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Pan Am touched down the first commercial passenger flight of a jumbo jet, a Boeing 747 carrying 324 passengers, at London's Heathrow Airport on 22nd January 1970. This would be the start of a major revolution for flying, as the flight proved that the new jumbo jet was possible to fly commercially and would bring a huge influx of passengers to any city with an airport that could accommodate one. Despite issues on the flight with an air compressor bottle, meaning a safety issue and a seven hour delay, the flight was successful in carrying passengers across the Atlantic from New York. Pan Am's confidence in the new aeroplane paid off, as their order of 25 Boeing 747's at the cost of £2.5 billion, adjusted for inflation.

This was hugely beneficial for the tourism industry in the UK as it meant that our citizens could afford to fly abroad for a lower price and for further distances, but also it would be cheaper for more people to visit the UK, in places such as London and Manchester. However, these airplanes had a very high upfront cost, which meant that some early adopters didn't know if their purchase was going to pay off.

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In 1939, at the beginning of World War Two, restrictions were implemented on the conversion of Pound Sterling into other currencies to try and prevent money from being sent to foreign powers. These controls, known as exchange or currency controls, stayed in effect after the war ended. However, when interest in package holidays skyrocketed in the 1970s, customers were finding themselves frustrated at only being able to take £50 in spending money with them, and so the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher abolished these restrictions on travellers. Now, a passenger can take any amount of money abroad, but those carrying over £10,000 will need to declare this to Border Force.

This control being lifted makes life a lot easier for both tourists, who want to take lots of spending money on their longer and more memorable holidays; as well as business passengers who may need to take large sums of cash with them. However, this may also make it a lot easier to traffic larger sums of money under £10,000.

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1987 - Deregulation of European air travel

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1987 - Deregulation of European air travel

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In 1987, the European Union (which the UK was a part of at the time) introduced a package removing many restrictions of European air travel, which helped to lower the costs of air fares that were often criticized as being the highest in the world through Europe. Among multiple other things, the deregulation made it easier to sell discounted tickets for economy fares; for smaller airlines to be able to fly into major airports that were before dominated by major and flag-carrier airlines; and also stopped airlines from having to stop at UK bases. For example, a Ryanair flight from Cork to London would be required to stop at a UK base (eg. Dublin) before it would be allowed to continue to London. This deregulation meant airlines could have bases all throughout Europe.

This allowed low-cost airlines to arise as they could have bases in multiple locations. This was a clear positive for air travellers in the UK as their airfares were no longer twice the fare of a comparative flight in the United Status, making travel more accessible for our citizens. It also meant the monopolisation of routes by flag-carrier airlines was broken up, allowing for more competition from low-cost airlines.

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1987 - First Center Parcs holiday village opened

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1987 - First Center Parcs holiday village opened

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In the 1980s, the popularity of holiday camps was declining as more tourists looked to fly abroad and take advantage of lower costs to visit further places. However, in 1987, Center Parcs opened its first holiday village in Sherwood Forest in Nottinghamshire. The opening of this village, that had many activities for all types of customer, was instrumental to the creation of the UK's short break industry, and was described by the English Tourist Board as being "the most important innovation in British tourism since the war". Center Parcs UK now leads this industry and now has six locations across the UK, with over 2.2 million people visiting just last year.

The introduction of Center Parcs locations to the UK, after their successes in their home country of The Netherlands, were complete positives to the UK's travel industry, creating thousands of jobs as it helped to revolutionise the short break industry, now known as "staycations". However, there may have also been some displeased with the idea of flocks of tourists being constantly brought to their home town and staying in areas where nature had to be partially destroyed in order for it to be built (ie. in the Sherwood Forest).

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1993 - World Wide Web software was made open-source

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1993 - World Wide Web software was made open-source

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Although the first versions of the Web have existed since 1990 and earlier, 1993 is when the World Wide Web was properly made open-source, meaning anyone could use the technology. This invention by Tim Berners-Lee has been revolutionary in our lives and society, including the travel and tourism industry, with e-commerce becoming a huge way of holidays being purchased using online self-booking systems, and email communication is used as a much more efficient method of written communication than letters.

The Internet has been a huge positive in bringing in far more customers to the industry as it's easier than ever to bring customers in; however, the Web may have also caused job losses as it has replaced many jobs in call centres and physical travel agents' shops as customers can now do it for themselves while online.

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1994 - The Channel Tunnel is opened to freight and passenger trains

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1994 - The Channel Tunnel is opened to freight and passenger trains

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The Channel Tunnel links Britain to Europe from Folkestone in the UK, and taking just thirty-five minutes to reach Calais in France. This tunnel was planned many times over and cancelled time and time again, with the final plan for this iteration of the idea being completed in 1986.

The EuroTunnel has been beneficial to both countries in allowing travel for tourists who were previously unable to fly or travel on a boat through the crossing, opening up opportunities to the whole of Europe and beyond.

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TripAdvisor is a review website that is many people's first port of call nowadays to find reviews on any tourist destination, including tours, restaurants, attractions, theme parks and more. However, these can be negative experiences for business owners, who have equated a flurry of one-star reviews to being the "marketing/PR equivalent of a drive-by shooting".

Consumers may find the invention of this go-to review website to be a positive for them, as it brings them an easy place to look for reviews of anywhere. Meanwhile, business and attraction owners will not be as happy about websites such as TripAdvisor as they can cause large upset to their business, and one low-star review could tarnish their reputation forever.

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In 2005, London public transport services were terrorised by four suicide bombers, who detonated three bombs on board London Underground services simultaneously, as well as another bomb detonated not long after on a bus. This was a huge mass-scale terrorist attack on the capital, and there were 52 victims killed with more than 700 injured. This event struck fear into many who were both regular users of these services, and tourists who were fearful to visit the city at all, with this attack being likened to the 9/11 attacks in the USA.

This led to tightened security levels throughout London and also other transport services, and still serves as a timely reminder of how important security is in any travel and tourism related operation, as it is a popular target for extremists and terrorists.

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On 22nd May 2017, at the end of an Ariana Grande concert at Manchester Arena, a suicide bomber detonated a bomb inside the lobby of the arena as hundreds of young fans and their parents were leaving. This attack caused the deaths of 22 victims, but brought together the whole country as a sign of togetherness and community in the face of this cowardly attempt to strike fear into the heart of Manchester.

This has lead to a clear inquiry into the deaths of the victims, which is still ongoing, and will lead to reforms of security procedures to ensure terrible events like these can never be repeated.

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On 31st December 2019, the World Health Organisation was informed of a new cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. This disease came to be known as SaRS-CoV-2, and then COVID-19 This highly infectious disease caused a global lockdown of unprecedented scale from 2020 onwards and severely impacted the travel and tourism industry as people were not able to travel anywhere outside their household.

This pandemic was possibly the biggest impacting event on the travel and tourism industry in many many years, causing a complete decline in the economy. The effects are still being felt today in the industry; for example, baggage handling at UK airports was in complete turmoil after Swissport, the main baggage handling company for many airlines, furloughed many of its staff and then tried to rehire them for lower pay and worse working conditions.

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Inflation in the UK's economy in the second half of 2022 has seen a quickly rising cost of living crisis, with inflation reaching average rates of 10%-11% over the past few months. This rising cost means many people can only afford to put less into their savings accounts than before, and so less people are able to spend money on holidays and in the travel and tourism industry. For some, it is even more serious, as they can't even afford to turn on their heating.

This is a clear negative for many as it means the economy is going to shrink, causing a recession, which will mean job losses for many, further worsening the problem.