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https://www.neferchichi.com/hieroglyphic-writing

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Neferchichi's Tomb | Information and activities about ancient Egypt

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Neferchichi's Tomb | Information and activities about ancient Egypt

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Neferchichi's Tomb has been providing information, clip art, and activities about ancient Egypt for kids, teachers, and amateur Egyptolgists since 1996.

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https://lingojam.com/HieroglyphicsTranslator

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy8BaMs_JuI

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Who doesn't love a mystery? From the Loch Ness monster to the identity of Jack the Ripper, some enigmas have stood the test of time.

It's the same in the secretive world of cryptology, where famously unsolved codes, ciphers and puzzles have kept cryptologists and amateur sleuths entertained - and frustrated - for centuries, as they seek to crack the code and discover what the creator was secretly trying to convey.

Here are six famous codes and ciphers from across the world that have never been solved.

The Voynich Manuscript

Having been carbon-dated to the 15th century, between 1404 and 1438, theVoynich Manuscript has been hotly debated by scholars, and has remained impervious to code-breakers for centuries.

The 240-page book was rediscovered by rare book dealer Wilfrid Voynich in 1912, although mentions of it date back to the 1600s.

The illustrated, handwritten codex is believed to be Italian in origin, owing to analysis on the paints, and uses a hitherto unknown writing system. It's author, language and purpose remains a mystery. Illustrations inside include fictitious plants and fauna, dragons, castles and astrological symbols.

It's currently being held at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, and cryptographers, including American and British codebreakers from both the First World War and the Second World War, have tried and failed over the years to make sense of it.

Jan Marek Marci, a rector of Charles University in Prague, who came into possession of the codex wrote of it in 1665: "...for such Sphinxes as these obey no one but their master."

Kryptos

One of the most famous unsolved codes in the world stands outside the CIA building in Langley, Virginia.

The four-part sculpture, Kryptos - from the ancient Greek word meaning "hidden" - was created by American artist Jim Sanborn and dedicated on November 3, 1990.

Since then, cryptanalysts from all over the world have attempted to crack the four codes chiselled into its surfaces, succeeding in breaking three of the four.

The sculptures are covered in ciphertext - including deliberate spelling mistakes and missing and additional letters - some featuring aspects of Morse code.

The first three were solved by members of the public, the National Security Agency and the CIA, but the fourth has never been cracked.

"A lot of the work [I do] deals with secrecy and the modus operandi of spies - how they operate, how they turn sources and things like that," Sanborn told Wired.

The Dorabella Cipher

A code which remains unsolved to the present day was created by the acclaimed English composer Edward Elgar.

The creator of Pomp and Circumstance wrote an enciphered letter in 1897 to Dora Penny, the daughter of a reverend whose stepmother was friends with Elgar's wife.

Consisting of 87 characters over three lines, the cipher appears to be made up of 24 different symbols made up of semicircles and dots.

The Dorabella Cipher got its name from an 1899 composition Elgar named for Penny, which he named Dorabella as the pair remained life-long friends.

Over the past century, a handful of people, including musicologist Eric Sams, and cryptologist Richard Henderson have claimed to have solved the puzzle. However, as both men achieved different outcomes, which ignored one or more of the characters, it is still considered unsolved.

The Tamam Shud Case

It's a case that has baffled Australia, and the world since it first came to light in 1948.

On December 1, 1948, Australian police found the body of a man on Somerton Park beach, southwest of Adelaide, South Australia. His identity has never been discovered, and an ancient text he was carrying led to a cipher that has never been solved.

A scrap of paper found in the fob pocket of the man's trousers read "Tamam Shud", which translates from Farsi as "is over" or "is finished". Police eventually located the book from which the scrap had been torn, which turned out to be a copy of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by the 11th-century Persian poet and astronomer.

In the back of the book, they discovered faint indentations representing five lines of text, in capital letters, with the second line struck through. The top line reads: "WRGOABABD."

The fact that the man has never been identified has lead to speculation he was a spy, and the encryption has never been solved.

The Beale Ciphers

For fans of tales of buried treasure, the unsolved Beale Ciphers has it all - buried gold, treasure maps and secret locations, only one of which has been solved.

The papers are a set of three ciphertexts, each detailing the treasure, location and list of owners and kin, dating back to 1885.

The story originated in an 1885 pamphlet called The Beale Papers, which contained details of a hoard of treasure found in a mine in New Mexico by a man named Thomas J Beale, who then buried it in a secret location in Bedford County, Virginia, around 1820.

Beale created three sets of papers filled with ciphertext, the second of which concerning the contents of the treasure - gold, silver and jewels - has been solved. Part of it reads: "The vault is roughly lined with stone, and the vessels rest on solid stone, and are covered with others."

While some cryptologists have dismissed the Beale Ciphers as an elaborate Freemason hoax, it remains that the first and third ciphers have never been solved. The description of the treasure itself is estimated to be worth more than $43 million.

The final flight of carrier pigeon NURP 40 TW 194

Even the best brains at Britain's Second World War former code-breaking headquarters of Bletchley Park have been stumped by a message attached to a military carrier pigeon's leg, found in a suburban fireplace in England in 1982.

During renovations at their home in Bletchingley, Surrey, David and Anne Martin found the skeletal remains of a bird with a red plastic capsule attached to its leg which identified it as a Second World War military carrier pigeon. Inside the capsule was a coded message consisting of 27 groups of five letters with some numerals at the end, beginning: "AOAKN HVPKD FNFJU."

In 2010, experts at Bletchley Park, while unable to crack the code, reasoned that because none of their classified MI6 pigeons carried coded messages during the war, that it contained information that would have been vital at the time possibly pertaining to the D-Day landings on June 6, 1944.

They also ascertained that it likely came from British military leader, Field Marshal Montgomery's headquarters. It remains unsolved.

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Six secret codes that remain unsolved: from buried treasure to 15th-century manuscripts

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Who doesn't love a mystery? From the Loch Ness monster to the identity of Jack the Ripper, some enigmas have stood the test of time. It's the same in the secretive world of cryptology, where famously unsolved codes, ciphers and puzzles have kept cryptologists and amateur sleuths entertained - and frustrated - for centuries, as they seek to crack the code and discover what the creator was secretly trying to convey.

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How did Tolkien come up with the languages for Middle Earth?

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How did Tolkien come up with the languages for Middle Earth?

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https://www.theguardian.com/science/2003/dec/11/lordoftherings.film

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By taking bits of his favourite real-world languages and splicing them together. Listen carefully to the dialogue in the forthcoming movie of Return of the King and you might recognise some old English, a Welsh lilt here and there, and even some Finnish.

"They are invented languages but they are completely logical and they're linguistically sound," says Fred Hoyt, a linguistics researcher at the University of Texas in Austin who also teaches a course on Elvish.

Around a dozen languages are mentioned in the Lord of the Rings but Tolkien only properly developed two of them - Qenya and Sindarin, the languages used by the elves.

"Qenya is the Elvish Latin - a literary language not used as a spoken vernacular; it was reserved for poetry, for song, for lament, for magic," says Hoyt. "Whereas Sindarin, at least among the elves in his book, was a spoken language."

Qenya is based on the grammatical principles of Finnish and, on paper, has similar dots and umlauts to indicate any changes in sound of the various characters. Also, words in Finnish and Qenya have a high number of possible word endings depending on the context of the sentence.

Sindarin, described in the books as a descendant of Qenya, is based heavily on Welsh, one of Tolkien's favourite languages because of the way it sounded.

In an essay entitled English and Welsh, he wrote about the first time he encountered the language: "A flash of strange spelling and a hint of a language old and yet alive. It pierced my linguistic heart."

One of the hallmarks of Welsh (and, in fact, all the Celtic languages) is the alteration of not only word endings depending on context but also of their first consonants. "Sindarin works very much that way, so there's all these consonant changes at the beginning of words, which express grammatical information," says Hoyt.

Developed as the elvish languages are, however, you would find it difficult to actually have a casual conversation in Qenya or Sindarin.

"Look at it this way, it would be easier to compose an elegant elegy for the dead than it would be to order a sandwich," says Hoyt. "There's very basic vocabulary we use hundreds of thousands of times a day which he did not develop."

English is also represented on Middle Earth. "The language that he refers to as Rohirric is, in effect, a cameo by old English," says Hoyt.

Tolkien invented several other languages for the people of Middle Earth but the details for most of them (such as Dwarvish and Orcs' black speech) are extremely sketchy, with only a few words of vocabulary and very few actual sentences to speak of.

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How did Tolkien come up with the languages for Middle Earth?

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By taking bits of his favourite real-world languages and splicing them together. Listen carefully to the dialogue in the forthcoming movie of Return of the King and you might recognise some old English, a Welsh lilt here and there, and even some Finnish.

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Pig Latin (which is not the Latin language)

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Pig Latin (which is not the Latin language)

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https://bunnystudio.com/blog/a-quick-guide-for-translating-to-pig-latin-with-examples/

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Owhayarehayouyay?Atwhayiswayouryayamenay? Elcomeway. Sounds almost like something out of the Sims, doesn't it? If this doesn't make sense to you, welcome to Pig Latin. The phrases above translate to; How are you? What's your name? And Welcome.

Pig Latin is a pseudo-language or argot where we use a formal technique altering English words. The basic rule is to switch the first consonant or consonant cluster to the end of the term and then adding suffix "ay" to form a new word. For instance, the word 'pig' would become igp+ay which becomes igpay.

It is a typical language game for children who want to use a coded language in sports or to confuse adults. But this unique language has also found its way to literature (such as the famous Dragon Slayer books), advertising and many other areas.

If you want to work in advertising, translation or other areas where words are crucial, you might find it necessary to learn this playful language. This guide delves into the exciting world of Pig Latin to help new users find their ways around the rules and usage.

But if you prefer to watch a video instead, click here:
This post was updated on March 2021
History of Pig Latin

The phrase Pig Latin seems to imply there's a connection with the language used by Romans for centuries. However, this is not the case as this language game originated from kids' play in the 1800s. It was initially known as Hog Latin before taking the more formal term Pig Latin.
However, there are earlier mentions of this type of language game which was then called dog Latin. It was a parody of the Latin language which had become a language of the elite in the middle ages. Shakespeare's 1598 play, Love's Labour's Lost references dog Latin implying a play on English words.
The earliest mention of Hog Latin was in an article published in 1866. It referred to the addition of letters to a word to form a language used by young boys and is similar to Pig Latin today. Another mention was in May 1869 in Putnam's Magazine.

The use of this language game referred to a Latin-esque gibberish which mocked people who still used the dying Latin language. The release of the song Pig Latin Love in 1919 popularized the language game among kids and made more people start noticing.

While many words in this language are momentary, some have caught on quickly and lingered. Examples include "Ixnay" from 'nix,' and "Amscray," an alteration of "scram." The 1929 film " Broadway Melody " featured the term "Ixnay" and the word has remained in common usage since then.

In literature, author Kate McMullan of the Dragon Slayers' Academy serine is one of the leading supporters of Pig Latin. She has used the playful language for her lead character Wiglaf. Such mainstream use of the language game has made it popular and seen interest in its use grow. Radio ads and slang are other areas where Pig Latin has grown over the years.

1. Pick any English word. The name could start with a consonant or consonant cluster or a vowel.

2. If you've got a word starting with a consonant cluster or consonant move the consonant or consonant cluster from the initial location of that particular word to the last position of the name.

3. Add a suffix the suffix "-ay" to the end of the word.

Example:

1. Duck becomes uckd+ay to form the pig Altin word uckday

2. Move become ovem+ay to form ovemay

3. Scratch becomes atchscr+ay to form atchsray

In 2014, Pig Latin made news in a court pitting Microsoft against Google. The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), the advertising watchdog, ruled in favor of Microsoft in a legal battle with Google's Gmail.

It was regarding an advert where Microsoft had addressed Gmail users about their safety. The company implied that Gmail users would have to understand and use Pig Latin to prevent the email provider from reading their emails.

Translation Rules for Pig Latin

Like with any new language, it is crucial to learn the formal rules of pig Latin. This not only gives you a solid foundation in the language game, but it also helps you understand its usage. These rules will also come handy if you have a text to translate to pig Latin.

1. Words Beginning With Consonants/Consonant Clusters

2. Words Beginning With Vowels

If you want to create a Pig Latin word from an English word starting with a vowel, add the suffix "-yay", "-way", or "-ay" at the end of the original word. For instance,

3. For Words Starting With the Letter 'Y'

The letter 'Y' creates a tricky situation when forming words in Pig Latin. Users have to determine whether the letter is a vowel or consonant based on its location in a name. Here are some essential facts to remember:

i) When the latter 'Y' comes are the beginning of an English word, you consider it a consonant. This means you move it to the end of the term and then add suffix -ay. For instance;

ii) When the letter 'Y' appears in the second position of a word, the standard rules for word formation apply. E.g

iii) If you have a consonant cluster at the beginning of the word and the letter 'Y' comes at the end of this cluster, you treat it as a vowel and hence doesn't move with the consonant cluster. Example:

4. Creating Pig Latin words from Compound Words

You should first separate the compound word into individual words and apply the appropriate rules. For instance,

How to Get Started With Translating Pig Latin

Now that you know the rules, the next step is, of course, to apply them in your translation project. Learning how to translate to pig Latin can come in handy if you are working in advertising or voice work projects.

Some clients want to use creative advertising ideas, and Pig Latin can feature among their tactics. In such cases, your expertise in Pig Latin will come handy. You can also create playful adverts in Pig Latin and share them on social media and other platforms to catch the attention of advertisers.

Here are some steps to get you started in translating Pig Latin:

1. Use A Training Partner

It is easy to learn any language when you have a partner. Your partner will come handy when you practice the translation rules. They will help you practice, and the whole experience becomes more exciting.

2. Record your Translation Efforts

Recording your training sessions is a great way to evaluate your progress in language learning. For pig Latin, your objective is to understand the rules and apply them as quickly as possible to any English word.

With time, you will find it easier to translate any word into the new language. If you listen to your recorded clips, it's easier to note your weaknesses and improve.

3. Go From The Known To The Unknown

Pig Latin is a new language to you, and with this in mind, you should start with translating the most common words and phrases before moving onto more sophisticated sentence constructions. This is the cardinal rule in learning any language. As you get used to the common phrases, it will become easier to apply translation rules to more complex expressions.

4. Research Pig Latin

If you want to build a career in Pig Latin translation, take time to dig deeper into the language game and learn how it came about. You can do this by joining forums of Pig Latin users, listening to audios and learning variations of the language.

For instance, some Pig Latin speakers interchange "yay" with "way" when creating new words from English words starting with vowels. In such a case, the term ' earn become 'earnway' rather than 'earnay.' These variations are correct, and if you have a client's project, it's essential to confirm which version of Pig Latin to use in the translation.

5. Practice in Writing

Writing and sharing texts in the new language and translating popular works are smart strategies to learn the rules of Pig Latin. Whenever you have free time, take a document and start translating it using the rules you have learned.
And, of course, if you're looking for professional translators in most any language, you can submit a project with Bunny Studio and we'll deliver stellar results every time.
Some Useful Phrases in Pig Latin

If you have any text to translate to pig Latin, it is essential to learn the most common phrases in the language first. This will save you a lot of time when working on your text. Here are some common English phrases translated to Pig Latin:

Wrapping Up

Pig language might have started as a kids' language game, but today, its use has gone into the mainstream. In a world where creativity is in high demand, advertisers might require your services to translate texts and even video scripts to Pig Latin. Once you understand the rules, there's no looking back. You have to keep practicing to become a professional Pig Latin translator.

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A Quick Guide for Translating To Pig Latin with Examples

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Owhayarehayouyay?Atwhayiswayouryayamenay? Elcomeway. Sounds almost like something out of the Sims, doesn't it? If this doesn't make sense to you, welcome to Pig Latin. The phrases above translate to; How are you? What's your name? And Welcome. Pig Latin is a pseudo-language or argot where we use a formal technique altering English words.

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https://www.dcode.fr/rot-cipher

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ROT Cipher - Rotation - Online Rot Decoder, Solver, Translator

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Tool to decrypt/encrypt by ROT. The code ROT for Rotation (which most common variant is Caesar Cipher) is the easiest shift-based encryption cipher.

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https://kidscodecs.com/how-to-create-crack-secret-codes-ciphers/

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A Medieval Manuscript In An Unknown Language

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A Medieval Manuscript In An Unknown Language

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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Voynich-manuscript

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Voynich manuscript, illustrated manuscript written in an unknown language and thought to have been created in the 15th or 16th century. It is named after antiquarian bookseller Wilfrid Voynich, who purchased it in 1912. Scholars and scientists have sought to decipher the text since the manuscript was first discovered. Since 1969 it has been housed in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.

The Voynich codex measures 22.5 × 16 cm (8.9 × 6.3 inches) and contains 102 heavily illustrated parchment folios (about 234 pages). The manuscript is divided into six sections based on the illustrations (since, as of yet, the language has not been deciphered): botany, astronomy and astrology, biology, cosmology, pharmaceutical, and a section of continuous text with decoration marking the beginning of short entries thought to be recipes. The illustrations in the botanical section-the largest section of the manuscript-consist of 113 large detailed colourful drawings of plants and herbs, with text carefully written around the imagery. The next section is 12 pages of astronomy and astrology drawings-arrangements of stars, the Sun, the Moon-with some pages featuring zodiac symbols. The third section contains drawings of nude women intertwined with and connected by tubes and what appear to be flowing fluids. The fourth section, cosmology, is composed of drawings of nine medallions filled with stars and other shapes. The pharmaceutical section returns again to plants and herbs and depicts what are thought to be medicinal plants. This section differs from the botany section in that many pages include drawings of elaborate jars or bottles and in some cases many types of herbs appear on a single page. Though the images are more or less decipherable (much time and effort has been spent by scholars and scientists determining the types of herbs and other plants), the text has proved otherwise. Numerous scholars, linguists, cryptologists, and other intrigued parties have attempted to decode the unknown script with little to no success.

It is not known where or exactly when the manuscript was created, though extensive research has suggested that it was made somewhere in central Europe, and radiocarbon dating has assigned it to the early 15th century. One long-standing theory that was debunked by radiocarbon dating conducted in 2009 was that it was written by 13th-century English scientist Roger Bacon. The first owner of the manuscript may have been Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, who reigned from 1576 to 1611. If Rudolf did indeed own it, one hypothesis was that he purchased it for 600 ducats from mathematician and occultist John Dee, though this theory has not been thoroughly substantiated. The notion that the book was purchased by Rudolf came from a letter written in 1665 by Prague scientist Johannes Marcus Marci (to his friend, an alchemist and a later recipient of the manuscript, Georg Baresch of Prague); the letter was tucked within the pages of the manuscript when Voynich purchased it in 1912. It is known for certain that the manuscript was owned by Rudolf's court chemist and pharmacist Jacobus Horcicky de Tepenec, who left his signature (detected with ultraviolet light) on folio 1r of the book. The Voynich manuscript's next owner was the friend of the letter writer Marci, Baresch, who passed the manuscript on to Marci. In turn Marci, before he died (1667), sent it to the scholar and Jesuit priest Athanasius Kircher.

The book came into Voynich's hands in 1912, when he procured it from a Jesuit college near Rome. The bookseller coordinated a number of exhibitions of the manuscript, including one at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1915. He put forth great effort to have the text deciphered, recruiting University of Pennsylvania philosophy professor William Newbold. In 1921 both Voynich and Newbold delivered lectures on the manuscript, calling it the "Roger Bacon Cipher Manuscript" and saying it was discovered in a castle in southern Europe. The manuscript was purchased from Voynich's estate in 1961 by a New York bookseller, Hans P. Kraus, who donated it to the Bienecke Library in 1969.

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Among the many people who tried to decipher the text were renowned World War II cryptologists William and Elizebeth Friedman, art historian Erwin Panofsky, intelligence specialists, and scholars of chemistry, law, mathematics, medieval philosophy, and other fields. Several books (fiction and nonfiction) and dissertations have been published about the mysterious volume. Some critics consider the book to be a hoax perpetrated by Voynich, but the radiocarbon-dated parchment as well as focused linguistic studies like that of Marcelo Montemurro-which brought to light distinct linguistic patterns-seem to suggest otherwise. Well into the 21st century, the Voynich's script has continued to be examined for clues to its meaning and origin.

Naomi Blumberg

Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

Yale University, private university in New Haven, Connecticut, one of the Ivy League schools. It was founded in 1701 and is the third oldest university in the United States. Yale was originally chartered by the colonial legislature of Connecticut as the Collegiate School and was held at Killingworth and other...

Botany, branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes. Also included are plant classification and the study of plant diseases and of interactions with the environment. The principles and findings of botany have provided the base for such applied sciences as...

Astronomy, science that encompasses the study of all extraterrestrial objects and phenomena. Until the invention of the telescope and the discovery of the laws of motion and gravity in the 17th century, astronomy was primarily concerned with noting and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets, originally for...

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Voynich manuscript | illustrated manuscript

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Voynich manuscript, illustrated manuscript written in an unknown language and thought to have been created in the 15th or 16th century. It is named after antiquarian bookseller Wilfrid Voynich, who purchased it in 1912. Scholars and scientists have sought to decipher the text since the manuscript

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https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/navajo-code-talkers-and-the-unbreakable-code/

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In the heat of battle, it is of the utmost importance that messages are delivered and received as quickly as possible. It is even more crucial that these messages are encoded so the enemy does not know about plans in advance.

During World War II, the Marine Corps used one of the thousands of languages spoken in the world to create an unbreakable code: Navajo.

World War II wasn't the first time a Native American language was used to create a code.

During World War I, the Choctaw language was used in the transmission of secret tactical messages. It was instrumental in a successful surprise attack against the Germans.

Germany and Japan sent students to the United States after World War I to study Native American languages and cultures, such as Cherokee, Choctaw, and Comanche.

Because of this, many members of the U.S. military services were uneasy about continuing to use Code Talkers during World War II. They were afraid the code would be easily cracked, but that was before they learned about the complexity of Navajo.

Philip Johnston's Brainchild

In 1942, Philip Johnston was reading a newspaper article about an armored division in Louisiana that was attempting to come up with another code using Native American languages. Johnston knew the perfect Native American language to utilize in a new, unbreakable code.

As a child, Johnston spent most of his childhood on a Navajo reservation while his parents served there as missionaries. He grew up learning the Navajo language and customs.

Johnston became so fluent in the Navajo language that he was asked at age 9 to serve as an interpreter for a Navajo delegation sent to Washington, D.C., to lobby for Indian rights.

In spite of concerns about the security of a code based on a Native American language, the U.S. Marine Corps decided to give Johnston's idea a try. They approved a pilot project with 30 Navajos and allowed Johnston to enlist and participate in the program.

Getting Started

The first 29 recruited Navajos (one dropped out) arrived at Camp Elliott near San Diego in May 1942. One of the first tasks for these recruits was to develop a Navajo code.

The Navajo language seemed to be the perfect option as a code because it is not written and very few people who aren't of Navajo origin can speak it.

However, the Marine Corps took the code to the next level and made it virtually unbreakable by further encoding the language with word substitution.

During the course of the war, about 400 Navajos participated in the code talker program.

The Code

Word Association

The Navajo recruits began developing the code by taking words from their language and applying to them to implements of war. For example, the names of different birds were used to stand for different kinds of planes.

The initial code consisted of 211 vocabulary terms, which expanded to 411 over the course of the war.

A is for Apple...

In addition, an alphabet system (see below) was also developed by the Code Talkers. It would be used to spell out some of the words not found in Navajo vocabulary.

The first letter of a Navajo word corresponded with one of the 26 letters in the English alphabet. Several different words were chosen to represent the more commonly used letters in order to make the code even more secure.
*Click here to see the entire Navajo Code Talker Dictionary on the US Navy history page.
In Record Time

A skeptical lieutenant decided to test their skills and the code before trusting them to deliver actual combat messages.

The Code Talkers successfully translated, transmitted and re-translated a test message in two and a half minutes. Without using the Navajo code, it could take hours for a soldier to complete the same task.

From then on, the Code Talkers were used in every major operation involving the Marines in the Pacific theater. Their primary job was to transmit tactical information over telephone and radio.

During the invasion of Iwo Jima, six Navajo Code Talkers were operating continuously. They sent more than 800 messages. All of the messages were transmitted without error.

The Navajo Code Talkers were treated with the utmost respect by their fellow marines. Major Howard Connor, who was the signal officer of the Navajos at Iwo Jima, said, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima."

Honors

The hard work of the Navajo Code Talkers was not recognized until after the declassification of the operation in 1968.

President Ronald Reagan gave the Code Talkers a Certificate of Recognition and declared August 14 "Navajo Code Talkers Day" in 1982.

In 2000, President Bill Clinton signed a law which awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to the original 29 Code Talkers.

President George W. Bush presented the medals to the four surviving Code Talkers at a ceremony held in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington in July 2001.

Code Challenge

Want to try your hand at deciphering a code in Navajo?

Use the Navajo Code Talker Dictionary below and then scroll to the end to see if you are correct.

1) Decipher the following code to find out who suggested using the Navajo language for secure communications:

Ne-Zhoni-Lin-Tkin-Ah-Jad-Tkin-Ne-Zhoni Ah-Ya-Tsinne-A-Kha-Lin-A-Chin-Klesh-D-Ah-A-Kha-A-Chin

2) Decipher the code below to find out which battle the Navajo Code Talkers used their skills to help the U.S. achieve a victory:

Tkin-Gloe-lh-A-Kha Ah-Ya-Tsinne-Tkin-Tsin-Tliti-Tse-Nill

Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary

Below is the United States Navy Navajo Code Dictionary alphabet section, revised June 15, 1945.

SPOILER: Answers

Were you correct?
. . .
The answer to the first code is: Philip Johnston

The answer to the second code is: Iwo Jima

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Navajo Code Talkers and the Unbreakable Code

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In the heat of battle, it is of the utmost importance that messages are delivered and received as quickly as possible. It is even more crucial that these messages are encoded so the enemy does not know about plans in advance.

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Representing Text, Images, Sound [binary]

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Representing Text, Images, Sound [binary]

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https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpfdwmn/revision/1

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When any key on a keyboard is pressed, it needs to be converted into a binary number so that it can be processed by the computer and the typed character can appear on the screen.

A code where each number represents a character can be used to convert text into binary. One code we can use for this is called . The ASCII code takes each character on the keyboard and assigns it a binary number. For example:

the letter 'a' has the binary number 0110 0001 (this is the denary number 97)

the letter 'b' has the binary number 0110 0010 (this is the denary number 98)

the letter 'c' has the binary number 0110 0011 (this is the denary number 99)

Text characters start at number 0 in the ASCII code, but this covers special characters including punctuation, the return key and control characters as well as the number keys, capital letters and lower case letters.

ASCII code can only store 128 characters, which is enough for most words in English but not enough for other languages. If you want to use accents in European languages or larger alphabets such as Cyrillic (the Russian alphabet) and Chinese Mandarin then more characters are needed. Therefore another code, called , was created. This meant that computers could be used by people using different languages.

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Representing data - Representing text, images and sound - KS3 Computer Science Revision - BBC Bitesize

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When any key on a keyboard is pressed, it needs to be converted into a binary number so that it can be processed by the computer and the typed character can appear on the screen. A code where each number represents a character can be used to convert text into binary.

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Substitution ciphers are a way of encrypting or disguising language so that a phrase or paragraph can't be read by anyone who doesn't know the cipher. Ciphers are commonly made by substituting one letter for another. They're a fun way for groups of friends to pass information back and forth without their peers (or teachers) being able to read the information. Begin working with ciphers by coming up with your own cipher alphabet and encoding simple words or sentences.

1. Reverse the alphabet to create a basic cipher alphabet. Substitution ciphers work by creating a disordered alphabet, allowing you to substitute letters for other letters. For a straightforward substitution cipher, simply use the alphabet backwards, so that "a" becomes "z," "b" becomes "y," "c" becomes "x," and so on.

This substitution cipher would read: ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA.

This second alphabet is often referred to as the "ciphertext."

2. Replace every letter with the letter 3 before it for a more complex cipher. Just writing the alphabet backwards for your cipher is pretty simple and will be easy to crack. If you'd like a more complex cipher, replace every letter with the letter that comes 3 before it in the alphabet.

As an easy example, using this cipher, the word "CAT" reads "ZYQ."

3. Substitute an arbitrary 5-letter sequence for each letter of the alphabet. This is known as Bacon's Code. Bacon's Code replaces each letter of the English alphabet with a 5-letter sequence. These sequences begin with "AAAAA" and add "B"s in an arbitrary order. So, in Bacon's Code, A = AAAAA; B = AAAAB; C = AAABA; D = AAABB and so on. Maintain this pattern to fill in the rest of the alphabet, or make up your own 5-letter replacements.

When reading messages in Bacon's Code, pause every 5 letters to decode the letter. For example, the message "AAABAAABAAABABBABABB ABBBBAABBBABBBAABBABAABAA" reads "CELL PHONE"

Encrypt messages in Bacon's code online at: https://mothereff.in/bacon.

1. Write the 2 alphabet sequences on a sheet of paper. Write out the standard English alphabet at the top of a sheet of paper: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. Then, beneath that, write out the substitution letters. Replacing every letter with the letter 3 before it instead reads: XYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW. So, your cipher sheet would look like this:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W

2. Use an online substitution generator to save paper. If you'd rather not have to laboriously write out by hand the entire cipher sequence-and each coded message-try using a cipher website. Cipher websites allow you to select which letter of the alphabet will be substituted for each other letter. Once you've keyed in the substitutions, you can use the cipher website to both encode and decoded messages.

3. Add symbols into the cipher to make it harder to crack. If you're worried that people (e.g., friends or parents) may try to crack your cipher, don't limit yourself to using only letters. Introduce some symbols to your cipher. This way, encoded words will include punctuation symbols and not just letters, making them more confusing to people without the encryption code. For example, your encryption cipher with symbols could read:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z.

X Y Z & B C D E # G H I J K $ M N O P Q R @ T U = W.

Using this cipher, the message "HOW ARE YOU" would read "E$T XOB =$R."

If this is your first time creating (or using) a substitution cipher, you might want to skip this step.

1. Pick a word or phrase to encrypt. Before you can create an encrypted message, you'll need text to encode. If this is your first time encoding a message using a substitution cipher, start simple. Pick a short word or 2 to encode, rather than a long paragraph. For example, try the phrase "open door."

Once you're familiar with the encryption process, start encoding longer phrases or sentences.

Online cipher encryption sites can make encoding full paragraphs much easier.

2. Replace each letter in the phase with a letter from the cipher alphabet. Go through your English phrase or word letter by letter and replace the English letter with the corresponding letter from your ciphertext. Find the replacement letters by identifying the English letter, then looking beneath it to find the corresponding letter in the ciphertext

For example, say that you're using the ciphertext in which you replaced each letter of the alphabet by the letter 3 before it. The English phrase "OPEN DOOR" when encoded in your ciphertext would read: "LMBK ALLO."

3. Decrypt a coded message by finding the substitute for cipher letters. To translate a coded message back into English, reverse the process you used to encode a message. For each letter of the encoded message in the ciphertext alphabet, find the letter it corresponds to in the English alphabet. Write out each letter 1 at a time to decrypt the message.

For example, let's say that you're still using the ciphertext that replaces standard alphabet letters with the letter 3 before them. If your friend passes you a code that reads "ZLLI EXQ. IRKZE PLLK?" you can use the cipher alphabet to decrypt it. You'll discover that the message says "COOL HAT. LUNCH SOON?"

There are various other existing substitution ciphers that you can base your newly made cipher code on. If you'd like, try using one of the more well-known ciphers. These include the CrissCross code, the Nihilist Number Code, and the Key-Word (or Key-Number) Code.

If you're concerned that others (e.g., a nosy sibling) may find the paper on which you've written your cipher sequence, you could memorize the sequence instead.

You can create a substitution cipher for any language that uses the Latin alphabet. While all examples in this article are in English, you can make a cipher using the same principles in Spanish, French, German, etc.

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Updated: February 21, 2021

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Enter ASCII/ Unicode text string and press the Convert button (e.g enter "Example"
to get "01000101 01111000 01100001 01101101 01110000 01101100 01100101"):
Binary to text converter ►
How to Convert Text to Binary

Convert text to binary ASCII code:

1. Get character

2. Get decimal code of character from ASCII table

3. Convert decimal to binary byte

4. Continue with next character

Example

Convert "Plant trees" text to binary ASCII code:

Solution:

Use ASCII table to get ASCII code from character.

⁝

For all the text characters you should get the binary bytes:

"01010000 01101100 01100001 01101110 01110100 00100000 01110100 01110010 01100101 01100101 01110011"

How to convert Text to Binary?

1. Get character

2. Get ASCII code of character from ASCII table

3. Convert decimal to binary byte

4. Continue with next character

How to use Text to Binary converter?

1. Paste text in input text box.

2. Select character encoding type.

3. Select output delimiter string.

4. Press the Convert button.

How to convert English to Binary code?

1. Get english letter

2. Get ASCII code of the english letter from ASCII table

3. Convert decimal to binary byte

4. Continue with next english letter

How to convert 'A' character to binary?

How to convert '0' character to binary?

ASCII text to hex,binary conversion table
Binary to text converter ►
See also

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ASCII/Unicode text to binary code encoder. English to binary. Name to binary.

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