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A conflict is a serious argument or disagreement between opposing ideas, interests or individuals. This tends to lead to physical, environmental, emotional, or other types of damage. For example, the world wars involves disagreements between nations by territorial disputes and causing widespread military engagements.

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A war is a state of armed conflict between countries or different parts of a country. War is generally defined as violent conflict between nations or states. It is a phenomena of planned, mass violence that has an impact on either the power of dynamics inside a nation or the relationships between two or more societies. For example, world war 2 happened because of Adolf Hitler's invasion of Poland which drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany.

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A threat is a statement of an intention to inflict pain, injury, damage or other hostile action; threatening behaviour includes verbal written or psychological harassment. For example, nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone.

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Terrorism is an unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians in the pursuit of political aims. It affects peoples human rights and brings on consequences for the right to life, physical integrity of individuals and liberty. To prevent terrorism the UK (government) have taken strong action; they have restricted access to finance, disrupted their activity and banned them from the UK. This can effect UK security because it has disrupted normal life, stalled production in the economy and international effort to provide peace and security. The strategies being used to try and prevent this are the four pillars (prevent, pursue, protect and prepare). These tackle the problem at every step, from preventing individuals from turning into terrorists to lessening the effects of terrorist actions.

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A weapon of mass destruction is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other device designed to cause widespread devastation. It affects people as they can kill or significantly cause harm or they can cause great damage to artificial structures, natural structures or the biosphere. This can effect UK security because the spread of these weapons poses a threat to the UK and the international community; this raises serious humanitarian and security concerns. Arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation are essential tools in preventing the use of WMD and the spread of these weapons and heir delivery systems.

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Espionage is the practice of using spies or engaging in spying, usually by the government seeking to get military and political information. The main focus is to gather non-public information through convert means. Since its exposure could endanger national security, the economy of the nation, or international relations, the material is kept secret. This can affect UK security because some of the most sophisticated threats to the UK in cyberspace come from other states which seek to engage in espionage with the intention of monitoring opponents of their own governments as well as spying on or compromising out government, military, industrial and commercial assets. The strategies being used to try and prevent this are monitoring user activity which is the most common and effective measure for preventing cooperate espionage.

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Instability or conflict overseas can incubate direct threats to UK security. Where formal government is absent or weak as in Somalia or Yemen, terrorism, organised crime and piracy can take root.

The national security council has directed an increase focus on tackling such threats at source, rather than when they have escalated to full-blown conflict or materialised on UK territory. This will be delivered through close cooperation with key partners and international organisations.

They tackle instability and conflict overseas through an integrated approach that brings together their diplomatic, development, defence and intelligence resources. They will:

expand the remit of the joint stabilisation unit so that it can help prevent conflict and instability as well as respond to crises

direct more non-operational, defence engagement overseas towards security sector reform and capability building

bring military and civilian expertise together in stabilisation response teams

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a795b4440f0b63d72fc51be/Factsheet17-Instability-Conflict-Overseas.pdf

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Serious and organised crime is given to people who have worked together for an extended period of time to conduct, coordinate and plan serious crime. An example would be money laundering or people living beyond their means from the proceeds of crime. Each crime committed that involves it being serious and organised will result in a prison sentence. It has been estimated to cost the UK at least £37 billion a year and more people are thought to be killed as of serious and organised crime every year than all other national security threats combined. The best way to of reducing serious and organised crime is to bring the information and powers of a wide range of agencies to bear against it.

Serious crimes involves a substantial prison sentence and falls under the indictable only category. If this was to happen, you must seek legal advice if you are charged with a indictable only offence. A felony is an example of a serious crime; such as murder, arson or burglary.

An organised crime is a criminal activity that is planned and controlled by powerful groups and carried out on a large scale. Some examples of organised crimes includes drug dealing, child criminal exploitation, cyber-crime, the use of weapons, violence and human trafficking. There are at least 4,500 organised criminal groups active in the United Kingdom.

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A threat is a malicious or negative event that takes advantage of vulnerability. The risk is the potential for loss and damage when the threat does occur. Some general threats and risks are cybercrime, espionage, physical threats and terrorists. Each individual has weaknesses which can make yourself vulnerable as you could be exploited by a threat.

Threats can be classified into four different categories; direct, indirect, veiled and conditional. A direct threats identifies a specific target and is delivered in a straightforward, clear and explicit manner.

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Security failures can have various significant impacts on the UK. Some examples of this are;

threats to public safety - security failures can expose the general public to dangers like terrorist attacks or violent crimes. This can jeopardize the safety of individuals and communities resulting in fear and distrust within society.

economic consequences - security breaches can disrupt businesses both physically and digitally, resulting in financial losses for companies. Additionally, the perception of an insecure environment can deter foreign investments, affecting the economic growth and job opportunities in the UK.

national security implications - security failures may undermine the UK's national security, making it vulnerable to external threats. This can compromise military operations, intelligence sharing, and diplomatic relations with other countries.

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There can be various impacts on security and failures in uniformed protective services, depending on the context and specific circumstances. A few examples include;

compromised public safety - if there are failures within the uniformed protective services, it can led to compromised public safety. This can manifest in increased crime rates, slower response times to emergencies and reduced overall security in communities.

increase vulnerability to terrorist activities - security failures within the the uniformed protective services can create loopholes and weaknesses in the overall security infrastructure. This can make it easier for terrorists or other harmful public actors to carry out attacks, putting both the public and the protective services themselves at risk.

decreased confidence in law enforcement - failures within the uniformed protective services wear away the trust and confidence that the public has in law enforcement agencies. This can make it more difficult for law enforcement to effectively carry out their duties as the cooperation and support the community are crucial in maintaining safety and security.

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services responsible - reducing and managing security threats

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services responsible - reducing and managing security threats

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There are several services that are responsible for reducing security threats. These services include, law enforcement agencies, intelligence agencies, cyber security organizations and emergency response teams.

Law enforcement agencies such as the police work to prevent and investigate criminal activities to maintain public safety.

Intelligence agencies gather and analyse information to identify potential security threats and take appropriate actions.

Cyber security organizations focus on protecting digital systems and networks from cyber threats, such as hacking or data breaches.

Emergency response teams, like fire departments and paramedics, are responsible for responding to emergencies and insuring public safety.

These services work together to mitigate security threats and protect individuals and communities.

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The MI5 is the protection of security and in particular its protection against threats such as terrorism, espionage and sabotage. Their mission is to keep the country safe In the MI5 you need to be a team player and an effective communicator, able to build rapport and establish productive working relationships. They need to have excellent organisational skills and need to pay close attention to detail, have trust in your own judgment and have confidence making your own decisions.

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strategies employed to manage security threats

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strategies employed to manage security threats

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Some examples of managing security threats are;

Prevention

implementing measures to deter and prevent security threats from occurring in the first place. This includes enhancing physical security, implementing robust cybersecurity measures, and conducting risk assessments.

Intelligence gathering

collecting and analysing information to identify potential security threats. This involves monitoring and analysing data from various sources, both domestically and internationally, to stay ahead of potential risks.

Emergency response and crisis management

developing and implementing plans to respond effectively to security threats and emergencies. This includes training emergency response teams, conducting drills and exercises, and establishing communication protocols to ensure a coordinated response.

The goal is to minimise the impact of security threats and maintain safety and security.

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Prevent is to stop people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism. This includes countering terrorist ideology and challenging those who promote it. This supports individuals who are vulnerable to becoming radicalised when working with sectors and institution where the risk of radicalisation is assessed to be high. Prevent also extends to supporting the rehabilitation and disengagement of those already involved in terrorism.

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Contest is the name of the UK's counter - terrorism strategy.

Contest is split up into four work streams that are known within the counter terrorism community as the 'four p's' which include prevent, pursue, protect and prepare.

Prevent is to stop people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism. This includes countering terrorist ideology and challenging those who promote it. This supports individuals who are vulnerable to becoming radicalised when working with sectors and institution where the risk of radicalisation is assessed to be high.

Pursue is to stop terrorist attacks by detecting, prosecuting and otherwise disrupting those who plot to carry out attacks against the UK or it's interests overseas.

Protect is to strengthen the protection against terrorism attacks in the UK or against its interests overseas and reduce their vulnerability. This focuses on border security, transport systems, national infrastructure and public places.

Prepare is to minimise the impact of a terrorist attack. This could include if a terrorist attack cannot be stopped, they will try to mitigate the impact of terrorist attack.

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In the UK, the secret intelligence service is known as the MI6 which stands for military intelligence, section 6. These are mainly tasked to convert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligence. This provides the government with a global convert capability to promote and defend national security and economic well-being of the country.

Some other examples around the word include:

GRU

Ministry of state

CIA

The secret intelligence services play a crucial role in managing security threats. They gather and analyse information to identify potential risks and protect national security. These agencies operate and work together to prevent and counteract threats such as terrorism, espionage, and cyber attacks. The activities they carry out is intelligence gathering, analysis and sharing with other relevant agencies. However, specific details about their role is kept hidden for security reasons.

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The GCHQ stands for government communications headquarters and plays a vital role in keeping us safe and helps law enforcement agencies to prevent terrorist activity and serious and organized crime. It is one of the three UK intelligence and security agencies, along with MI5 and the secret intelligence service (MI6). The government states 'GCHQ protects the UK and its citizens from individuals, groups and countries who wish to do us harm, or damage us financially'.

If the GCHQ failed to stay a secret, it could place lives of the UK citizens at home and abroad in danger. However, they try to stay committed to being as open as they can be 'in line with the government openness policy.

https://inews.co.uk/news/gchq-what-stand-for-meaning-name-explained-what-uk-intelligence-does-1549762

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The management of the physical environment

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The management of the physical environment

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Management was defined as the actions taken to create an environment where learning and success is possible. The physical environment is one of the first aspects related to the learning environment. The external circumstances and surroundings in which we live and which have an impact on individuals health are referred to as the physical environment. The physical environment compromises different factors of nature, including air, trees, natural vegetation, lakes, and the ocean. A clean and healthy environment is important for peoples physical and emotional wellbeing.

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there are 5 levels of threats:

low - an attack is highly unlikely

moderate - an attack is possible but not likely

substantial - an attack is likely

severe - an attack is highly likely

critical - an attack is highly likely in the near future

Some commons threats we face from terrorism include attacks on public places like transport systems, crowded events or iconic landmarks. Cyberterrorism is also a growing concern, where hackers target critical infrastructure or launch cyber attacks.

GCHQ plays a crucial role identifying and countering terrorist threats. They gather intelligence on potential terrorist activities, monitor communications and work closely with other security agencies to prevent attacks.

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There were 169 arrests for terrorism-related activity in the year ending 31 March 2023, 27 fewer than in the year ending 31 March 2022 (a fall of 14%). At the time of data provision, of the 169 arrests for terrorism activity; 52 (31%) resulted in a charge of which 46 were for terrorism related offences.

https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/operation-of-police-powers-under-the-terrorism-act-2000-quarterly-update-to-march-2023/operation-of-police-powers-under-the-terrorism-act-2000-and-subsequent-legislation-arrests-outcomes-and-stop-and-search-great-britain-quarterly-u#:~:text=There%20were%20169%20arrests%20for,were%20for%20terrorism%2Drelated%20offences

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Not only is it the medias responsibility to cover any significant event, but the public is also drawn to extreme acts of terrorism because of its dramatic spectacular nature. Today, terrorists exploit this and act a certain way which will attract maximum attention around the world.

There has been various incidents in the media including 9/11 attack in United states, the London bombing in 2005, and the Paris attacks in 2015. These incidents, among others, have had a profound impact on global security and have been extensively covered by the media.

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Some of the factors that contribute to terrorism include;

Perceptions of deprivation and inequality

Perceptions of deprivation and inequality, especially amongst culturally defined groups, can lead to terrorism.

Adverse childhood experience

adverse childhood experience combined with specific influences

from family and peers or online connections, may make someone more susceptible to radicalisation.

Alienation

alienating a particular regional, socio-cultural and religious faction can cause structural dysfunctions at a domestic level and sometimes give rise to terrorism

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Terrorist organizations are individuals that come together as groups to use violence and intimidation to achieve political or ideological goals.

Some well known terrorist organizations include;

Al-Qaeda: This is a militant Sunni Islamism multi-national organization founded in 1988 by Osama bin laden. It is responsible for the September 11 attacks in the USA, amongst other attacks.

Boko Haram: This is a Jihadist terrorist organization based in north-eastern Nigeria. It has been responsible for numerous attacks on civilians including the kidnapping of over 200 school girls in 2014.

Isis: This is a Salafi jihadist militant group and former unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam. It has been responsible for multiple attacks round the world, including the 2015 Paris attacks and the 2016 Brussel bombings.

There are many other terrorist organizations around the world.

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Some major terrorist attacks that have happened over the last 20 years around the world are;

A series of coordinated terrorist attacks happened in Paris, France on the 13th of November in 2015 which killed 130 people and injured hundreds.

There was a suicide bombing in London on the July 7th in which killed 52 people and injured 700 others.

On the 15th of April 2013, there was two bomb which exploded near the finish like of the Boston Marathon (took place in Boston, Massachusetts) which killed three people and injured over 260 others.

A well known terrorist attack that took place was at the Manchester area (located in Manchester, England) whilst Ariana Grande was performing a concert. It took place on the 22nd May 2017. The attack happened at the end of the concert, killing 23 people including the assailant and injured 1,017 others. The terrorist attack was known as an Islamic terrorist suicide bombing. ' The bombing was the deadliest act of terrorism and the first suicide bombing in the United Kingdom since the 7th of July 2005 London Bombings'.

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Terrorist use a different rage of tactics and methods for terrorist attacks. One of the things they use is explosive devises which can be delivered to targets via post, vehicles or by person. They use these to target individuals or a certain location. They can carry out a terrorist attacks through shootings; there has been a various amount of times that this has happens. Some tactics that they use are hijackings, bombings, armed assaults, kidnappings, assassinations and barricade-hostage incidents.

These tactics and methods are in place to cause suffering to many people.

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The aim of the UK counter terrorism strategy is to reduce the risk from terrorism to the UK, its citizens and interests overseas so that people can go about their lives freely and with confidence. They try to stop people from becoming terrorists and supporting terrorism whilst also extending to supporting rehabilitation and disengagement of those already involved in crime.

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The legislation makes new laws and they get put in place by the government to protect businesses, employees and consumers. They are a set of rules that govern various aspects of society, such as criminal behaviour, civil rights, business practices and more. Legislation is created through a formal process, which typically involves drafting, debating and voting on proposed laws in legislative bodies such as parliament or congresses. Laws can vary from country to country and can be updated or amended over time to reflect changing societal needs.

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Some of the counter-terrorism tactics that have been used in the past include assassination, location tracking, targeted strikes against individual terrorists, intercepting communications and covert cyber operations.

The tactics are used to prevent, detect and respond to terrorist attacks. The prevent aims to stop people from becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism. The pursue aims to stop terrorist attacks from happening. The protect aims to strengthen protection against a terrorist attack. The prepare aims to minimize the impact of a terrorist attack.

The most counter terrorism strategies involve an increase in policing and domestic intelligence gathering. Reducing the threat of terrorism against the UK and its interests abroad is the strategy's main goal. It outlines the UK's strengthened response to a domestic terrorist threat that is one more on the rise and getting less predictable. The revised approach also tackles terrorist' use of technology and the ongoing and changing danger posed by Islamist organisations abroad.

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United Nations counter terrorism implementation task force

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United Nations counter terrorism implementation task force

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United Nations counter terrorism implementation task force is a coordination body within the United nations system that aims to enhance the implementation of the United Nations Global Counter- terrorism strategy. Its work includes providing technical assistance to member states, supporting capacity-building efforts, and facilitating information sharing and coordinating among different stake holders. The (CTITF) plays a crucial role in strengthening international efforts to prevent and combat terrorism.

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Europol, also known as Euro police, is a law enforcement cooperation established in 1998. They are headquartered in the Netherlands, Europol's main objectives is to assist EU countries in combating various forms of transnational and organised crime, cybercrime and terrorism. They also work with many non- EU partner states and international organisations.

Their involvement is;

terrorism

drug trafficking

cyber crime

human trafficking

Trevi

Trevi stands for terrorism, radicalism, extremism, violence and internationally. The trevi group was set up in 2976 by the 12 EC states to counter terrorism and to coordinate policing in the EC.

Europol officers have no direct power of arrest. Their task is to support law enforcement colleagues working across Europe by gathering, analysing and dissemination criminal intelligence and coordinating international police operations.

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Interpol stands for international criminal police organisation and is known as a intergovernmental organisation.

Interpol is not a police force and has no power to arrest anyone, investigate or prosecute crimes however they can assist arrests (tell police or report an incident). They play a crucial role in combatting transnational crimes.

There are 194 member countries involved in Interpol which help police work together to make the world a safer place. Some countries that signed up first are;

Austria

Egypt

Greece

China

Italy

France

Interpol notice

The Interpol notices are international alerts used by police to communicate information about crimes, criminals and threats to their counterparts around the world. The notice would be alerted if a criminal is on the run, there is a missing person, a prison runaway and an unidentified body that has been found.

The yellow notice is a global police alert for a missing person. This is published for victims of parental abductions, criminal abductions (kidnappings) or unexplained disappearances.

The red notice is a request to law enforcement worldwide to locate and provisionally arrest a person pending extradition, surrender, or similar legal action. This is not an international arrest warrant.

3 main category's

terrorism

cybercrime

organised crime

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This is an agency responsible for managing the visa process for people who wants to visit, work or settle in the UK. They handle visa applications, immigration policies and border control. Their main goal is to ensure the integrity and security of the UK's immigration system while facilitating legitimate travel and immigration.

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A border agency is responsible for securing the borders of a country. They ensure a smooth and controlled flow of people, goods and services across the border while preventing illegal immigration, smuggling and other criminal activities. They are able to make arrests if are given a reason to.

Responsibilities

checking the immigration status of people arriving in and departing the UK

search baggage and vehicles

gather intelligence

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UK Border Agency Wages War Against Smugglers | Locked Up Abroad | Border Patrol

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National crime agency is a law enforcement agency in a particular country that focuses on fighting serious and organised crimes. They work collaboratively with other agencies and organisations to tackle major criminal threats effectively. To do this they use data analysis and intelligence. The agency is responsible for protecting a countries critical information infrastructure from cyber threats. They provide guidance, support and advice the government departments, businesses and public organisations.

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The national cyber security centre is a UK government organisation that focuses on ensuring the security of the countries digital infrastructure and protecting against cyber threats. They provide guidance, advice, and support to individuals, businesses and government agencies to help them defend against cyber attacks. The issuance of visas and immigration controls is vital aspects of national security.

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Supporting statutory protective services (NHS, Ambulance service, Highway England, Maritime and Coastguard)

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Supporting statutory protective services (NHS, Ambulance service, Highway England, Maritime and Coastguard)

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Supporting statutory protective services are government agencies or organisations that work to ensure the safety and well-being of individuals and communities. These services are responsible for protecting individuals from harm, preventing and investigating crimes and providing support to those in need. One example of a supporting statutory protective service is the police service who maintain public order and investigate criminal activities. Some other examples would be the NHS, immigration, highway England's, maritime and coastguard agency. All these services play a crucial role in maintaining safety and security of society.