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In Kuala Lumpur, the LCCT (Low Cost Carrier Terminal) was officially inaugurated in 2006 with AirAsia as its primary tenant. KLIA (Kuala Lumpur International Airport) is only a 15-minute taxi ride away from the special low-cost aeroplane terminal. Domestic flights were not common before AirAsia because of the high cost of the tickets. Locals had to rely on boats or secure themselves for a long period before they could get tickets and fly to relatives. Then, when AirAsia began selling tickets at affordable rates, everyone was not only able to fly, but did so frequently throughout the year.

LCCT REPLACEMENT

The Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2 (klia2), which opened on May 2 and took over on May 9, 2014, replaced the LCCT.

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AirAsia blasts Kuala Lumpur for 'sinking' new airport terminal

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A brand new passenger terminal at Malaysia's Kuala Lumpur International Airport is "sinking."

That's according to the CEO of Malaysian low-cost carrier AirAsia, which is the biggest operator from the airport's new low-cost terminal that opened in May 2014.

"The airport is still sinking," AirAsia CEO Aireen Omar tells Bloomberg News. She adds Malaysia Airports Holdings, which operates the airport, "has done some partial resurfacing, but what the airport actually needs is a permanent solution."
FULL REPORT: Kuala Lumpur's $1 billion terminal is sinking, airline says
AirAsia's Malaysia flights operate out of Kuala Lumpur's new low-cost airline terminal, dubbed klia2. The carrier reluctantly shifted its schedule to the new terminal when it opened last year. The settling of the pavement at the new terminal has led to visible cracks in taxiways and has created areas of ponding during rain, according to Bloomberg.

Malaysian officials have been looking into the issue since late last year.

AirAsia has warned the problems could cause flight delays as well as increase wear and tear on aircraft. If it worsens, it could become a safety problem, Aireen said to Bloomberg in an interview.

Despite that, Mohshin Aziz - an analyst at Malayan Banking in Kuala Lumpur - tells Bloomberg that while the ponding is visible "with your very own eyes, ... it's more of an irritation rather than a safety hazard."

But that hasn't stopped Tony Fernandes - the founder and CEO of the broader AirAsia Group - from speaking out on the subject. Fernandes was particularly vocal via Twitter, addressing the subject in a series of tweets.

"sad that my ceo @aireenomar has to waste her time keep going to malaysia airports to sort something that should never have happened," Fernandes said in one tweet.
TWITTER: You can follow me at twitter.com/TodayInTheSky
"The response from malaysia airports that this is to be expected is ridiculous.The board and management need a strong hard look at themselves," he added in another.

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AirAsia blasts Kuala Lumpur for 'sinking' new airport terminal

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A brand new passenger terminal at Malaysia's Kuala Lumpur International Airport is "sinking." That's according to the CEO of Malaysian low-cost carrier AirAsia, which is the biggest operator from the airport's new low-cost terminal that opened in May 2014. "The airport is still sinking," AirAsia CEO Aireen Omar tells Bloomberg News.

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The three transport operators there failed to comply with the Fire and Rescue Department's requirements.

Keretapi Tanah Melayu Bhd (KTMB) did not state in its original plan that a bazaar would be located in its working area.

Rapid Rail Sdn Bhd, which operates the Light Rail Transit (LRT) service, had allowed a fire exit to be locked.

Department personnel on a recent visit found a turnstile at the entrance to the LRT failed to open when the fire alarm was triggered.

Express Rail Link Sdn Bhd, which operates a service to KLIA and klia2, fell short of safety laws when checks found a faulty fire panel in its working area.

The four management bodies look after specific areas in the hub, with Semasa Sentral Sdn Bhd (an MRCB subsidiary) running the common area in the building that was built in 2001.
Malaysian Resources Corporation Bhd (MRCB|) executive vice-president Datuk Dell Akhbar Hyder Khan told Malay Mail the operators were working towards fulfilling the department's requirements.

Dell met after accompanying Deputy Transport Minister Datuk Abdul Aziz Kaprawi on a walkabout to assess the safety situation and whether facilities met commuter expectations.

Malay Mail, which had visited the hub earlier to ascertain if conditions and facilities were abreast with commuter requirements, found it lacking in several aspects.

The newspaper alerted Aziz, who made the trip to see conditions for himself.

It is understood MRCB had complied with fire safety requirements but the hub was denied certification because the other management bodies had failed to do so.

The department only issues one certification covering all sections of the building.

The hub has six rail networks - the KLIA Express Rail Link, KLIA Transit, Rapid KL (Putra), KTM Komuter, KTM Intercity and KL Monorail Services. It also houses taxi and bus services.

Aziz said the station needed repairs to meet the needs of commuters who had grown from 80,000 at its opening to 160,000 today.

He said he will raise the matter with the Economic Planning Unit (EPU) in the Prime Ministers Department for allocations to upgrade the hub.

"I understand an application has been made to EPU. I will check on its status and impress on the urgency of the matter to EPU. We will do it as soon as we can," he said.

He said the Transport Ministry will help facilitate the upgrade as it owned the building.

"We will work with all stakeholders to ensure services at KL Sentral are in keeping with current needs," he said.

On security, he said features such as CCTVs which had not been upgraded since the building was built, needed to be looked into.

He said the cameras were necessary to be prepared for potential terrorist threats.

"We have four rail operators and taxis and buses operating here, with thousands of commuters entering and leaving the station daily. We need to upgrade facilities to keep in tandem with current needs," he said.

Aziz said there was also a need for synchronised security counter-measures, with the operators working together on keeping the station safe.

He said the hub needed a single management which was familiar with the station to run the place.

"There are four concessionaires in this terminal. We need to reorganise the management. We can't have too many bosses here," he said.

Aziz said the concessionaire's agreement with the ministry was due to expire at the end of the year.

"We need to upgrade the security system here, such as replacing the current CCTV with better quality ones and installing more cameras. I also see a need to create a centralised command control," he said.

There are only 192 CCTV cameras at the station.

Aziz said he understands the number of commercial outlets at the hub needed to be reduced to allow more space for commuters.

"This is how crowded the place has become," he said.

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The three transport operators there failed to comply with the Fire and Rescue Department's requirements. Keretapi Tanah Melayu Bhd (KTMB) did not state in its original plan that a bazaar would be located in its working area. Rapid Rail Sdn Bhd, which operates the Light Rail Transit (LRT) service, had allowed a fire exit to be locked.

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Overused transport hub KL Sentral to be upgraded in long-term plan, says Dr Wee

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KUALA LUMPUR: KL Sentral has exceeded its passenger capacity of 100,000 a day, handling over 200,000 passengers a day prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, says Datuk Seri Dr Wee Ka Siong.

The Transport Minister said because of this, the heavily-used transport hub will be upgraded in a long-term plan to handle the increasing passenger volume.

“Following a year of the pandemic and the recovery in stages, we have about 70,000 footfalls a day now. When the pandemic is over we have to face the reality of going over the limit.

“The ministry is planning and working on creating more tracks and services to handle more passengers and enhance convenience.

“With the ministry spearheading this, we are in talks with many parties on a comprehensive plan for the longer term, how can we integrate all these needs into a holistic project, ” he said after a ceremony commemorating the 20th anniversary of Stesen Sentral Kuala Lumpur at KL Sentral here on Friday (April 16).

Also present were MRCB executive president Datuk Dell Akbar Khan, KTMB chief technical officer Ahmad Nizam Mohamed, Rapid Rail CEO Abdul Hadi Amran, ERL CEO Noormah Mohd Nor and Yayasan MRCB chairperson Datin Jasmine Abdullah Heng.

Dr Wee noted that while the planning and studies on upgrading KL Sentral have begun, the authorities are not in a hurry to upgrade it.

“There are some restrictions as it involves track areas, while there is a population of over 100,000 in the nearby area.

“All this needs to be factored in and deliberated one by one, ” he added.

Earlier, Dr Wee presented RM100,000 in cash and kind from Yayasan MRCB to some 500 recipients from the B40 group, including the visually impaired, in conjunction with KL Sentral’s 20th anniversary.

The recipients were from Yayasan Orang Buta Malaysia, PPR Lembah Pantai, Lighthouse Children Welfare Home Association KL & Selangor, and Pertubuhan Kebajikan Baitul Hasan Kuala Lumpur.

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Overused transport hub KL Sentral to be upgraded in long-term plan, says Dr Wee

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KUALA LUMPUR: KL Sentral has exceeded its passenger capacity of 100,000 a day, handling over 200,000 passengers a day prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, says Datuk Seri Dr Wee Ka Siong.

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The Challenges of Malaysian Dry Ports Development

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Abstract

This paper examines the functions and challenges of dry ports development in Malaysia through 11 face-to-face interviews with dry port stakeholders. The findings reveal that Malaysian dry ports are developed to accelerate national and international business, to activate intermodalism in the nation, to promote regional economic development and to enhance seaport competitiveness. Malaysian dry ports perform the function of transport and logistics, information processing, seaports and value-added services. Challenges facing Malaysian dry ports include insufficient railway tracks, unorganized container planning on the rail deck, highly dependent on single mode of transportation, poor recognition from the seaport community, and competition from localized seaports. This paper further indicates strategies for coping with these challenges and identifies future opportunities for Malaysian dry ports development.

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The Challenges of Malaysian Dry Ports Development

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This paper examines the functions and challenges of dry ports development in Malaysia through 11 face-to-face interviews with dry port stakeholders. The findings reveal that Malaysian dry ports are developed to accelerate national and international business, to activate intermodalism in the nation, to promote regional economic development and to enhance seaport competitiveness.

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MAHB mahu besarkan terminal, bukan bina KLIA3

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KUALA LUMPUR: Malaysia Airports Holdings Bhd (MAHB) menjelaskan pembinaan terminal baharu atau KLIA3 tidak akan dibina dalam tempoh lima tahun seperti yang disiarkan media.

Syarikat itu dalam kenyataan hari ini berkata, tempoh itu merujuk kepada pengembangan terminal utama Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA), termasuk proses pengubahsuaian dan naik taraf sistem.

Ia berkata, kenyataan Pengarah Urusannya, Datuk Badlisham Ghazali di majlis pecah tanah kemudahan Senior Aerospace semalam, sudah disalah petik.

"Tiada rancangan segera untuk membina terminal ketiga di KLIA seperti dinyatakan beberapa akhbar utama hari ini.

"Ketika ini, KLIA dan klia2 mampu menampung 75 juta penumpang setahun dan tahun lalu, kedua-dua lapangan terbang sudah mengendalikan sehingga 58.6 juta penumpang.

"Ini bermakna, lapangan terbang ini secara keseluruhan masih mempunyai kapasiti mencukupi untuk menampung pertumbuhan trafik pada masa depan," katanya.

Bagaimanapun tambahnya, terminal utama KLIA yang berusia 20 tahun sudah menghampiri kapasiti 30 juta penumpang.

Sehubungan itu, katanya rancangan sudah dilaksanakan bagi menaik taraf dan mengembangkan terminal itu bagi memastikan ia mampu menampung tambahan 15 hingga 20 juta penumpang.

"Antara kemudahan yang sudah dikenalpasti untuk ditambahbaik dan dinaiktaraf ialah sistem pengendalian bagasi dan Aerotrain.

"Terminal sedia ada ini akan dikembangkan dan diubahsuai bagi meningkatkan keberkesanan dan kemudahan seperti pintu masuk dan parkir kapal terbang.

"Kerja menaiktaraf dan pengembangan ini akan siap dalam tempoh lima tahun akan datang," katanya.

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MAHB mahu besarkan terminal, bukan bina KLIA3

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KUALA LUMPUR: Malaysia Airports Holdings Bhd (MAHB) menjelaskan pembinaan terminal baharu atau KLIA3 tidak akan dibina dalam tempoh lima tahun seperti yang disiarkan media. Syarikat itu dalam kenyataan hari ini berkata, tempoh itu merujuk kepada pengembangan terminal utama Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA), termasuk proses pengubahsuaian dan naik taraf sistem.

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CHARGE / FEE RATE ACCORDING TO LAND PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLE TERMINAL

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CHARGE / FEE RATE ACCORDING TO LAND PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLE TERMINAL

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* Ticket & Information System

* Bus Management System

* Safety system

* Convenience for comfort

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Each terminal will have its determination grade by analyzing various aspects. Here shows, the Terminal Grade Determination is determined through;

*Ticket & Information System
*Operations Management
*Security
*Convenience & Comfort

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Power source

* Land Public Transport Act 2010 (Act 715)
* Sections 6,7,8,9,10,11 and 12
* Announcement January 1, 2019

Terminal Definition

* Land Public Service Vehicle Terminal
* Rail Terminal
* Container Depot
* Ticket counter

Charge/Fee Rate According to Land Public Service Vehicle Terminal Grade Rating

* Ticket & Information System
* Bus Management System
* Safety system
* Convenience for comfort

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INSPIRATIONS OR IDEAS FOR MALAYSIA's LARGEST TERMINAL INNOVATION 

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INSPIRATIONS OR IDEAS FOR MALAYSIA's LARGEST TERMINAL INNOVATION 

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This concept can serve as an inspiration for Malaysia. In the age of globalisation and contemporary technology, Malaysia can transform outdated terminals like Kuala Lumpur Sentral (KL Sentral) into terminals that are outfitted with a variety of advanced digital technologies and new amenities. This is due to the fact that the user base will continue to grow, thus we should concentrate on enhancements for both the immediate and long-term convenience of consumers.

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SHOW REVIEW: Passenger Terminal Expo 2022 - Passenger Terminal Today

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EXAMPLE ; AIRPORT INNOVATION

Airports 1.0

Manual and analogue methods (efficient, but lack of focus on customer experience).

Airports 2.0

Self-service methods (automation on key flow processes eg, self-check in, self-bag drop).

Airports 3.0

Flow monitoring and processing are optimised by digitalization (eg, mobile apps). at KLIA, numerous procedures—including the provision of self-check-in and self-bag-drop counters and digital way-finding via a smartphone application—have been digitalized.

Airports 4.0

Connect all stakeholders in one, fully integrated digital ecosystem to focus on connectivity and real-time information. rely on business intelligence and big data analytics (BDA) gathered throughout the passenger journey to provide a fully integrated digital environment guaranteeing a seamless travel experience.

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It's official - the world's leading airport conference and exhibition is back! The 2022 edition of Passenger Terminal Expo, which took place at the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles in Paris, France, on June 15, 16, 17, provided the industry with much-needed access to a vast range of expert insights and new innovations to help airports and airlines emerge from the pandemic and retool their operations to ensure future growth, improved sustainability and even greater commercial success.

More than 280 exhibitors were in Paris to display the very latest in security, biometrics, check-in, baggage, wayfinding, IT, seating, design and engineering, while more than 400 speakers shared critical intel across a conference program spanning nine dedicated streams. Leading presenters included Steve Armitage, head of technology design and innovation at London Heathrow; Paul Griffiths, CEO of Dubai Airports; Serkan Kaptan, CEO of TAV Airports; and Aimen Ahmed Al Hosni, CEO, Oman Airports.

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Augustin de Romanet, chairman and CEO of Groupe ADP, the host airport authority for Passenger Terminal Expo 2022, got the show off to a great start, delivering the opening address to a packed audience at the conference. He welcomed visitors to the event and discussed two of the biggest challenges facing the aviation industry: the decarbonization of air travel and improving the passenger experience. De Romanet explored how Groupe ADP and the wider aviation industry can address these challenges and shape the airport of tomorrow.

The show also hosted the 2022 World Airport Awards, where Hamad International Airport in Doha, Qatar, was named the World's Best Airport for the second year running. Other major winners on the night included Singapore Changi Airport, winning awards for the World's Best Airport Staff and the World's Best Airport Dining Experience; Istanbul Airport, Turkey, won the awards for the World's Best Airport Shopping and Most Family Friendly Airport. Tokyo Haneda Airport, Japan, won awards as the World's Cleanest Airport, the World's Best Domestic Airport, the Best Airport in Asia and the Best Airport PRM & Accessible Facilities. King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh secured the award as the World's Most Improved Airport.
New product launches
Zoeftig chose Passenger Terminal Expo to launch Vista - a brand-new, highly versatile beam seating system designed to respond to the needs of modern airports and passenger demographics. Vista combines generous proportions and ergonomic design with an ultra-clean aesthetic and versatile construction, to offer a comfortable yet flexible seating solution for airport lounges, departure gates and other public zones. It enables the addition of more informal social spaces, providing areas for passengers to congregate and interact in couples and larger groups; or protected singular occupancy areas for passengers who prioritize privacy and personal space. An option to add planters or privacy screens provides further opportunities to enhance the environment and improve screening and product zoning. Traditional high-density seating runs and stripped-back bench runs with a clean and contemporary feel are also available.

Ports of Jersey launched its carbon offsetting app, CarbonPass, at Passenger Terminal Expo. Carbon Pass provides passengers with information about the carbon footprint of their travel experience and the cost to balance it, alongside providing them with the option of contributing to a project of their choosing that means something to them. To calculate carbon emissions, it considers aircraft type, passenger volumes, load factors and distance. According to the company, CarbonPass is different to other carbon offsetting apps because it isn't about offsetting but about balancing - its projects don't have to be about purchasing carbon credits, they just need to demonstrate real, tangible environmental benefits. It offers destination databases specific to each participating airport for passengers and template contracts for airports and their project partners.

TK Elevator launched its integrated apron operations system, ApronVision. ApronVision features 3D lidar technology for long-range and ultra-high-precision object detection and measuring. According to TK Elevator, it was the first company that used laser-based technology to guide airplanes to their parking position. Its system creates a high-resolution point cloud of the apron with up to 2.6 million datapoints per second and a scanning angle of up to 360°. A full-screen, high-resolution LED display shows important, automated and customized turnaround information. ApronVision was designed to enable the full automation and digitalization of the apron to provide real-time data of the apron. This real-time data is expected to create a more efficient docking and departure process by improving the control of all apron activities. ApronVision is also designed to make all the relevant information more readily available for decision-making operators.

Transoft Solutions released its traffic modeling software solution, AirTop 3.1, at Passenger Terminal Expo. AirTop 3.1 is the latest edition of the company's modular terminal-to-terminal fast-time airport and air traffic complexity modeling, simulation and capacity assessment software. The software simulates multi-agent models of airport terminals in 2D and 3D and can focus on the terminal as a whole or on individual facilities. This flexibility was intended to give designers, planners, airlines, airport operators and other stakeholders the chance to evaluate their designs, processes or system changes, infrastructure modification or expansion requirements and conduct what-if analyses - before incurring significant costs. The module also offers operational analysis features to ensure operations teams understand the resources needed at any given time of the day.
Key partnerships
Reinforcing its value as one of the best networking opportunities of the year, Passenger Terminal Expo also saw the formation of a number of important strategic partnerships:

Aviation tech company SITA signed a partnership agreement with baggage handling company Alstef Group to launch a self-bag drop solution named Swift Drop, which has been designed to speed up baggage operations. The Swift Drop interface was created to be fast and intuitive, to enable passengers to quickly check in their bags and avoid long queues at traditional check-in points. Passengers can print their own bag tags without assistance and load their baggage directly onto the accessible conveyor. SITA also launched its common-use, API-powered platform, SITA Flex, at Passenger Terminal Expo. Powered by application programming interfaces (APIs), SITA Flex uses Microsoft Azure to give clients the cloud without the need for a traditional common-use environment. With this solution, airline staff can be completely mobile, untethered from fixed points in the airport such as a check-in counter or kiosk.

By the end of this year, Schengen member states will be required to have a biometric entry and exit system to register non-European citizens crossing an external EU border. At the expo in Paris, Thales announced that its collaboration with Zelenza has been selected by Spain's Ministry of the Interior to provide more than 1,500 manual border control inspection units across all border-crossing points and it displayed the units for the first time at the show. Units located at the border officer's control point will be equipped with Thales EES Border Control Clearance Software and Thales devices such as document readers with embedded document verification, fingerprint scanners and face pods with a facial capture system. Combined, these integrated systems will deliver a fast and secure identity enrolment and clearance process for non-EU citizens at borders. Thales also launched a stationary, compact and lightweight cabin baggage explosive detection system (EDS CB) at the show. Helixview is a C3-compliant scanner (next EDS CB standard) that combines x-ray nanotechnology-based electronic scanning and 3D imaging reconstruction. With this solution installed at checkpoints, passengers will no longer need to remove items from their luggage.

Indra signed a collaboration agreement with startup IntellAct to develop new artificial intelligence applications for airport operations management. Indra partnered with IntellAct to automate some of the processes, indicators and calculations that it implements in its services - using video. IntellAct is a turnaround management company that works to increase the speed of airport operations. The startup uses internet cameras that monitor vehicles, staff and other activities; these cameras can detect when bridges are connected and cargo is unloading. With this solution, operators won't have to wait for human handlers to confirm if they are on time or not. This solution has been designed to detect potential delays in these activities and predict how much time they will take, and its applications are expected to help improve compliance with flight schedules.

Air traffic management (ATM) solution companies Frequentis and Metron Aviation signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to cooperate on projects of mutual interest in the fields of air traffic flow management (ATFM), arrival management (AMAN) and departure management (DMAN) solutions. The partnership aims to improve the efficiency of air traffic flow by bringing together the companies' experience and product portfolios. This collaboration will, the companies say, increase the predictability of flight operations and reduce financial costs and environmental impacts caused by capacity imbalances.

Airport technology company Veovo announced its partnership with airport operator Swedavia at the expo. The companies partnered to introduce environmental emissions incentives at Stockholm Arlanda Airport and Gothenburg Landvetter Airport in Sweden - and to incentivize airlines to switch to more efficient aircraft. Automated emission charges will be calculated with Veovo's revenue management software and industry emission data sets. Swedavia recently introduced the CO2 and NOX Emission Charges following a Swedish government requirement that airport charges should be differentiated for environmental purposes. The charge adjustments will penalize those with higher emissions while rewarding cleaner aircraft - with an overall airport revenue-neutral effect.

For more information and videos from this year's event, click here. With the 2022 event a resounding success, dates have now been announced for next year: Passenger Terminal Expo 2023 will take place in Amsterdam, Netherlands, March 14, 15, 16, 2023.

Visitor quotes
"This year's expo in Paris is extremely engaging," Khaled Naja, executive vice president for the infrastructure and development division of Dallas Fort-Worth Airport in Texas, commented at the event. "We've met firms and colleagues from across the globe. The quality of the venue, as well as the structure of the setup and the material provided, have been second to none."

"We've been to Passenger Terminal Expo for the last 10 to 12 years," said Christian Tischler, general manager of finance at Sittig Technologies. "It targets the right people and it's exactly the right fair for us. Compared with other airport shows, it's much more specific to our customers so it's very useful."

Andrea Marcellan, CEO of Magnetic's parent company FAAC Group, said, "It's my first time here at Passenger Terminal Expo but I can see that it's the kind of event that is extremely successful and productive because it is very specific. It also has a relatively short timeframe, which means that in one shot you can meet the entire world of airport terminals for great value for money."

"We're keen to understand the challenges facing airports and their stakeholders, which is why we're here at Passenger Terminal Expo," said Yannick Beunardeau, vice president of airport IT and airline operations of Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) at Amadeus.

"This is our first participation in the exhibition, and it has been extraordinary for us," commented Margareta Iancu, international business developer at Nooka Space.

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SHOW REVIEW: Passenger Terminal Expo 2022 - Passenger Terminal Today

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It's official - the world's leading airport conference and exhibition is back!

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iTERMINALS 4.0 – APPLICATION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS DIGITAL PORT CONTAINER TERMINALS

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EXAMPLE ; SEAPORT INNOVATION

Seaport 1.0

Location sharing between container yards and dry ports fosters innovative strategic cooperation in freight distribution and management systems. A large number of containers from the seaport may be accommodated both short and long term due to this cooperation. In seaports, this method will generally strive to reduce traffic, dwell period, and excessive use of the infrastructure already in place. Additionally, it promotes connectivity between the harbour and the hinterland while diverting stakeholders away from the seaport to such freight facilities.

Seaport 2.0

To serve as the foundation for the transportation of commodities, Malaysia must build a comprehensive rail network. In the long run, there has to be less of an over-reliance on road transportation for this kind of travel and more transition to a more environmentally friendly, less expensive, dependable, cost-effective, and sustainable method of rail transportation. Planning should be done to create a thorough rail system that runs through the main rail, paying particular attention to facility accessibility. For present and foreseeable use, they must be sufficiently constructed.

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iTERMINALS 4.0 – APPLICATION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS DIGITAL PORT CONTAINER TERMINALS

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Due to the high expenses associated with operations like transfers and consolidation, terminals are crucial from an economic perspective. In particular, through facilitating access to suppliers and consumers, the traffic they manage will foster job opportunity and boost domestic economic growth. The overall cost of transportation includes an important component known as terminal expenses. It is a set fee that must be paid, regardless of how far the excursion will ultimately go.

These are a few of the associated costs.

Costs of infrastructure

The expenses of building and maintaining facilities like jetties, railways, cranes, and facilities (warehouses, offices, etc.).

Cost of shipping and handling

Expenses associated with loading and unloading cargo or passengers.

Cost of administration

Various organisations, such port or airport authorities, or private businesses are in charge of managing a number of terminals. For instance, terminal operator.

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Operational Differences between Passengers and Freight 

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Operational Differences between Passengers and Freight 

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There are some operating differences between the passenger terminal and the transport terminal. Among the differences are as listed above

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Differences between Passengers and Freight Terminal

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Differences between Passengers and Freight Terminal

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FREIGHT TERMINAL

Specific loading and unloading equipment is needed for freight handling. Along with the facilities (berths, loading bays, and freight yards, respectively) required to house ships, trucks, and trains, a variety of handling equipment and storage are also necessary, depending on the types of goods handled. The characteristics of freight transportation terminals are linked to both the main (terminal operations) and supporting functions (added value such as distribution). As a result, terminals can be functionally distinguished based on the modality and commodities conveyed.

PASSENGER TERMINAL

Except for one, there isn't much specialised equipment needed at passenger terminals. This is attributed to the reason that customers board buses, ferries, or trains using their own personal mobility. In fact, passenger terminals must provide services like ticketing, lodging, food, and security, but these are typically carried out in simple ways. Depending on the time of day, they could appear crowded. However, with satisfactory platform and access point layout along with arrival and departure scheduling, the flow of people can be properly controlled. Such terminals are typically only used for a short period of time by travellers. In order to accommodate this sporadic mobility, bus terminals and railroad stations frequently include of basic elements like ticket booths and waiting spaces with retail.

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6.1 - The Function of Transport Terminals | The Geography of Transport Systems

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MAJOR ATTRIBUTES LINKING THE IMPORTANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT TERMINALS

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MAJOR ATTRIBUTES LINKING THE IMPORTANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPORT TERMINALS

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LOCATION

A transport terminal's main market area is undoubtedly served best by being close to a dense concentration of economic activity. Locational restrictions apply to certain terminals, such as those at ports and airports. Near order to minimise expensive land prices and traffic, new transportation hubs typically aren't found in urban cores.

ACCESSIBILITY

It's important to consider how well the terminal is connected to the local transportation network as well as accessibility to other terminals (locally, regionally, and globally). For instance, a maritime terminal is of little use if its market area is insufficiently served by an interior transportation infrastructure (rail, road, or barge).

INFRASTRUCTURE

Due to the physical separation of modes, a terminal's main purpose is to manage and transship freight or passengers. They have a notional capacity that depends on the area of land they occupy as well as the intensity of their technological, labour, and managerial systems. Infrastructure decisions must take into account the existing volume of traffic, as well as anticipated future trends, technology advancements, and logistical shifts. The result is that modern terminal infrastructures are among the biggest buildings ever built and demand enormous investments.

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The Geography of Transport Systems | The spatial organization of transportation and mobility

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The Geography of Transport Systems | The spatial organization of transportation and mobility

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6.1 – The Function of Transport Terminals | The Geography of Transport Systems

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A terminal is a facility where passengers and freight are assembled or dispersed during transportation.

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LARGEST HUB (TERMINAL) IN MALAYSIA

A really well transit hub in Kuala Lumpur (KL), Malaysia, is KL Sentral (Stensen Sentral Kuala Lumpur).

You will discover a very convenient transit at KL Sentral, regardless of where you are from or where you are going.

KL Sentral is connected to a number of significant rail systems that serve the town of Kuala Lumpur in addition to providing car rental, bus, and taxi services.

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INLAND PORT TERMINALS IN MALAYSIA

Inland ports in Malaysia are extremely important to the nation's commercial network since they operate as entry and exit points for manufacturers and producers in the hinterland to seaports. Currently operating Malaysian inland ports include Padang Besar, Ipoh, Nilai, Segamat, and Tebedu to make it easier to carry containers to important seaports including Port Klang, Penang Port, and Port of Tanjung Pelepas and to move commodities over international boundaries (Tebedu).

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BUS TERMINALS IN MALAYSIA

There are several bus services offered throughout Malaysia, and bus terminals are located everywhere from major cities to remote, little districts. Every day, a large number of express buses travel to different states, picking up and dropping off passengers at corresponding bus stations in the destination state.

JOHOR

* Batu Pahat Bus Station

* JB Larkin Bus Terminal

* Kota Tinggi Bus Terminal

* Labis Bus Terminal

* Masai Bus Terminal

* Mersing Bus Terminal

* Muar Bus Terminal

* Pasir Gudang Bus Terminal

* Pontian Bus Terminal

* Segamat Bus Station

* Tangkak Bus Terminal

* Terminal Bas Dan Teksi Chaah

* Bandar Penawar Bus Terminal

* Johor Jaya Bus Terminal

* Johor Premium Outlet Bus Terminal

* Senai Airport Bus Terminal

* Sungai Rengit Bus Terminal

* Taman Universiti Bus Terminal

* Terminal Kota Iskandar

* Ulu Tiram Bus Terminal

KEDAH

* Alor Setar Bus Terminal

* Baling Bus Station

* Changlun Bus Terminal

* Jitra Bus Station

* Kulim Bus Terminal

* Sungai Petani Bus Terminal

KELANTAN

* Jeli Express Bus Terminal

* Kota Bahru Bus Terminal

* Terminal Transnasional Kubang Kerian

* SKMK Bachok Bus Station

* SKMK Kuala Krai Bus Station

* SKMK Machang Bus Station

* SKMK Pasir Mas Bus Station

* SKMK Pasir Puteh Bus Station

KUALA LUMPUR

* Berjaya Times Square Bus Stop

* Berjaya Times Square Bus Stop

* KL Sentral Bus Terminal

* Terminal KTM Kuala Lumpur

* Pekeliling Bus Terminal

* Pudu Sentral Bus Terminal

* Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS)

* Hentian Putra Bus Terminal

MELAKA

* Alor Gajah Bus Terminal

* Melaka Sentral Bus Terminal

NEGERI SEMBILAN

* Bahau Bus Station

* Gemas Bus Station

* Kuala Pilah

* Nilai Bus Terminal

* Terminal One Seremban

PAHANG

* Awana Bus Terminal

* Bentong Bus Station

* Kuala Lipis Bus Terminal

* Kuala Rompin Bus Terminal

* Muadzam Shah Bus Terminal

* Mushroom Farm Bus Terminal

* Terminal Bas Pekan

* Raub Bus Terminal

* Tanah Rata Bus Terminal

* Temerloh Bus Terminal

* Terminal Kuantan Sentral

* Jengka Sentral Bus Terminal

PULAU PINANG

* Butterworth Bus Terminal

* Sungai Nibong Bus Terminal

* Jetty (Penang) Bus Station

* Komtar Bus Terminal

PERAK

* Batu Gajah Bus Terminal

* Bidor Bus Terminal

* Gerik Bus Terminal

* Ipoh Amanjaya Bus Terminal

* Kampar Bus Terminal

* Kamunting Raya BusTerminal

* Kuala Kangsar Bus Terminal

* Lumut

* Parit Buntar

* Sri Iskandar

* Sri Manjung Bus Station

* Tanjung Malim

* Teluk Intan Bus Station

PERLIS

* Terminal Bas Kangar

* Kuala Perlis Bus Terminal

SABAH

* Inanam Bus Terminal

* Tawau Bus Terminal

SARAWAK

* Kuching Sentral Bus Terminal

* Sibu Bus Terminal

* Bintulu Sentral Bus Terminal

* Miri Express Bus Terminal

SELANGOR

* Kajang Bus Terminal

* Klang Sentral Bus Terminal

* KLIA/KLIA2 Bus Terminal

* One Utama Bus Station

* Putrajaya Sentral Bus Terminal

* Shah Alam Bus Terminal

* Terminal Shah Alam Section 1

TERENGGANU

* Jerteh Bus Terminal

* Kuala Besut Bus Station

* Kuala Terengganu Bus Terminal

* Terminal Bus Express Geliga Besar

* Kuala Berang Bus Station

* Merang Waterfront Jetty Bus Terminal

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AIRPORT TERMINALS IN MALAYSIA

In Malaysia, there are 7 international airports and additional domestic airports. In light of this, the airport is the terminal where passengers and cargos are at depending on the airline you are using.

Following that, here the list of major airport terminals in Malaysia.

Kuala Lumpur Airport International  (KLIA)

Malaysia is thought to have the most prestigious international entrance at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Malaysia Airlines and AirAsia are two of its primary domestic airlines. One of the airports in Malaysia that is easily connected to the city via a high-speed rail system is this one.

Melaka International Airport

The Melaka Airport, built in 1952, serves northern Johor and the state of Malacca. It only runs a small number of flights but serves three important airlines.

Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport

Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, also known as Subang International Airport, is a significant airport in Malaysia and is named after the country's eighth Sultan. It is located in Petaling District.

Penang International Airport

Penang International Airport, ranked as Malaysia's third busiest airport, is situated 16 kilometres south of Georgetown. By having links with large cities in Southeast Asia and others, it serves a sizable territory.

Kuching Airport International

The Malaysian state of Sarawak is served by Kuching International Airport. 11 KM south of the heart of Kuching. In 2006, a brand-new terminal of the airport became operational.

Kota Kinabalu International Airport

In Malaysia, the second busiest airport is Kota Kinabalu International Airport. In the airport, Terminal 1 serves as the main terminal. Both domestic and foreign flights are supported. 26 check-in desks are located in Terminal 2.

Langkawi International Airport

The Kedah airport operates as a location for the aerospace exhibition. One of the airports in Malaysia that serves both domestic and foreign destinations is this one.

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RAIL TERMINALS IN MALAYSIA

Terminals where trains load or unload cargo or passengers. In Malaysia, there are rail terminal stations almost everywhere, notably in towns and cities. Following that, here are lis of rail stations.

*Kulai Train StationSegamat Railway
*StationSungai Siput Railway
*StationSungkai Railway StationTapah
*Road Railway StationTasekGelugor Train Station

JOHOR

*Batu Anam Railway StationBekok Railway
*StationChamek Railway StationJohor *Bahru Sentral (JB Sentral)Kempas Baru *Railway StationKluang Railway
*StationLabis Train StationLayang Layang *Railway StationRengam Railway Station

KEDAH

*Setar Railway StationAnak Bukit Railway
*StationGurun Railway StationKobah *Railway StationKodiang Railway *StationSungai Petani Train Station

KELANTAN

*Bertam Baru Railway StationBukit Abu *Railway StationDabong Railway
*StationGua Musang Railway
*StationKemubu Railway StationKuala Krai *Railway StationLimau Kasturi Railway *StationManek Urai Railway StationPasir *Mas Railway StationTanah Merah Railway *StationTemangan Railway StationTumpat *Railway StationWakaf Bharu Train Station

KUALA LUMPUR

*Bandar Tasik Selatan Train StationKL
*Sentral StationKLIA ERL Station

MELAKA

*Batang Melaka Railway Station

NEGERI SEMBILAN

*Bahau Railway StationGemas Train *StationPaloh Railway StationTampin *Railway StationSeremban Railway Station

PAHANG

*Jerantut Railway StationKemayan Railway
* Station Kerambit Railway Station Kuala Krau
*Railway StationKuala Lipis Railway
*StationMentakab Railway
*StationMerapoh Railway StationPadang
*Tengku Train StationTriang Railway Station

PULAU PINANG

*Bukit Mertajam Railway
*StationButterworth Railway
*StationNibong Tebal Railway
*StationSimpang Ampat Train Station

PERAK

*Bagan Serai Railway StationBatu Gajah
*Railway StationBehrang Railway
*StationIpoh Railway StationKampar
*Railway StationKamunting Railway *StationKuala Kangsar Railway *StationPadang Rengas Railway *StationParit Buntar Railway StationSlim *River Railway StationTaiping Railway *StationTanjung Malim Railway Station

PERLIS

*Arau Railway StationBukit Ketri Railway
*StationPadang Besar Railway Station

SELANGOR

*Batang Kali Komuter StationKajang
*Railway StationKepong Sentral *StationKuala Kubu Bharu Railway
* StationRawang Railway
*StationSungai Buloh Railway Station

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PORT TERMINALS IN MALAYSIA

Malaysia now has seven main federal ports, including Port Klang, Johor Port, Port of Tanjung Pelepas, Kuantan Port, Penang Port, Bintulu Port, and Kemaman Port. In the meantime, the state governments of Sabah and Sarawak, respectively, have control over the ports in those two states.

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Terminals have various types of terminals such as port terminals, rail terminals, airport terminals, and last but not least transport governance terminals.

In addition, transport governance terminals which are divided into various transport such as buses, and taxis.

In Malaysia, there is one largest hub with various types of terminals at The KL Sentral (Kuala Lumpur Sentral Station). Kl Sentral is the most connected transit point in the city of Kuala Lumpur (KL), Malaysia. No matter where you come from or where you are going, you will find the easiest transit in KL Sentral. Apart from Car, Bus & Taxi Rental Services, KL Sentral is also connected to several major rail systems serving the city of Kuala Lumpur. It is also close for passengers who want to travel to the airport by using the facilities available.

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Transport terminals: purpose, attributes, functions - DSL cargo delivery

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Allow access to vehicles that operate in specific ways.

Enable easy interchange between same or different mode of transport.

Consolidation, concentration, and dispersion of traffic are facilitated.

Increase the speed movement for both passengers and goods.

Service of shipment (sorting, embarking, disembarking).

Service of vehicles (place to store vehicles until needed concentration and dispersion function, servicing and repairing of vehicle).

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Both passengers and freight cannot travel individually, but in batches. Passengers have to go to bus terminals and airports first, where they are "assembled" in busloads or planeloads to reach their final destinations where they are dispersed. Freight has to be consolidated at a port or a rail yard before onward shipment. Terminals may also be points of interchange involving the same mode of transport. Thus, a passenger wishing to travel by train from Paris to Rotterdam may have to change trains in Brussels, or an air passenger wishing to fly between Montreal and Los Angeles may have to change planes in Toronto. Terminals may also be points of interchange between different modes of transportation and their respective networks, so that goods being shipped from the American Mid-West to the Ruhr in Germany may travel by rail from Cincinnati to the port of New York, put on a ship to Rotterdam, and then placed on a barge for delivery to Duisburg. Transport terminals, therefore, are central and intermediate locations in the movements of passengers and freight.

Terminal is any location where freight and passengers either originates, terminates, or is handled in the transportation process. Terminals are central and intermediate locations in the movements of passengers and freight. They often require specific facilities and equipment to accommodate the traffic they handle.

Terminals may be points of interchange within the same modal system and which insure a continuity of the flows. This is particularly the case for modern air and port operations with hubs connecting parts of the network. Terminals, however, are also very important points of transfer between modes. Buses and cars deliver people to airports, trucks haul freight to rail terminals, and rail brings freight to docks for loading on ships. One of the main attributes of transport terminals, international and regional alike, is their convergence function. They are indeed obligatory points of passage having invested on their geographical location which is generally intermediate to commercial flows. Thus, transport terminals are either created by the centrality or the intermediacy of their respective locations.
DIMENSIONS OF TRANSPORT TERMINALS
The importance of a transport terminal is often a function of its size. Large transport terminals, particularly ports and airports, confer the status of gateway or hub to their location since they become obligatory points of transit between different segments of the global transport system. Containerization has favored the emergence of a hierarchy of terminals fulfilling different function and level of added value, from the large mega-gateway coordinating the flows of a large market area to a small rail yard or truck depot servicing a local market. The same observation applies to passengers transport where a specific hierarchy of terminals is evident.
ATTRIBUTES OF TRANSPORT TERMINALS
Three major attributes are linked with the importance and the performance of transport terminals:
Location
The major locational factor of a transport terminal is obviously to serve a large concentration of population and/or industrial activities, representing a terminal's market area. Specific terminals have specific locational constraints, such as port and airport sites. New transport terminals tend to be located outside central areas to avoid high land costs and congestion.
Accessibility
Accessibility to other terminals (at the local, regional and global scale) as well as how well the terminal is linked to the regional transport system is of importance. For instance, a maritime terminal has little relevance if it is efficiently handling maritime traffic but is poorly connected to its market areas through an inland transport system (rail, road or barge).
Infrastructure
The main function of a terminal is to handle and transship freight or passengers since modes are physically separated. They have a nominal capacity which is related to the amount of land they occupy and their level of technological, labor and managerial intensity. Infrastructure considerations are consequently important as they must accommodate current traffic and anticipate future trends along with technological and logistical changes. Modern terminal infrastructures consequently require massive investments and are among the largest structures ever built. Airports, ports and distribution centers are clearly visible on remote sensing images. A utilization rate of 75 to 80% of design capacity is considered to be the optimal since above this level, congestion starts to arise, undermining the reliability of the terminal facility. A terminal rarely has a uniform utilization, which is more than often characterized by periods of high and low activity.

The time a vehicle (bus, truck, train, or ship) is allowed to load or unload passengers or freight at a terminal is usually referred as dwell time. For freight terminals dwell time refers to the amount of time cargo stays in a terminal yard or storage area while waiting to be loaded. Dwell time can be operational, which reflects the performance of terminal infrastructures and management, including the scheduling and availability of transport services. It can also be transactional, which is usually linked with the performance of clearance procedures (such as customs). Finally, dwell time can be storage related, implying that the owner or the carrier of the cargo deliberately leaves the cargo at the terminal as part of a transport or supply chain management strategy. Intermodalism has incited new relations between transport terminals, which are becoming nodes in integrated transport chains. This is particularly the case between port, rail and barge terminals. New forms of integration are also emerging, such as between ports and airports.
DWELL TIME IN TRANSPORT TERMINALS
A transport terminal is composed of a set of intermodal infrastructures taking advantage of a geographical location, conferring a higher level of accessibility to local, regional and global markets. Depending on the mode being considered, terminals are bound to various degrees to the site. For instance, maritime transportation terminals are particularly dependent on local conditions, especially for large port activities which can be accommodated in a limited number of locations. Airport terminals are more flexible in their locations, but still bound to specific locational constrains.
FUNCTIONS OF TRANSPORT TERMINALS
Terminals fulfill three general functions within transport systems:

Transport terminals provide connectivity within a transport network as they are the only locations where a network can be entered or exited. For instance, subway stations are the connecting nodes of a transit network while ports and airports are the connecting nodes of maritime and air networks.
Connectivity
Transport terminals provide an interface between transport modes enabling passengers and cargo to transit. A port or an airport are points of interface between maritime or air and land transport systems.
Interface
Transport terminals provide a buffer between the different capacity and frequency of the transport modes they connect, such as a port does for the maritime and land transportation systems. A containership may call a port once every two days while trucks carrying containers may come in and out of the terminal every few minutes. A similar analogy applies to airports that act as buffers between the various levels of service of land transport systems and the scheduling of air services.
Buffer
Because they jointly perform transfer and consolidation functions, terminals are important economically because of the costs incurred in carrying out these activities. The traffic they handle is a source of employment and benefit regional economic activities, notably by providing accessibility to suppliers and customers. Terminal costs represent an important component of total transport costs. They are fixed costs that are incurred regardless of the length of the eventual trip, and vary significantly between modes.

They can be considered as:
TERMINAL COSTS
Include construction and maintenance costs of structures such as piers, runways, cranes and facilities (warehouses, offices, etc.).
Infrastructure costs
The costs of loading and unloading passengers or freight.
Transshipment costs
Many terminals are managed by institutions such as port or airport authorities or by private companies (e.g. terminal operators). In both cases administration costs are incurred.
Administration costs
Because ships have the largest carrying capacities, they incur the largest terminal costs, since it may take many days to load or unload a vessel. Conversely, a truck or a passenger bus can be loaded much more quickly, and hence the terminal costs for road transport are the lowest. Terminal costs play an important role in determining the competitive position between the modes. Because of their high freight terminal costs, ships and rail are generally unsuitable for short-haul trips.

Competition between the modes is frequently measured by cost comparisons. Efforts to reduce transport costs can be achieved by using more fuel-efficient vehicles, increasing the size of ships, and reducing the labor employed on trains. However, unless terminal costs are reduced as well, the benefits would not be realized. For example, in water transportation, potential economies of scale realized by ever larger and more fuel-efficient vessels would be negated if it took longer to load and unload the jumbo ships.

Over the last decades, very significant steps to reduce terminal costs have been made. These have included introducing information management systems such as EDI (electronic data interchange) that have greatly speed up the processing of information and removing delays typical of paper transactions. The most significant development has been the mechanization of loading and unloading activities. Mechanization has been facilitated by the use of units of standard dimensions such as the pallet and most importantly, the container. The container, in particular, has revolutionized terminal operations.

For the mode most affected by high terminal costs, ocean transport, ships used to spend as much as three weeks in a port undergoing loading and loading. The much larger ships of today spend less than a couple of days in port. A panamax container ship requires approximately 750 worker/hours to be loaded and unloaded. Prior to containerization it would have required 24,000 worker/hours to handle the same volume of cargo. The rail industry too has benefited from the container, which permits trains to be assembled in freight yards in a matter of hours instead of days. Many mechanized terminals are now being automated, which further expands their productivity and lowers their labor costs. Still, automation involves significant capital expenditures.
TERMINAL INNOVATIONS
Reduced terminal costs have had a major impact on transportation and international trade. Not only have they reduced over-all freight rates, and thereby re-shaping competition between the modes, but they have had a profound effect on transport systems. Ships spend far less time in port, enabling ships to make many more revenue-generating trips per year. Efficiency in the airports, rail facilities and ports greatly improves the effectiveness of transportation as a whole.

Activities in transport terminals represent not just exchanges of goods and people, but constitute an important economic activity. Employment of people in various terminal operations represents an advantage to the local economy. Dockers, baggage handlers, crane operators and air traffic controllers are example of jobs generated directly by terminals. In addition, there are a wide range of activities that are linked to transportation activity at the terminals. These include the actual carriers (airlines, shipping lines etc.) and intermediate agents (customs brokers, freight forwarders) required to carry out transport operations at the terminal. It is no accident that nodes that include a major airport, port or a rail terminal are also important economic poles.

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Transport terminals: purpose, attributes, functions - DSL cargo delivery

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Both passengers and freight cannot travel individually, but in batches. Passengers have to go to bus terminals and airports first, where they are "assembled" in busloads or planeloads to reach their final destinations where they are dispersed. Freight has to be consolidated at a port or a rail yard

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Thesis Title: A Public Transport Terminal with a Shopping Center

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Referenced from slide Chapter 2

It is a location where freight and passengers originates (assembles), terminates (dispersed), or is handled in the transportation process.

Referenced from slide Chapter 2

Terminal can be and intermediate locations where interchange facilities and equipment provided for the movement of the passengers or freight involving the same or between different modes of transport.

Referenced from https://www.saloodo.com/logistics-dictionary/terminal/

A terminal is an area or location which serves as a pathway for handling transport process (loading and/or unloading cargo) or it can also act as a transfer point for passengers.

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Thesis Title: A Public Transport Terminal with a Shopping Center

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It is unbelievable to think that the terminal started over 200 years before the usual European era originally.  Along with the current era of globalization and modernity, Malaysia is also improving the transportation system in Malaysia by setting up various terminals. Therefore, here is a story about the history of where from where, when, and how the terminal could exist.