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Habitat

habitat is the living organism' "home"  (where it lives)

E.g.  The eagle's habitat is the forest and lake

the living organism's habitat provides everything it needs in order to survive

E.g The eagle finds everything it needs to live in its habitat, including food, water, air, and home.

each living organism has a different habitat

Environment

including many different habitats

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Plants grow in many different habitats.
All plants need water, many plants grow in or by water. Some other plants live in hot deserts, where it is very dry

Plants that live...

Against a wall: Vines

In a shady place: Lucky bamboo

In a wet place: Lotus

In a dry place: Cactus

Under something: Carrot

Plants need .... to grow

Source of nutrition (food_light)

Water

Space

Air

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Different animals have different habitats. All animals need a habitat but animals may hide from us. Sometimes we can tell animals are around because we see clues (tracks, droppings, sth that have been eaten,...)

E.g. Penguins live in Antarctica. We can prove that penguins live in Antarctica by looking at clues (its footprints, droppings,...).

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Properties of rocks

Rocks can be strong (e.g granite)

Rocks can be soft (e.g white chalk)

Rocks can be made into shapes (e.g marble)

Rocks can be waterproof (e.g slate)

Digging up rocks
Use trucks, trains, and diggers to dig and move heavy rocks

Quarries: Where we dig rocks at the Earth's surface. Sometimes we use explosives to break rocks into pieces. Types of rocks we get from the quarries: limestone, marble, slate, and sandstone.

Deep mines: Where we dig up rocks under the ground. People use spades and other tools to dig up rocks in deep mines. Types of rocks we get from the deep mines: coal, marble, salt.

River beds: Where we dig stones. We use spades and big diggers to dip up stones. Types of stones we get from the river beds: sand, gravel, and pebbles.

This is a very dangerous job

It damages the environment

Using water to sort stones

Stones=small rocks

Using water can sort small stones out of large and heavy stones

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People can affect the environment

Bad things: Throw litter into the beach; cut down trees; industry factories;...

Good things: Put the litter in the right place; pick up litter; plant trees;....

We should protect the environment

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Pushes and pulls are forces:

A push is a force away from you

A pull is a force towards you

Forces can make things move and stop

There are small forces and big forces

Elastic can stretches

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We can change the shapes of the objects by using forces

E.g Make bread, change the shapes of the woods, make clay into a hot pot....

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On a bike:

To go faster -> push on the pedals

To go slower -> pull on the brạkes

Keywords:

Going faster = speeding up

Going slower = slowing down

Speed = how fast you are moving

When sth speeds up or slows down, it is because of a force

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Going one way and then turn to go a different way = changing direction

Forces are needed to make things change direction

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Natural:

There are many natural materials

Come from the world around us

E.g Wood, sand, rock, water, rubber, oil,...

Made materials:

Made by people

E.g Paper is made from wood, glass is made from sand, plastic is made from oil,...

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E.g

Rock is rigid, but rubber can be flexible

Water cannot get through plastic, so plastic is waterproof

Water soaks into most fabric, most fabric is absorbent

Metal is strong and dull

Wood is rough, while glass is smooth

The properties of materials tell us what the materials is like.

The properties of materials are also called the characteristics

Materials have many different characteristics

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Every material has properties or characteristics. The characteristics make the material good for making some objects, but not others.

E.g

Glass is good for a window because it is transparent (transparent=can see-through)

Wood is hard and strong, we can make wood into chairs and tables

Plastic is waterproof and comes in many colors, we can make plastic into cups and bottles

Metal is strong and can be sharp, we make metal into knives, forks and spoons

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We can test things to find out their properties

E.g

We can try to bend materials to find out if they are flexible

We can test fabrics to find out if they are waterproof or absorbent

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Liquid: A material that can flow and be poured
Solid: A material that keeps its shape and does not flow
Gas: A material with no definite shape or volume

E.g
Liquid=water; Solid=ice cube; Gas=water vapor

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E.g Comparing the giraffe and the zebra

difference: the giraffe has a longer neck

same: both have 4 legs, a tail, and fur

Fur is similar to hair. Animals that have hair or fur are called mammals. People are a special kind of mammals, we are called humans.

Birds look different to mammals. They do not have fur or hair, they have feathers. A bird looks different to a human in many other ways. A bird looks similar to a human because they both have 2 legs.

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All animals make babies, the babies are called the animal's young. The young changes as they grow older. This is called growth. When they are fully grown, we called the animal adults.

The young of many animals look similar to the adults, but the young of some animals look different from the adults.

A young elephant/cow/whale=a calf

A young bird=a chick

A young bear/wolf/lion/tiger=a cub

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E.g The sheep look different because they have different characteristics (long/short wool; colors; face,...)
--> The sheep have different characteristics because they have different parents

All animals get some of their characteristics from their parents, we says that animals inherit characteristics from their parents

Animals look similar to their parents, but they don't look the same, we says they are not identical. This is because the animals inherit some characteristics from 1 parent and some from the other parent

Every tiger has a different pattern of stripes

Every person has a different pattern in their fingerprints, your fingerprints are not the same as your parents' fingerprints, but they are similar (identical twins look the same because they inherit the same characteristics from their parents, including gens)

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Food

Food that is good for us=healthy food

The food we eat=diet

Humans need to eat lots of different food to stay healthy

Ill

When we feel sick or have a headache, we say we are ill or we have an illness

Germs are living things that are too small to see, some germs make us ill. This happens when the germs can inside us and our body cannot kill them.

Stop germs from getting into your body:

Wash your hands after going to the toilet

Wash your hands before eating

Do not eat dirty food or drink dirty water

*Sometimes germs can make us cough or sneeze --> cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze to stop germs from getting to other people
Exercise & keeping clean
Doing exercise:

Keep our bodies healthy

When we use our muscles to move our bodies

It makes our muscles stronger

We should do it every day

*Your heart is also a muscle

Make us sweat--> we need to wash after exercising to keep clean

Keeping clean is another way to keep your body healthy

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We use teeth to eat and talk

Looking after your teeth

Eating a healthy diet

Calcium is a material that helps to make teeth strong. Milk and other dairy food, some beans, and some fish have calcium in them. Food with lots of sugar is bad for teeth.

Brush your teeth twice every day, for 2 minutes to keep your teeth clean

Use toothpaste with fluoride in it, fluoride helps to make your teeth strong, do not use too much toothpaste

Go to the dentist twice a year

Types of teeth

Humans have 3 main types of teeth. Teeth have roots to fix them to your gum

Molars: are for chewing and grinding food, they are wide and bumpy
Incisors: are for biting food, they are straight at the top and short
Canines: are for gripping and tearing food, they are pointed

Children have 20 baby teeth. As you grow older, these teeth fall out because larger adult teeth are growing in your gum. Adults have 32 teeth.

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A light source

Makes light

Can be flames, electric lights, TVs, and computer screens

The light from a light source shines onto things which we can then see

At night, street lights give us light; In the daytime, we get most of our light from the sun

Reflect objects

Some materials reflect light, they do not make their own light, they reflect light from a light source (e.g the moon reflects light from the sun)

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At night time, it is dark

If there is no light from the light source, it will be too dark to see

We need some light to see things

At night, we don't have sunlight, so we use light sources to make light (e.g light street, lamp, fire,...)

Working in the dark

Some people work underground: they have bright lights so they can see, they have clothes which reflect light so they can be seen

Some people work at night: they also need bright lights and clothes which reflect light

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The Sun:

Our nearest star is the Sun

It is very bright and hot

During the hours of daylight, the Sun gives us light

It is a huge light source

The Sun looks as though it is moving across the sky

The Sun appears to move across the sky in the daytime, but in fact, it does not move. The Earth is moving around the Sun and spinning around its own axis every day, that's why it looks like the Sun is moving but it's not.

Bonus information:

The sun moves from east to west

Sundial=a device used to track time by marking a shadow on its surface as the sun moves

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Mains electricity:

Is made in a power station

Travels along the wires, high in the air, so that we are safe

The wires take the electricity to all the places

Cell:

Is a source of electricity

Used to power electrical appliances that people carry around

Switches:

Electrical appliances have on/off switches

Some switch can be pressed, some slide and some can be rocked

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Safety:
Electricity can be very dangerous if you don't take care
Electricity is safe if you follow the rules:

1. Children should not touch mains appliances, wires or plugs

2. Children should not touch mains wall sockets

3. Keep water away from electrical appliances

4. Keep dirt away from electrical appliances

5. Keep away from damaged wire and damaged electrical appliances

6. Do not open or burn electrical cells

Wires:

Electrical moves through the metal parts of the wires

The metal should be cover by plastic. The plastic is to protect you

Never touch damaged wires, they could give an electric shock

Other:

Never stick anything into an electric wall socket. The metal part inside could give you an electric shock.

Mains electricity can move through water. Never touch anything that use mains electricity with wet hands.

Electricity can move through dust and dirt. Keep dust or dirt away from wall socket and mains electricity. Never touch dirty or damaged electrical things.

Broken cells can burn your skin and hurt you eyes. Never put a cell in a fire, never touch an open cell.