as conventional high-speed rails, an incident could result from human error, including loss of power, or factors outside human control, such as ground movement caused by an earthquake.

Interesting facts about Maglev trains

The first relevant patent, U.S. Patent 714,851 (2 December 1902), issued to Albert C. Albertson, used magnetic levitation to take part of the weight off of the wheels while using conventional propulsion.

In 1912 French-American inventor Émile Bachelet demonstrated a model train with electromagnetic levitation and propulsion in Mount Vernon, New York.

Maglev systems have been much more expensive to construct than conventional train systems, although the simpler construction of maglev vehicles makes them cheaper to manufacture and maintain.

The Shanghai maglev train, also known as the Shanghai Transrapid, has a top speed of 430 kilometres per hour (270 mph). The line is the fastest operational high-speed maglev train, connecting Shanghai Pudong International Airport and the outskirts of central Pudong, Shanghai. It covers a distance of 30.5 kilometres (19 mi) in just over 8minutes. The launch in 2002 generated wide public interest and media attention in maglev for the first time.

Images for kids

MLX01 Maglev train Superconducting magnet bogie

The proposed Melbourne maglev connecting the city of Geelong through Metropolitan Melbourne's outer suburban growth corridors, Tullamarine and Avalon domestic in and international terminals in under 20 min. and on to Frankston, Victoria, in under 30 min.

In Spanish: Tren de levitación magnética para niños

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The water cycle is the cycle that water goes through on Earth.

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The water cycle is the cycle that water goes through on Earth.

Water is essential for life as we know it. It is present throughout the Solar System, and was part of the Earth from its formation. The source of the water was the same as the source of the Earth's rock: the cloud of particles which condensed in the origin of the solar system.

First, water on the surface of the Earth evaporates.

Then, water collects as water vapor in the sky. This makes clouds.

Next, the water in the clouds gets cold. This makes it become liquid again. This process is called condensation.

Then, the water falls from the sky as rain, snow, sleet or hail. This is called precipitation.

The water sinks into the surface and also collects into lakes, oceans, or aquifers. It evaporates again and continues the cycle.

Images for kids

Diagram of the Water Cycle

Many different processes lead to movements and phase changes in water

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The water cycle is the cycle that water goes through on Earth. Water is essential for life as we know it. It is present throughout the Solar System, and was part of the Earth from its formation.

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Substances can change in many ways. Some changes can be undone. In those cases, the material that was altered returns to its original state. This is called a reversible change. Other changes cannot be undone. The material is permanently altered. These are called irreversible changes

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Substances can change in many ways. Some changes can be undone. In those cases, the material that was altered returns to its original state. This is called a reversible...

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Some changes are slow while some are fast, some are natural and some are man-made. You will find that many changes are taking place around us for e.g. growing of plants in your balcony, sometimes there is a change in colour and sometimes you will find drying of leaves.

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Table of Contents

What is Change?

Some changes are slow while some are fast, some are natural and some are man-made. You will find that many changes are taking place around us for e.g. growing of plants in your balcony, sometimes there is a change in colour and sometimes you will find drying of leaves.

Reversible Changes

Any changes which can be reversed or are a temporary conversion are known as reversible changes. The reactions which are reversible are called reversible reactions. In this reaction, one substance is modified into another form but a new compound is not formed. Processes such as melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation, dissolution are reversible changes. A few examples are melting of wax, freezing of ice, and boiling water which evaporates as steam and condenses back to water.

Reactions are an interaction of two or more compounds called reactants to produce a product(s). In a reversible reaction, reactants and products formed are connected by a two-way arrow (⇌). This means reactants can be obtained back from the products.

Consider the reaction below,
A +B ⇌ C + D
Here, A and B are two reactants which react to give C and D. The two-headed arrow indicates that the reaction is reversible and the reactants, A and B can be obtained from C and D.

Irreversible changes

In contrast to reversible changes, irreversible changes are permanent changes. Reactants react to form an entirely new compound and cannot be reversed. Heating, burning, mixing, and powdering are a few processes which cause irreversible changes. A common observable example is the cooking of raw eggs which can't be converted back to its original form. Ash obtained by the combustion of paper or any other substances is another example.

When a reaction is taking place in a unidirectional way such reactions are called irreversible reactions. In such reactions in a period of time reactants react completely to form a product. Here reaction is denoted by a one-way arrow (→).

For example,
A → B +C
Here, A is the reactant which is completely converted into products B and C which do not react to form A.

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Reversible And Irreversible changes Key Differences with Examples

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Some changes are slow while some are fast, some are natural and some are man-made. You will find that many changes are taking place around us for e.g. growing of plants in your balcony, sometimes there is a change in colour and sometimes you will find drying of leaves.

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A magnet is a very special metal. When a magnet goes near a special kind of metal or other magnets, and the poles (sides) touching are opposite, it will pull, or attract the other metal or magnet closer.

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A magnet is a very special metal. When a magnet goes near a special kind of metal or other magnets, and the poles (sides) touching are opposite, it will pull, or attract the other metal or magnet closer. Also, if the two poles are the same, the two magnets will push away, or repel, from each other. This is called . Magnets can make some other metals into magnets when they are rubbed together.

Soft magnets (or impermanent magnets) are often used in electromagnets. These enhance (often hundreds or thousands of times) the magnetic field of a wire that carries an electrical current and is wrapped around the magnet. The field of the "soft" magnet increases with the current.

Permanent magnets have ferromagnetism. They occur naturally in some rocks, particularly lodestone, but are now commonly manufactured. A magnet's magnetism decreases when it is heated and increases when it is cooled. It has to be heated at around 1000 degrees Celsius. Like poles (S-pole and S-pole/N-pole and N-pole) will repel each other while unlike poles (N-pole and S-pole) will attract each other.

Magnets are only attracted to special metals. Iron, cobalt and nickel are magnetic. Metals that have iron in them attract magnets well. Steel is one. Metals like brass, copper, zinc and aluminum are not attracted to magnets. Non-magnetic materials such as wood and glass are not attracted to magnets as they do not have magnetic materials in them.

Natural magnets

Natural/permanent magnets are not artificial. They are a kind of rock called lodestone or magnetite.

A compass uses the Earth's magnetic field, and points to the North magnetic pole. A north side of the magnet is attracted to the south side of another magnet. However, the north side of the compass points to the north pole, this can only mean that the "north pole" is really the magnetic south, and the " South magnetic pole" is really the magnetic north.

The first people to discover naturally magnetic rocks were the Chinese. At first, the Chinese used the stones to carry out fortune-telling and magic tricks. Later on they used these "lodestones" to invent the compass.

Common uses

Magnetic recording media: VHS tapes contain a reel of magnetic tape. The information that makes up the video and sound is encoded on the magnetic coating on the tape. Common audio cassettes also rely on magnetic tape. Similarly, in computers, floppy disks and hard disks record data on a thin magnetic coating.

Credit, debit, and automatic teller machine cards: All of these cards have a magnetic strip on one side. This strip encodes the information to contact an individual's financial institution and connect with their account(s).

Older types of televisions (non flat screen) and older large computer monitors: TV and computer screens containing a cathode ray tube employ an electromagnet to guide electrons to the screen. Plasma screens and LCDs use different technologies.

Speakers and microphones: Most speakers employ a permanent magnet and a current-carrying coil to convert electric energy (the signal) into mechanical energy (movement that creates the sound). The coil is wrapped around a bobbin attached to the speaker cone and carries the signal as changing current that interacts with the field of the permanent magnet. The voice coil feels a magnetic force and in response, moves the cone and pressurizes the neighboring air, thus generating sound. Dynamic microphones employ the same concept, but in reverse. A microphone has a diaphragm or membrane attached to a coil of wire. The coil rests inside a specially shaped magnet. When sound vibrates the membrane, the coil is vibrated as well. As the coil moves through the magnetic field, a voltage is induced across the coil. This voltage drives a current in the wire that is characteristic of the original sound.

Electric guitars use magnetic pickups to transduce the vibration of guitar strings into electric current that can then be amplified. This is different from the principle behind the speaker and dynamic microphone because the vibrations are sensed directly by the magnet, and a diaphragm is not employed. The Hammond organ used a similar principle, with rotating tonewheels instead of strings.

Electric motors and generators: Some electric motors rely upon a combination of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet, and, much like loudspeakers, they convert electric energy into mechanical energy. A generator is the reverse: it converts mechanical energy into electric energy by moving a conductor through a magnetic field.

Medicine: Hospitals use magnetic resonance imaging to spot problems in a patient's organs without invasive surgery.

Chemistry: Chemists use nuclear magnetic resonance to characterize synthesized compounds.

Chucks are used in the metalworking field to hold objects. Magnets are also used in other types of fastening devices, such as the magnetic base, the magnetic clamp and the refrigerator magnet.

Compasses: A compass (or mariner's compass) is a magnetized pointer free to align itself with a magnetic field, most commonly Earth's magnetic field.

Art: Vinyl magnet sheets may be attached to paintings, photographs, and other ornamental articles, allowing them to be attached to refrigerators and other metal surfaces. Objects and paint can be applied directly to the magnet surface to create collage pieces of art. Magnetic art is portable, inexpensive and easy to create. Vinyl magnetic art is not for the refrigerator anymore. Colorful metal magnetic boards, strips, doors, microwave ovens, dishwashers, cars, metal I beams, and any metal surface can be receptive of magnetic vinyl art. Being a relatively new media for art, the creative uses for this material is just beginning.

Science projects: Many topic questions are based on magnets, including the repulsion of current-carrying wires, the effect of temperature, and motors involving magnets.

Toys: Given their ability to counteract the force of gravity at close range, magnets are often employed in children's toys, such as the Magnet Space Wheel and Levitron, to amusing effect.

Refrigerator magnets are used to adorn kitchens, as a souvenir, or simply to hold a note or photo to the refrigerator door.

Magnets can be used to make jewelry. Necklaces and bracelets can have a magnetic clasp, or may be constructed entirely from a linked series of magnets and ferrous beads.

Magnets can pick up magnetic items (iron nails, staples, tacks, paper clips) that are either too small, too hard to reach, or too thin for fingers to hold. Some screwdrivers are magnetized for this purpose.

Magnets can be used in scrap and salvage operations to separate magnetic metals (iron, cobalt, and nickel) from non-magnetic metals (aluminum, non-ferrous alloys, etc.). The same idea can be used in the so-called "magnet test", in which an auto body is inspected with a magnet to detect areas repaired using fiberglass or plastic putty.

Magnets are found in process industries, food manufacturing especially, in order to remove metal foreign bodies from materials entering the process (raw materials) or to detect a possible contamination at the end of the process and prior to packaging. They constitute an important layer of protection for the process equipment and for the final consumer.

Magnetic levitation transport, or maglev, is a form of transportation that suspends, guides and propels vehicles (especially trains) through electromagnetic force. Eliminating rolling resistance increases efficiency. The maximum recorded speed of a maglev train is 581 kilometers per hour (361 mph).

Magnets may be used to serve as a fail-safe device for some cable connections. For example, the power cords of some laptops are magnetic to prevent accidental damage to the port when tripped over. The MagSafe power connection to the Apple MacBook is one such example.

Related pages

Images for kids

A "horseshoe magnet" made of alnico, an iron alloy. The magnet, made in the shape of a horseshoe, has the two magnetic poles close together. This shape creates a strong magnetic field between the poles, allowing the magnet to pick up a heavy piece of iron.

Iron filings that have oriented in the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet

A stack of ferrite magnets

Ovoid-shaped magnets (possibly Hematine), one hanging from another

In Spanish: Imán para niños

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The matter is made up of very tiny particles and these particles are so small that we cannot see them with naked eyes.

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As discovered by scientists,

The matter is made up of very tiny particles and these particles are so small that we cannot see them with naked eyes.

It has been observed that matter exists in nature in different forms. Some substances are rigid and have a fixed shape like wood and stone; some substances can flow and take the shape of their container like water, while there are forms of matter that do not have definite shape or size such as air.

Table of Contents

Matter can be classified into different categories based on the physical properties exhibited by them and the states in which they exist; these are called states of matter.

Following are the basic three states of matter:

Apart from the above mentioned three, there are 2 more states of matter which we do not see in our everyday life. They are Plasma & Bose-einstein condensate.

Changes in the characteristics of matter related with external influences such as pressure and temperature separate states of matter. A discontinuity in one of those qualities frequently distinguishes states: rising the temperature of ice, for example, generates a discontinuity at 0 °C (32 °F) as energy flows into a phase transition rather than temperature rise.

Matter Definition Chemistry

Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and its transformation. Another term often considered synonymous with matter is substance, but a substance has a more limited definition in chemistry. Chemistry deals with the study of behaviour of - matter Chemistry is concerned with the - Composition, structure and properties of matter and the phenomenon which occurs when different kinds of matter undergo changes.

Matter theory covers the changing ideas and systems that were used to describe and explain the material world. A large part of matter theory was based on a theory of the elements.

Recommended Videos

Matter In Our Surroundings - States of Matter

Solid Definition

In solids, particles are tightly or closely packed.

The gaps between the particles are tiny and hence it is tough to compress them.

Solid has a fixed shape and volume.

Due to its rigid nature, particles in solid can only vibrate about their mean position and cannot move.

Force of attraction between particles is adamant.

The rate of diffusion in solids is very low.

An example of solids: solid ice, sugar, rock, wood, etc.

Liquid Definition

In a liquid state of matter, particles are less tightly packed as compared to solids.

Liquids take the shape of the container in which they are kept.

Liquids are difficult to compress as particles have less space between them to move.

Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape.

The rate of diffusion in liquids is higher than that of solids.

Force of attraction between the particles is weaker than solids.

Example of a liquid state of matter: water, milk, blood, coffee, etc.

In gases, particles are far apart from each other.

Force of attraction between the particles is negligible, and they can move freely.

Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.

The gaseous state has the highest compressibility as compared to solids and liquids.

The rate is diffusion is higher than solids and liquids.

The kinetic energy of particles is higher than in solids and liquids.

An example of gases: air, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.

Plasma is a not so generally seen form of matter. Plasma consists of particles with extremely high kinetic energy. Electricity is used to ionize noble gases and make glowing signs, which is essentially plasma.

Superheated forms of plasma are what stars are.

Bose-Einstein Condensates

Discovered in 1995, Bose-Einstein condensates were made with the help of the advancements in technology.

Carl Weiman and Eric Cornell cooled a sample of rubidium with the help of magnets and lasers to within a few degrees of absolute zero.

At the said temperature, the motion of the molecules becomes negligible. As this brings down the kinetic energy, the atoms no longer stay separate, but they begin to clump together. As the atoms join together they form a super-atom.

Light slows down as it passes through a BEC helping scientists to study more about the nature of light as a wave and particle.

BEC's also show properties of a superfluid which implies, that it flows without friction.

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States of Matter - Definition of Solid, Liquid, Gas & Plasma with Videos of States of Matter

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States of Matter - The matter is classified into solids, liquids, and gases in termed physical classification of matter. Solid, liquids and gas are the three states of matter. Visit BYJU'S to learn more about it.

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Precipitation is a vital component of how water moves through Earth’s water cycle, connecting the ocean, land, and atmosphere.

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Home page for the Water Cycle topic.This website, presented by NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, provides students and educators with resources to learn about Earth's water cycle, weather and climate, and the technology and societal applications of studying them.

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Watch the video

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This Demonstration shows idealized representations for the molecular behavior of the three principal states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. The hypothetical substance has a freezing point of 200 K and a boiling point of 400 K.

Snapshots

Details

Snapshot 1: gaseous state: molecules are far apart and in rapid random motion, occupying full volume of container

Snapshot 2: liquid state: molecules condense into a mass of definite volume (but variable shape) with smaller-amplitude molecular motions

Snapshot 3: solid state: molecules occupy ordered crystal lattice, vibrating about their equilibrium positions

Snapshot 4: hypothetical perfect crystal at absolute zero, when all molecular motion ceases

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Molecular Motion in Solids, Liquids, and Gases - Wolfram Demonstrations Project

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This Demonstration shows idealized representations for the molecular behavior of the three principal states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. The hypothetical substance has a freezing point of 200 K and a boiling point of 400 K.

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A molecule is the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist. If a molecule were split into smaller pieces, it would be a different substance

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A molecule is the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist. If a molecule were split into smaller pieces, it would be a different substance.

Molecules are made up of atoms that are stuck together in a particular shape or form. Not all combinations of atoms are equally possible; atoms make certain shapes in preference to others. Also, they have different valency. For example, oxygen atoms always have two bonds with other atoms, carbon atoms always have four bonds with other atoms, and nitrogen atoms always have three bonds with other atoms.

In the kinetic theory of gases, the term molecule is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition. According to this definition, noble gas atoms are considered molecules as they are in fact monoatomic molecules.

In gases like air, the molecules are just flying around. In liquids like water, the molecules are stuck together but they can still move. In solids like sugar, the molecules can only vibrate. In the fourth state of matter known as plasma, the atoms are ionized and cannot form molecules.

With a molecular formula, you can write down the numbers of all atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula of glucose is C ₆H ₁₂O ₆. That means that one molecule of glucose is made up of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms.

For a molecule to exist, atoms have to stick together. This happens when two atoms share electrons. Instead of circling just one atom, the electron now circles around two. This is called a covalent bond. Sometimes, more than one electron is shared. The more electrons are shared, the stronger the bond gets and the stronger the atoms stick together.

Bonds can also be broken apart. Since most bonds require energy to form, they also give off energy when they are broken. But before most bonds break, the molecule has to be heated. Then the atoms start to move, and when they move too much, the bond breaks. Molecules that require less energy to break than they give off when broken are called fuels. For example, a candle will just sit there and nothing happens. But when you use a match to light it, it will burn for a long time. The match brings the energy to break the first bonds, which release enough energy to break the bonds below them, until the candle has burned down.

There are also ionic bonds.

Images for kids

A scanning tunneling microscopy image of pentacene molecules, which consist of linear chains of five carbon rings.

AFM image of 1,5,9-trioxo-13-azatriangulene and its chemical structure.

3D (left and center) and 2D (right) representations of the terpenoid molecule atisane

Structure and STM image of a "cyanostar" dendrimer molecule.

Hydrogen can be removed from individual H2TPP molecules by applying excess voltage to the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM, a); this removal alters the current-voltage (I-V) curves of TPP molecules, measured using the same STM tip, from diode like (red curve in b) to resistor like (green curve). Image (c) shows a row of TPP, H2TPP and TPP molecules. While scanning image (d), excess voltage was applied to H2TPP at the black dot, which instantly removed hydrogen, as shown in the bottom part of (d) and in the rescan image (e). Such manipulations can be used in single-molecule electronics.

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A molecule is the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist. If a molecule were split into smaller pieces, it would be a different substance. Molecules are made up of atoms that are stuck together in a particular shape or form.

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Everything around you is made up of different kinds of molecules. This also includes your body and the bodies of everyone that you have ever met!

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Atoms are not usually found in isolation. They are mostly found joined together to form different kinds of substances. Whenever two atoms join together, they form a molecule.

Everything around you is made up of different kinds of molecules.

This also includes your body and the bodies of everyone that you have ever met!

Did you know we are all made up of trillions upon trillions of different kinds of molecules?

If atoms from different elements join together, they form a special type of molecule called a compound.

One of the most common compounds found in the world is also one of the most simple: water.

Water is made of compound molecules that are a combination of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

This is why water is sometimes referred to as H ₂ O.

No matter how much water there is, each molecule will always be made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen.

Molecular Formula

Whenever you make a cake or cookies, you need to follow the right ingredients or formula. It is the exact same thing when different substances are created.

There are only about 100 different kinds of atoms in the world, but there are millions of different substances.

This is because they each have a unique formula (recipe) that is used to create them. Depending on the substance that is being created, there will be a different ratio of elements that are combined in order to create the substance.

Depending on what is being examined, some of the different formulas can be either simple, such as water (H ₂ O), or extremely complex, such as caffeine (C8H10N4O2).

The only way that any specific substance can be created is by having the proper kinds of atoms in the correct numbers.

The molecules within compounds are held together by things called chemical bonds.

There are two different kinds of bonds that hold molecules together. These two different kinds of bonds are known as covalent and ionic bonds.

Compounds can have one or both kinds of bonds in their makeup.

These bonds are created when electrons fuse together. Basically, electrons orbit atoms in something like a shell, and these shells "like" to be full of electrons.

If the shells aren't full, then they will bond with another atom to get the correct number of electrons.

Covalent Bonds - Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms.

Ionic Bonds - Ionic bonds form when an electron leaves one atom to join another.

This is done so that each atom has the correct number of electrons so that each one has a "full" shell.

Molecule Quiz

Now, give our quiz on molecules a go to test what you know!

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Atoms are not usually found in isolation. They are mostly found joined together to form different kinds of substances. Whenever two atoms join together, they form a molecule. Everything around you is made up of different kinds of molecules. This also includes your body and the bodies of everyone that you have ever met!

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A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that has all the properties of that substance.

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A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that has all the properties of that substance. For instance, a water molecule is the smallest unit that is still water. A water...

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When matter changes state, sometimes the change can be undone but sometimes it’s changed forever.

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When matter changes state, sometimes the change can be undone but sometimes it's changed forever. Let's have a look at reversible and irreversible changes:

Reversible changes are changes that can be undone. When these changes happen, sometimes the materials look and feel different, but new material isn't created.

Examples of reversible changes are:

Dissolving - This is when substances are mixed in a liquid, like sugar in hot tea. The sugar looks like it has disappeared but it's really just mixed very well. The mixture is called a solution. Salt and sugar can dissolve because they are soluble substances, but have you ever tried dissolving sand in water? It's impossible! That's because sand is an insoluble substance. Even when salt dissolves, it can still go back to the way it was before. Salt that has dissolved in water can be returned back to salt by evaporating the water.

Evaporating - In a bathroom, hot water from the shower can change state into gas. This is called evaporation and it can be reversed. If the gas (vapour) touches something cold, like a mirror, it turns back into water.

Melting and freezing - Ice can turn into water by melting and water can turn back into ice by freezing. They are reversible.

Irreversible changes are changes that cannot be undone. The material that changed cannot go back to how it was before, instead, new material is formed.

Examples of irreversible changes are:

Heating - If you cook a pizza or fry an egg you can't uncook them. Cooking or heating the food changes them forever.

Burning - If you burn a log of wood, the wood turns into ashes and smoke. The ashes and smoke cannot turn back into wood.

Mixing - When you make a cake by mixing different ingredients together, the cake cannot change back into its ingredients. When you mix cement you cannot unmix the cement afterwards. These are all irreversible changes.

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Chemistry: Reversible And Irreversible Changes: Level 1 activity for kids | PrimaryLeap.co.uk

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When matter changes state, sometimes the change can be undone but sometimes it's changed forever. Let's have a look at reversible and irreversible changes: Reversible changes are changes that can be undone. When these changes happen, sometimes the materials look and feel different, but new material isn't created.

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A reversible change is a change that can be undone or reversed. If you can get back the substances you started the reaction with, that’s a reversible reaction.

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What does reversible mean in science for kids? - Reimagining Education

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What does reversible mean in science for kids? A reversible change is a change that can be undone or reversed. If you can get back the substances you started the reaction with, that’s a reversible reaction.

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Earth has been recycling water for over 4 billion years!

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Pour yourself a glass of water and take a sip. Did you know that the water you've just swallowed is the same water that wooly mammoths, King Tutankhamun and the first humans drank? That's because Earth has been recycling water for over 4 billion years!

The world's water moves between lakes, rivers, oceans, the atmosphere and the land in an ongoing cycle called - you guessed it! - the water cycle. As it goes through this continuous system, it can be a liquid (water), a gas (vapour) or a solid (ice).

So, are all you budding young geographers ready to learn some splashing new facts? Then join NG KiDS as we take a look at the different stages of the wonderful water cycle...

Energy from the sun heats up the surface of the Earth, causing the temperature of the water in our rivers, lakes and oceans to rise. When this happens, some of the water "evaporates" into the air, turning into a gas called " vapour". Plants and trees also lose water to the atmosphere through their leaves. This process is known as " transpiration ".

As water vapour rises up high into the sky, it cools and turns back into a liquid, forming clouds. This process is called " condensation ". Currents high up in the air move these clouds around the globe.

The water cycle is also known as the "hydrologic cycle".

Precipitation

When too much water has condensed, the water droplets in the clouds become too big and heavy for the air to hold them. And so they fall back down to Earth as rain, snow, hail or sleet, a process known as " precipitation ".

Collection

The fallen precipitation is then "collected" in bodies of water - such as rivers, lakes and oceans - from where it will eventually evaporate back into the air, beginning the cycle all over again. How it is collected, depends on where it lands...

Some will fall directly into lakes, rivers or the sea, from where it will evaporate and begin the cycle all over again.

If the water falls on vegetation, it may evaporate from leaves back into the air, or trickle down to the ground. Some of this water may then be taken up by the plant roots in the earth.

In cold climates, the precipitation may build up on land as snow, ice or glaciers. If temperatures rise, the ice will melt to liquid water and then soak into the ground, or flow into rivers or the ocean.

Water that reaches land directly may flow across the ground and collect in the oceans, rivers or lakes. This water is called " surface run-off ". Some of the precipitation will instead soak (or "infiltrate") into the soil, from where it will slowly move through the ground until eventually reaching a river or the ocean.

And there you have it, gang - the ongoing water cycle!

Water can change from a solid to a gas, without becoming a liquid first. Through this process of "sublimation" our planet"s ice can evaporate directly into the air without melting!

Be sure to check out our water conservation primary resource. Great for teachers, homeschoolers and parents alike, show children 25 ways to help keep our oceans, rivers and streams clean...

Illustration: Getty Images UK

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The Water Cycle! - National Geographic Kids

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Earth has been recycling water for 4 billion years! Learn about the water cycle right here at NG Kids with clear diagrams and pictures.

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The Earth has a limited amount of water that always gets recycled. It is in a closed system. Since we do not lose or gain water from other sources, it’s important to protect the water we have.

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Kids Environment Kids Health - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

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The .gov means it's official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Water Cycle

The water we use every day is very old. Just like the Earth itself, it's been around for billions of years. The Earth has a limited amount of water that always gets recycled. It is in a closed system. Since we do not lose or gain water from other sources, it's important to protect the water we have.

The water cycle is a natural process that happens when water rotates through different forms (solid, liquid, or vapor). The process improves the quality of water. However, people do things that create water pollution.
Some content courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.

Other stuff you might like ...

Games & Puzzles

Games galore! Piles of Puzzles!

Did you know nearly 97% of the world's water is salty or otherwise undrinkable? Another 2% is locked in ice caps and glaciers; that leaves just 1% for agricultural, residential, manufacturing, community, and personal needs.

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The .gov means it's official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

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The matter is anything around us that takes up SPACE and has MASS. In other words, matter describes everything that we can see, touch, smell, or feel.

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"Matter is made of molecules and molecules are made up of two or more ATOMS." Let's understand with an example.

"We are students." - 1 sentence, same as Matter,

So, we can say that this sentence is made up of words and words are made up of letters.

In the same way matter is made up of molecules and molecule consists of atoms. Just as the letter is the smallest unit of sentence, similarly, the atom is also the smallest unit of substance.

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State of Matter For KIds - 3 States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas

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"Matter is made of molecules and molecules are made up of two or more ATOMS." Let's understand with an example. "We are students." - 1 sentence, same as Matter, So, we can say that this sentence is made up of words and words are made up of letters.

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There are also three further different states of matter that have been created by man. These are Plasmas, Fermionic Condensates & Bose-Einstein Condensates.

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What is matter? Well it makes up everything in the universe in some way shape or form, it's everything in the universe really, well everything that we can see, and matter is also everything on earth. Matter is everything that makes up space and has weight, however we cannot leave it there though; it's not that straight forward.

There are three different main states of matter, all made up of tiny particles. They are...

There are also three further different states of matter that have been created by man. These are Plasmas, Fermionic Condensates & Bose-Einstein Condensates. These are complicated forms of matter so let us for now continue to discover the main ones.

How the main states of matter form is based on the amount of particles they are made up of. See below for a further lesson on this.

As we know now matter is everywhere on our planet and on different weird and wonderful planets in the universe. All of the stars and gas clouds that make up our universe are made up of tiny particles bunched together called that are matter.

Solid Matter.

= Solid Matter such as stone is made up of particles that are really close together.

Liquid Matter.

= Liquid Matter such as water is made up of particles that are particularly close together but not as close together as solid matter.

Gas Matter.

= Gas Matter such as air is made up of particles that are close enough together but not as close as liquid or solid, which is why its in that form.

Take a look all around you and you will see, feel, taste touch and even breathe matter. If there was no matter, we wouldn't matter! Get it!!
# 1. Matter has two types of properties; Physical & Chemical. # 2. Most of the elements on the periodic table are made of solid Matters. # 3. Humans are made of all the three main states of Matter. Q&A: Where on Earth will you find Matter? Answer. Everywhere. Q&A: What are the other forms of Matter called? Answer. Plasmas, Fermionic Condensates & Bose-Einstein Condensates. Q&A: What are the three main form of Matter called? Answer. Solid, Liquid & Gas.
Key Vocabulary Solid Matter. Liquid Matter. Gas Matter. Plasmas. Fermionic Condensates. Bose-Einstein Condensates.

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What is matter? Well it makes up everything in the universe in some way shape or form, it's everything in the universe really, well everything that we can see, and matter is also everything on earth. Matter is everything that makes up space and has weight, however we cannot leave it there though; it's not that straight forward.

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Maglev trains (short form of magnetic levitation) are a very fast type of high-speed rail. Magnetic levitation is a technology that uses magnetic fields to make the train move.

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Maglev train Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com

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Even the Earth we live on is a giant magnet!

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A Kid-friendly Introduction to Magnets and Magnetism

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Magnetism is at work all around you. Even our Earth is a giant magnet!

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Magnets are rocks or metals that create an invisible field around themselves. This field attracts other magnets and certain metals.

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What do compasses, fans, and high-speed trains have in common? They all use magnets to function. Magnets are rocks or metals that create an invisible field around themselves. This field attracts other magnets and certain metals. The presence of a…

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Magnet has two poles, one is North ,another is South Pole.
When North Pole or South Pole they will push each other away. When North Pole and South they will pull together.

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Molecules are made up of atoms that are stuck together in a particular shape or form

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The water cycle is the cycle that water goes through on Earth.

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Magnets Maglev train is a modern high-tech rail transportation which utilized electromagnetic force to achieve non-contact levitation and guidance between train body and guide rail, then drive the train through electromagnetic force generated by the linear motor.

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Water cycle is a thing that round and round.
Evaporation conversation precipitation make water cycle.

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This is my presentation!💝

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Facts Just for Parents, Teachers and Students

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Compass Facts for Kids - Facts Just for Parents, Teachers and Students

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In this section you’ll learn about compasses. You’ll learn who invented the compass and what are the four cardinal direction. How we use compasses and other facts about compasses. Compass Facts for Kids

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Magnets train work by the magnet.

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Liquid water evaporates from the oceans, rivers and lakes and rises to the atmosphere ,where it condenses to form clouds. Then it rushes and falls to the earth in the form of rain,or snow,where it flows into the oceans, rivers and lakes and the process begins again.
Matthew 3Oak

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Have you ever heard water referred to as H2O? Can you guess why someone might call water by this name?

Water is one of the most important substances on Earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on Earth.

How is Water made?

Water is a basic molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. When these three atoms come together, they form a strong bond that is difficult to break. Its chemical formula is H2O. The force of this bond holds a water molecule together for millions of years.

What is Water and Where did it Come From?

Water is a natural and abundant resource on the planet. It covers almost three-quarters of it, more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Most water is salty and can be found in seas, lakes, rivers, lagoons, springs, cenotes, and waterfalls.

Not all water that exists on the planet is for human consumption. The water that is drunk and used in the preparation of food must be drinkable, that is to say, colorless, tasteless and odorless, free of microorganisms and with a low concentration of minerals.

Scientists believe that the amount of water on Earth does not change appreciably over time. In other words, the amount of water on Earth today is the same as it was in the age of the dinosaurs.

Origins of Water: Sources of Water
Have you ever wondered where water comes from?
If you live in a city or neighborhood, your water probably comes from a nearby river or lake. It is pumped to a water treatment center where it is cleaned to remove bacteria and chemicals to make it safe to drink. It is then brought to your home through underground pipelines. If you live on a farm or out in the country, this water is likely underground and comes from a well on your property.

What is the Water Cycle?

The water you drank this morning may have been the same water that once rained on a tyrannosaurus, froze a mammoth, flowed down the Nile to carry silt to an Egyptian farm, or filled Julius Caesar's bathtub.

The water we use now is the same supply of water that has been on Earth for billions of years. Its quality is renewed over and over again by the natural cycle of water.

States of Water for children

Water can occur in three states forms: Solid (ice), liquid (water) or gas (vapor). They are the keys to the water cycle. This is how the system works:

Water Cycle Explanation for Kids

Liquid water evaporates from the oceans, rivers and lakes and rises to the atmosphere (water in its gaseous state) where it condenses to form clouds. Then it rushes and falls to the earth in the form of rain (liquid water) or snow (solid water) where it flows into the oceans, rivers and lakes and the process begins again. The water cycle is often taught as a simple circular cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Although this can be a useful model, the reality is much more complicated.

Water Cycle Diagram

Water is the most precious renewable resource on Earth. It defines our planet as a glowing blue sphere floating in the darkness of space. Life cannot exist without water. Humans cannot live for more than a few days without water.

Although water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, safe drinking water is limited.

97% of water is salty.

Less than 1% is fresh water that flows in our rivers and lakes or is stored in groundwater and a fraction is found in the atmosphere.

2% of the Earth's water is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.

Potable Water: Drinking Water

Potable water, also known as drinking water, comes from surface and ground sources and is treated to levels that meet state and federal standards for consumption.

Water from natural sources is treated for microorganisms, bacteria, toxic chemicals, viruses and fecal matter. Drinking raw, untreated water can cause gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea, vomiting or fever.

There are maximum levels ​​of pH, minerals, salts and microorganisms that distinguish drinking water from water that is not suitable for consumption. This means that potable water is low compared to large bodies of non-potable water, such as the sea or rain.
What is the Role of Water for Life
Why is Water Important for our Planet? Uses for Water

1. Water fulfills vital functions on the planet, whether in aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems.

2. It is a vital medium for the transport of nutrients in the body.

3. It is essential for the photosynthesis of plants.

4. It is the main input for daily hygiene.

What is the Function of Water in our Body

What does the body do with all that water? In the human body, water is the protagonist of a large number of processes:

It is the vital medium for most of the body's cells.

It carries dissolved substances and makes up a huge percentage of blood.

It facilitates the excretion of substances forming part of urine, feces, sweat and other excretions.

It maintains body temperature.

It provides electrolytes and minerals essential for the electrical functioning of the body.

It moves like blood through your entire body. Most of your blood is made up of water. And it's also in the lymph that travels through your body.

Blood and lymph are the main ways that the body carries food and oxygen to your cells and help dispose of waste. This is a very important function of water! Blood and lymph also have special cells in them that fight infection, they are part of your immune system.

Importance of Water in the Body

All the things your body doesn't need have to come out of it in some way. Some of that goes from the blood to the kidneys, making urine, which is mostly water. Some of it stays in your belly and comes out as feces, which is also mostly water! A part of it comes out in the air when you breathe. If you breathe on a cold mirror you will see small drops of water on the glass, this is water from your breath.

You also use water to keep your body temperature at 37 ° C (98.6 º F). The water comes out of the tiny holes in your skin called pores. We call this water perspiration or sweat and it helps keep our bodies cool.

Water is in the fluids that keep your joints moving smoothly (like your knees and elbows) so your bones don't creak and growl like they're rusty.

Saliva is made up mostly of water. We know when we need more water because our mouth feels dry.

Mucus is also mostly water. That's the thing you see a lot about when you have a runny nose. But mucus is very important, it keeps your eyes, ears, noses, throats and everything inside you soft and sticky so everything can move through your body systems without getting stuck.

Now that you can see the great importance of water, you understand why your body needs so much of it.

The body of an adult needs about two liters of water per day (half a gallon) and smaller bodies a little less. If you are around 8 years old you may use 1 liter of water a day, so you have to replace that amount of water.

Easy Ways to Drink more Water

How to get enough water. You will get some water from food, such as fruits, meat, vegetables, but you will still have to drink water as well.

Reasons why Water is Important

You should drink about 6 glasses of water a day, more if the temperature is high and hot, if you have run a lot or if you feel thirsty. Of course, you can drink other liquids like milk and juice - they are mostly made up of water anyway.

Be careful with some fizzy drinks. These contain water, but some have large amounts of sugar (remember that you don't need a lot of sugar).

Some beverages, like colas or coffee, contain caffeine. Look through the list of ingredients to see if it contains caffeine. Caffeine is a diuretic which means it will make your kidneys produce a lot more urine and you will have to go to the bathroom and lose all your water again!
Read also: The Basic Food Groups
How Much Water is Enough?

Since water is so important, you might ask if you are drinking enough. There is no magic amount of water that children need to drink every day. Children usually like to drink something along with meals and should definitely do so when they are thirsty. But when it's warm outside or you're exercising, you'll need more. Make sure to drink extra water when you are outside in hot weather. Especially while playing sports or exercising.

When you drink water, it is also important that if you are going to play a sport, a game, or just exercising, drink water before, during, and afterwards. Don't forget your water bottle! You will not be able to do your best if you are thinking about how thirsty you are.

Signs you Need to Drink more Water

When your body doesn't have enough water, that's called being dehydrated. Dehydration can prevent you from being as fast and accurate as you would like to be. A bad case of dehydration can make you sick. So keep that water bottle handy when the weather warms up. Water not only fights dehydration, but it is very refreshing and has no calories.

Signs of Dehydration

Your body keeps you hydrated by regulating the amount of water in your system. The body can retain water (when you don't have enough) or get rid of it when you have too much. If your urine has ever been a very light yellow, your body may be discharging excess water. On the other hand, if your urine is very dark, your body is retaining water. It's time to drink!

You can help your body by drinking fluids when you feel thirsty and by drinking extra water when you exercise or when it's warm outside. Your body is capable of doing everything wonderfully, drink a lot of water and you will feel great.
Take care of Water Fun Facts about Water

97% of the planet's water is found in the oceans.

3% of this fresh water, 2.4% of this water is permanently frozen in glaciers and snow-capped peaks.

Only half of 1% of the fresh water on earth is found underground and even less in our rivers and lakes.

The amount of water there is today is the same as it has been on the planet since its creation.

When we are born, water is 75% of our body weight.

Water is 60% of the weight of adults and children.

Seventy-five percent of a tree is made of water.

Water is found in the vast majority of foods. For example, there is water in orange juice and milk, fruits and vegetables, even cheese.

We use large amounts of water every day in our homes, for drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing, and gardening; It is estimated that we use approximately 250 liters (66 gallons) of water each day.

About 30% of the total water, we use in our homes is for toilets. Modern dual toilets use approximately 4-6 liters per flush (1.6 gallons), older ones used up to 13 liters (3.4 gallons) of water.

Water is the only substance that can be found in three states or forms: liquid (example: to drink) gas (example: when breathing) and solid (example: ice).

Animals need water too. Every day a cow that produces milk for us drinks between 135 to 200 liters of water (34 to 52 gallons) - that's a lot of fluid!

Koalas are one of the only two creatures that do not drink water but get it from another source (in the case of the koala: eucalyptus leaves).

The Water Cycle for Kids

Water is continually moving around, through and above the Earth. It moves as water vapor, liquid water and ice. It is constantly changing its form. The movement of water is referred to as the hydrologic or water cycle. Precipitation, evaporation / transpiration and runoff (surface runoff and subsurface infiltration) are the primary phases in the cycle. The water cycle is also called the hydrologic cycle.

Water is vital for all living things. Animals drink water, while plants take water through their roots.

What is Water for kids: Summary of 10 Facts

1. The water cycle is essential for life on our planet. Without the water cycle there would be no plants, no animals.

2. The human body is made up of approximately 75% water.

3. The water cycle is caused by the sun: heat causes the water to evaporate, before it cools, condenses and falls to the ground.

4. Water can exist in three states liquid (water), solid (ice), or gas (water vapor).

5. About two-thirds of the world's water is found in the form of ice in the polar caps and glaciers.

6. About 70% of the Earth is covered in water. An incredible 97% of the Earth's water is in the oceans (this is salt water) and 2% is in the polar ice caps, leaving only 1% available for drinking.

7. There are underground reservoirs of water called aquifers. Water can stay there for thousands of years.

8. The water is recycled, that is, it does not leave the Earth. All the water that is currently on our planet is the same that has been there for millions of years.

9. The Nile is 4132 miles long, making it the longest river in the world.

10. The water is used to generate electricity through hydroelectric plants.

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Have you ever heard water referred to as H2O? Can you guess why someone might call water by this name? Water is one of the most important substances on Earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on Earth.

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Practice presentation

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Hi I'm Danni from 3 blossom, here is my video on the water cycle,