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El Salvador is located in central America. The age of ice ended waves of migratory tribes who traveled down Americas. Salvador has many volcanoes and jungles. People would make maize squash and beans even though the farming conditions were terrible.  

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El Salvador is located in central America. The age of ice ended waves of migratory tribes who traveled down Americas. Salvador has many volcanoes and jungles. People would make maize squash and beans even though the farming conditions were terrible.  

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Brazil has a very vibrant and rich history behind.  it. This country was colonized by Portuguese during the 16th century. They declared independence in 1822. They have been an independent nation ever since. They have gone through very many different types of government.

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Brazil has a very vibrant and rich history behind.  it. This country was colonized by Portuguese during the 16th century. They declared independence in 1822. They have been an independent nation ever since. They have gone through very many different types of government.

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Italy is located in Europe a sublime geographical symphony.  In 753 BC the roman kingdom was formed b the foundation of the Rome city.  During the Napoleonic Bonaparte era Italy was invaded by France, and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy was formed.

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Italy is located in Europe a sublime geographical symphony.  In 753 BC the roman kingdom was formed b the foundation of the Rome city.  During the Napoleonic Bonaparte era Italy was invaded by France, and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy was formed.

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Before the Spanish arrived in Salvador territory in the 16th century it was occupied by the indigenous people. The Spanish conquest of El Salvador began in 1524. The town of Sam Salvador served as the capital of a province that included most of the eastern.

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Before the Spanish arrived in Salvador territory in the 16th century it was occupied by the indigenous people. The Spanish conquest of El Salvador began in 1524. The town of Sam Salvador served as the capital of a province that included most of the eastern.

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Markus Schultze-Kraft International Crisis Group,Latin America Program Director.

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El Salvador | History, Flag, Map, Population, Capital, Religion, & Facts

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Geographical and historical treatment of El Salvador, the smallest and most densely populated of the seven Central American countries. Traditionally it was an agricultural country, heavily dependent upon coffee exports, but by the end of the 20th century its service sector had come to dominate the economy.

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Italy was apart of the Roman Empire. The empire fell and barbarian kingdoms initially ruled the peninsula. The military emperors of the late 3rd century, most memorable Diocletian reformed the political structures from the Roman Empire.  

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Italy was apart of the Roman Empire. The empire fell and barbarian kingdoms initially ruled the peninsula. The military emperors of the late 3rd century, most memorable Diocletian reformed the political structures from the Roman Empire.  

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Italy in the early Middle Ages

The Roman Empire was an international political system in which Italy was only a part, though an important part. When the empire fell, a series of barbarian kingdoms initially ruled the peninsula, but, after the Lombard invasion of 568-569, a network of smaller political entities arose throughout Italy. How each of these developed-in parallel with the others, out of the ruins of the Roman world-is one principal theme of this section. The survival and development of the Roman city is another. The urban focus of politics and economic life inherited from the Romans continued and expanded in the early Middle Ages and was the unifying element in the development of Italy's regions.

The late Roman Empire and the Ostrogoths

The military emperors of the late 3rd century, most notably Diocletian (284-305), reformed the political structures of the Roman Empire. They restructured the army after the disasters of the previous 50 years, extensively developed the civil bureaucracy and the ceremonial rituals of imperial rule, and, above all, reorganized and enlarged the tax system. The fiscal weight of the late Roman Empire was heavy, given the resources of the period: its major support, the land tax, collected by local city governments, took at least one-fifth, and probably one-third, of the agricultural produce. On the other hand, the administration and the army that the tax system paid for reestablished a measure of stability for the empire in the 4th century. Central government was not always stable; there were several periods of civil war in the 4th century, notably in the decade after Diocletian's retirement and in the years around 390. But succession disputes had been a normal part of imperial politics since the Julio-Claudians in the 1st century ce; in general, self-confidence in the 4th-century empire was fairly high. Aggressive emperors such as Valentinian I (364-375) could not have imagined that within a century nearly all of the Western Empire was to be under barbarian rule. Nor was this lack of a sense of doom a simple delusion; after all, in the richer Eastern provinces the imperial system held firm for many centuries, in the form of the Byzantine Empire.

Fifth-century political trends

The Germanic invasions of the years after 400 did not, then, strike at an enfeebled political system. But in facing them, ultimately unsuccessfully, Roman emperors and generals found themselves in a steadily weaker position, and much of the coherence of the late Roman state dissolved in the environment of the continuous emergencies of the 5th century. One of the tasks of the historian must be to assess the extent of the survival of Roman institutions in each of the regions of the West conquered by the Germans, for this varied greatly. It was considerable in the North Africa of the Vandals, for example, as Africa was a rich and stable province and was conquered relatively quickly (429-442); it was more limited in northern Gaul, a less Romanized area to begin with, which experienced 80 years of war and confusion (406-486) before it finally came under the control of the Franks. In Italy the 4th-century system remained relatively unchanged for a long time. The government of the Western Empire, which was permanently based at Ravenna after 402, became progressively weaker but remained substantially intact. While the Germanic king Odoacer ruled Italy after 476, the peninsula was not conquered by a Germanic tribe until the Ostrogothic invasion in 489-493. Although the peninsula had faced invasions, such as those of Alaric the Visigoth in 401-410, Italian politics continued during the 5th century to be those of the Roman Empire. This meant, in the context of the military crisis of the period, a continual struggle between civil and military leaders, with the emperors themselves more or less pawns in the middle.

The careers of three of these leaders serve as examples of 5th-century political trends. Aetius controlled the armies of the West between 429 and his murder in 454; he was the last man to be active in both Italy and Gaul, as a Roman senatorial leader of a barbarian army that was Germanic, Hunnic, or both. His career was typical of those in the military tradition of Roman politics, and, had his life not been cut short, he might well have become emperor. The makeup of his army was, however, already significantly different from that of Diocletian or Valentinian, and its growing number of non-Roman military detachments tended increasingly to have their own ethnic leaders and to be organized according to their own rules. Ricimer (in power 456-472, by this time only in Italy) was a Germanic tribesman, not a Roman. He was culturally highly Romanized and, as such, was himself part of a tradition of Romano-Germanic military leadership that went back to the 370s, but he could not, as a "barbarian," be emperor, and he made and unmade several emperors in a search for a stable ruler who would not undermine his own power. Significantly, in 456-457 and 465-467 he ruled alone, subordinate only to the Eastern emperor in Constantinople. Odoacer was militarily supreme from 476 to 493. In a coup in 476 he replaced the last ethnic-Roman military commander, Orestes, and deposed Orestes' son, Romulus Augustulus, the child emperor and the last of the Western emperors. Odoacer pushed Ricimer's politics to its logical conclusion and ruled without an emperor except for the nominal recognition of Constantinople as supreme authority. Odoacer, however, did not merely call himself patricius-local ruler for the Eastern Empire-but also rex -king of his Germanic army of Sciri, Rugians, and Heruls. To what extent he was a military commander of a Roman army as opposed to being a German "tribal" leader was by now impossible to tell. Nonetheless, he, like Ricimer, was an effective defender of Italy against invaders for a long time.

Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, conquered Italy and killed Odoacer in 493. The decades of the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy (493-552) can be seen as the first true period of Germanic rule in the peninsula, for an entire tribe of 100,000 to 200,000 people came with Theodoric. Still, the Ostrogothic kingdom continued to operate inside a largely Roman political system. Like Odoacer, Theodoric courted the Roman aristocracy, both the civil administrators at Ravenna and the great landowners who made up the Senate at Rome. He needed them to run a still largely functioning tax system, which continued, in part, to pay for the army, though the latter was now entirely Ostrogothic. Roman law remained the basis of political and civil life except for the Ostrogoths, who continued to observe their own customary laws and practices. Theodoric, who did not want the Ostrogoths to become Romanized, encouraged them to keep their distance from the Romans. Yet such apartheid did not last. Some Romans joined the army; many more Goths became landowners, legally or illegally, and adopted civilian Roman cultural traditions.

Theodoric's rule was probably the most peaceful and prosperous period of Italian history since Valentinian, but a decade after his death Italy was already in ruins. Theodoric himself had fallen out with an important, traditionalist senatorial faction and had executed several senators, including the philosopher-politician Boethius in 524; the Roman elites looked increasingly to Constantinople as a result. The Goths began to split between factions representing more-Roman or more-Germanic cultural traditions; when the latter faction murdered Theodoric's daughter and successor, Amalasuntha (regent 526-534; queen 534-535), a crisis began that was to end the kingdom.

The end of the Roman world

The Eastern emperors in Constantinople regarded themselves as the legitimate rulers of the West, including Italy, after 476; both Odoacer and, for a time, Theodoric had recognized them, and they had strong links with the Roman Senate. In 533-534 Belisarius, general for the Eastern emperor Justinian I (527-565), conquered Vandal Africa; Amalasuntha's death was the necessary excuse to invade Italy. Belisarius arrived in Sicily in 535, and by 540 he had fought his way north to Ravenna. The Ostrogothic king Witigis (536-540) surrendered to him. The Gothic armies of the north, however, elected new kings, and Totila (541-552), the most successful of them, kept the war going throughout the peninsula until his death in battle.

The Gothic wars were a disaster for Italy; almost no region was untouched by them. Together with the subsequent wars of the Lombard conquest (568-605), they mark the end of the Roman world there. In the 550s and the early 560s, however, the Eastern (thenceforth, Byzantine) Empire succeeded in reestablishing its political order in Italy, and in 554 Justinian issued the Pragmatic Sanction setting forth its terms: Italy was made a province of the Byzantine Empire, with its capital still at Ravenna (Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica, however, were to remain administratively separate), and the Ostrogothic political system was to be dissolved. Indeed, the Ostrogoths virtually vanished as a people from then on; it is assumed they were absorbed into the Roman population or into that of the Lombards.

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Italy - Roman Empire, Renaissance, Unification

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Italy - Roman Empire, Renaissance, Unification: The Roman Empire was an international political system in which Italy was only a part, though an important part. When the empire fell, a series of barbarian kingdoms initially ruled the peninsula, but, after the Lombard invasion of 568-569, a network of smaller political entities arose throughout Italy.

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Brazil had mixed communities of farmers fishers, and hunters. Between 2 million and 6 million indigenous Indian lived in the region, Europe during 1500. Europeans explored the Brazilians coastline.

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Brazil had mixed communities of farmers fishers, and hunters. Between 2 million and 6 million indigenous Indian lived in the region, Europe during 1500. Europeans explored the Brazilians coastline.

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Brazil - Colonialism, Independence, Republic

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Brazil - Colonialism, Independence, Republic: The following discussion focuses on Brazilian history from the time of European settlement. For a treatment of the country in its regional context, see Latin America, history of. Archaeological sites near the Amazonian towns of Santarém and Monte Alegre…