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Shamshi Adad is very important because he was the first king of the Assyrian empire. While he was king he conquered multiple city states in northern Mesopotamia. That makes him important because he was a great leader and set up the future for the Assyrian empire for great success. He was alive from 1813 tp 1791 BC
Ancient Mesopotamia: Famous Rulers of Mesopotamia (ducksters.com)

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One of the major civilizations in Mesopotamia is the Sumerians. The Sumerians were the first civilization in Mesopotamia. That was in approximately 5000BC. Ziggurats were huge for the Sumerians. Some big city-states was Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash, and Kish. The biggest city-state was Uruk. It was named the hugest city in the world, in that era. They also kept the first types of writing here, cuneiform.
Another big Civilization was the Akkadians. They ruled Mesopotamia in around 3000BC. People thought they were the first dynastic rulership. They conquered Sumer and the Levant at around 2300BC. They were the first empire to be united in Mesopotamia. They did many things first like the year name system and a unified system of weights and measures. They also conquered Syria, Iran, Jordan, Turkey, Kuwait. The last big civilization was the Assyrians. They had lots of power for 1400 straight years. While Shamshi was in power they thrived. But once he died they fell weak in 1781BC. But they became strong again in 1360BC. They controlled all of Mesopotamia in this time period. People say that the Assyrians were the strongest out of all the empires in Mesopotamia. The impact all of these empires had on the area was taking over others and taking their land. Also they made new languages and writing systems to communicate with each other.

The 4 Major Ancient Mesopotamian Civilizations That Existed (humanoriginproject.com)

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Geography: The Mesopotamians lived in the Middle east and Western Asia. The Mesopotamians had a Semi-desert climate which made the environment dry, they would not get a regular supply of water leading for the ground to become hard and dry.

Religion: The religion the Mesopotamians followed was polytheistic as they worshipped multiple gods.

Achievements: The Mesopotamians had many popular and renowned advancements in society. One of their popular achievements was building the first city in the world. "The Sumerian city of Eridu is regarded as the first city in the world"  This influenced other places and people to create their own cities.
learnodo-newtonic.com

Politics: Mesopotamian political hierarchy was a Monarchy, so Mesopotamians had somewhat of a class system. They had nobles, slaves, and citizens all ranked differently throughout their society.

Economics: Mesopotamia's Economy was agriculturally based, they farmed frequently, Mesopotamia's main crop from their agriculture was Barley and their main economic activities was agriculture.

Society: The Mesopotamian society was divided into social classes. There were three social classes which included The King and nobility, the priest which were the upper class, the lower class, and the lowest class consisted of farmers and builders.

Read more: https://historyten.com/mesopotamia/ancient-mesopotamia-social-classes/#ixzz7bgNPVxpf

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The epic of Gilgamesh was an epic written in one of the earliest forms of writing, cuneiform. This is important because its one of the oldest works of literature known to history. It serves as a stepping stone for other literature. The Epic of Gilgamesh showed that the Mesopotamian culture believed no one can be more powerful than the Gods and death is unavoidable.

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Mesopotamia at peak civilization

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Her nickname was Irkalla which is the same as Hades in Greek mythology. Ereshikigal is very important because she was the only Woman in the kingdom of death who was allowed to pass or make laws. They found about her in 2029 to 1982 BCE.

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Hammurabi was know for his famous code (eye for an eye). The Code of Hammurabi was one of the earliest written legal codes. It contains exactly 282 laws. It was a code for rules and what to do for punishments. Hammurabi is very important because his code is still used to this day. Also his code is used all along the time in history. Hammurabi was born from 1810 BC to 1750 BC.

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Sargon was one of the earliest of the world’s great empire builders, conquering all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). He established the region’s first Semitic dynasty also made the Mesopotamian military tradition. Sargon is known from tales. He was alive from 2334 to 2279 BCE.

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The 6 Most Important Rulers of Mesopotamia | Life Persona
HISTORY | Watch Full Episodes of Your Favorite Shows
https://tse2.mm.bing.net/th/id/OIP.Ufx_dogQ4zDRpyGGdend7AHaG4?w=184&h=180&c=7&r=0&o=5&pid=1.7
Top 10 Ancient Mesopotamian Goddesses (ancienthistorylists.com)
Why is The Epic of Gilgamesh is important? – Wise-Answer
10 Major Achievements of the Mesopotamian Civilization | Learnodo Newtonic (learnodo-newtonic.com)
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mesopotamian-religion/Stages-of-religious-development
https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=79cb6a6a9344cbbdJmltdHM9MTY2MDA3MDIwMiZpZ3VpZD1lNjZiM2FhMS0wMTFiLTRlOWEtOGMxNi1kZGQwNjc1N2QyMTYmaW5zaWQ9NTQ4MA&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=36766608-1812-11ed-bb97-e2c77b7eec88&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaGlzdG9yeS5jb20vdG9waWNzL2FuY2llbnQtbWlkZGxlLWVhc3QvbWVzb3BvdGFtaWEjOn46dGV4dD1NZXNvcG90YW1pYSUyMGlzJTIwYSUyMHJlZ2lvbiUyMG9mJTIwc291dGh3ZXN0JTIwQXNpYSUyMGluLHRpbWUlMkMlMjBtYXRoJTJDJTIwdGhlJTIwd2hlZWwlMkMlMjBzYWlsYm9hdHMlMkMlMjBtYXBzJTIwYW5kJTIwd3JpdGluZy4&ntb=1
https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e35330aeaee43646JmltdHM9MTY2MDI0MTk2MyZpZ3VpZD02OTY3NTVlOS1mNTZiLTRjOGEtYWI2NC03NGVmNWJmMjE3ZDkmaW5zaWQ9NTQ4MQ&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=1fdf7753-19a2-11ed-8fca-09031cb65193&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9oaXN0b3J5dGVuLmNvbS9tZXNvcG90YW1pYS9tZXNvcG90YW1pYW4tZ292ZXJubWVudC8&ntb=1
https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1735cb70d4c5d2a0JmltdHM9MTY2MDI0MjU2OSZpZ3VpZD0wODQxMzEwMS0xYmRkLTQ2YTAtODkwOC03ZjA3NWMyNWUyNGMmaW5zaWQ9NTQ2OA&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=891e2ae5-19a3-11ed-af5e-38fdecfb0af2&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hbGxhYm91dG1lc29wb3RhbWlhLndlZWJseS5jb20vZ292ZXJubWVudC1hbmQtZWNvbm9teS1vZi1tZXNvcG90YW1pYS5odG1sIzp-OnRleHQ9VGhlJTIwR292ZXJubWVudCUyMG9mJTIwTWVzb3BvdGFtaWElMjBpcyUyMGNhbGxlZCUyMGElMjBUaGVvY3JhY3kuLHdhcyUyMGJhc2VkJTIwb24lMjBhZ3JpY3VsdHVyZS5UaGUlMjBtYWluJTIwY3JvcCUyMHdhcyUyMGJhcmxleS4&ntb=1

https://historyten.com/mesopotamia/ancient-mesopotamia-social-classes/#ixzz7bgNPVxpf

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The term Mesopotamia comes from ancient Greek root words "meso", meaning "middle"; and "potamos" meaning "river". It broadly refers to the lands between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. The region includes most of modern day Iraq; Kuwait; and parts of northern Saudi Arabia, western Iran, eastern Syria and south-eastern Turkey. Sumer, which was first permanently settled between 5500 BCE and 4000 BCE, is the earliest known civilization of Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia, as a civilization, is considered to have ended with the fall of Babylon to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BCE. The people of Mesopotamia were responsible for many "firsts" in human history. They built the first cities in the world; came up with one of the earliest forms of writing; enacted the first comprehensive legal code; and are credited with the invention of the wheel and the chariot. Mesopotamians also laid the foundation for much of western mathematics and astronomy. Here are the 10 major achievements of the Mesopotamian civilization.

#1 Mesopotamia is responsible for many "firsts" in human history

Located in modern-day southern Iraq, Sumer was the first civilization in Mesopotamia and arguably the earliest civilization in the world. Renowned expert in Sumerian history Samuel Noah Kramer has listed 39 "firsts" in human civilization that originated in Sumer. These include The First Schools, The First Bicameral Congress, The First Historian, The First Legal Precedent, The First Pharmacopoeia, Man's First Cosmogony and Cosmology, The First Proverbs and Sayings, The First Animal Fables, The First Literary Debates, The First Love Song, The First Library Catalogue, The First Literary Imagery, The First Sex Symbolism, The First Lullaby, The First Literary Portrait, The First Elegies and The First Aquarium.

#2 They built the first city in the world

The Sumerian city of Eridu is regarded as the . It was founded around first city in the world on the coast of the 5400 BC in Southern Mesopotamia. Prehistoric people known as are believed to be the Persian Gulf , draining the marshes for agriculture, developing trade and establishing industries. With time, Uruk became the most prominent city of Sumer. Among the first cities in the region, it played Ubaidians during what is known as the first civilizing force in Sumer . Uruk's growth made it the a leading role in urbanization and state formation in Mesopotamia . At its height, around , it had a population Uruk period living in largest Mesopotamian . This made Uruk settlement, in both population and area 2900 BC between 40,000 and 80,000 6 km of walled area most likely the largest city in the world at the time.

#3 Mesopotamia had the largest empires in the world till that point

The Akkadian Empire and the Assyrian Empire of Mesopotamia were the largest empires in the world till that point. The Akkadian Empire of 23rd century BC is also considered by some as the first empire in history as it ruled over a multi-ethnic territory through a central government. There were numerous rebellions during the reign of Sargon of Akkad and it is considered by several historians that he had the world's first professional standing army to protect his empire from the rebellious subjects. The Assyrian Empire triumphed over most of the powerful Mesopotamian kingdoms by 8th century BC to become one of the first superpowers of the ancient world. The phalanx formation is a famous military formation associated with Ancient Greek warfare. The earliest known depiction of a phalanx-like formation is in a Mesopotamian stele from 25th century BC. Also, since many Mesopotamian cities were surrounded by defensive walls, they might have invented siege warfare.

#4 The influential cuneiform script was invented in Mesopotamia

The most famous achievement of the Sumerian civilization of Mesopotamia is the invention of the cuneiform script around 3400 BC. Cuneiform is a Latin term meaning "wedge-shaped". Sumerian writing developed from pictograms but grew in sophistication and ultimately became a full-fledged writing system that could be used for creating pieces of literature as well as prayers and laws. Though it is not the oldest example of writing, cuneiform script is considered a great milestone in human history. It was used for over 3,500 years; and was adapted for writing multiple languages including Akkadian, Hittite and Urartian. Knowledge of how to read cuneiform was lost by 2nd century AD as it was replaced by alphabetic writing. Cuneiform was re-deciphered in the 19th century with the help of the Behistun Inscription.

#5 They enacted the earliest known comprehensive legal code

Ur-Nammu was a Sumerian king who reigned from around 2047 to 2030 BC. He is famous for his legal code, the Code of Ur-Nammu, which is the oldest known law code yet discovered. The most famous Mesopotamian law code is however is the Code of Hammurabi. Hammurabi was (r. 1792 BC to 1750 BC) a king of the who brought almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule. U nlike earlier Mesopotamian law code, the First Babylonian Dynasty was . It contain s Code of Hammurabi as many as that discuss one of the first law codes to place greater emphasis on the physical punishment f or , including homicide, assault, divorce, debt, adoption, tradesman's fees, agricultural practices and even disputes regarding the brewing of beer. It was the perpetrator also among the first codes to establish the , the principle that . 300 laws a wide range of subjects presumption of innocence one is considered innocent unless proven guilty

#6 They developed the first ever positional number system

Like modern mathematics uses the decimal system based on the , the Sumerians used a number 10 structure that was based around groupings of sexigesimal . The Sumerian base-60 system eventually fell out of use for most purposes but it still survives in the measurements of . 60 The Babylonian civilization of Mesopotamia developed the . In a positional system, both the hour and the minute . Positional system . In fact it is first ever positional number system like the t he value of a digit depends on both the digit and its position . The Babylonian numeral system is considered by some as greatly simplifies arithmetic . However, the Babylonians did not have a concept of zero or a digit for it. They instead used a space. Due to their advanced number system, the nearly impossible to do advanced mathematics Mesopotamian civilization with a non-positional system made great advances in mathematics. It has now been established that Roman . N umerals their greatest achievement in mathematics Greek and Hellenistic mathematicians borrowed heavily from Mesopotamia

#7 They could perform advanced arithmetic calculations

The Mesopotamians had a wide knowledge of mathematics including and addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, quadratic and cubic equations, . Th ey fractions had including rectangles, circles and triangles. Apart from dividing the hour into 60 minutes and the minute into 60 seconds, they also Among the formulas for figuring out the circumference and area for different geometric shapes ir most spectacular mathematical achievement was their construction of to aid calculation. Unearthed tablets give squares of the numbers divided the circle into 360 degrees. and cubes of the numbers . If one uses formulas, . As the Mesopotamians did not have an algorithm for long division, they instead used . We still have their reciprocal tables going up to the reciprocals of numbers tables . Apart from arithmetical calculations, Mesopotamian mathematicians also developed up to 59 . up to 32 . a table of squares is all that is necessary to multiply numbers a table of reciprocals up to several billion algebraic methods of solving equations The first ever evidence of the solution of quadratic equations is from Babylonia

#8 Mesopotamia laid the basis for all western astronomy

The Babylonian civilization of Mesopotamia occupies a pivotal place in the history of modern scientific astronomy. The Babylonians recorded astronomical observations in a meticulous way generation after generation. In time, their huge cumulative database of past observations allowed them to apply mathematically based rules for predicting future events. The Babylonians were the first to recognize that astronomical phenomena are periodic and apply mathematics to their predictions. Apart from numerous accurate astronomical observations, other contributions of Babylonian astronomers include the discovery of eclipse cycles and S aros cycles. The periodicity and recurrence of eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle. The Saros can thus be used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon. The earliest historical record of the Saros is by Babylonian astronomers. Babylonian astronomy was the basis for much of ancient Greek mathematics and astronomy, which in turn was the historical predecessor of the scientific revolution in the west.

#9 They are credited with the invention of the wheel and the chariot

Though it cannot be established with certainty, it is widely believed that wheeled transport was invented in Mesopotamia. The first wheel was invented not for transportation but to serve as porter's wheel. It appears that potter's wheels were in use in Mesopotamia by 3500 BCE and possibly as early as 4000 BCE. With time people figured out that wheels could be used in vehicles leading to the invention of wheeled transport. The first chariot appeared around 3200 BC in Mesopotamia. It was not a sudden invention but gradual improvement of the earliest carriage. The chariot was the first concept of personal transportation. With time it was also used as a key technology for warfare and for ancient sports.

#10 They produced impressive works in art and architecture

The art of Mesopotamia rivaled that of Ancient Egypt as the most grand, sophisticated and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium BCE until the Persian conquest of Mesopotamia in 6th century BCE. Mesopotamian people created art in a number of forms including cylinder seals, sculpture (both relief and in-the-round), murals and paintings. In architecture, the main Mesopotamian accomplishments were the development of urban planning, the courtyard house and ziggurats. The Sumerians were the first society to construct the city itself as a built form. The city was partly planned and part of its growth was organic. Considered one of the major achievements of Mesopotamian architecture, a ziggurat is a type of massive pyramidal stone structure which has the form of a terraced compound of successively receding stories. Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex which included other buildings.

The Sumerian Flood Myth

In Sumerian writing there is a reference to a great flood. According to the Sumerian flood myth, the Gods decide to send a flood to destroy mankind. The deity Enki however warns Ziusudra, the ruler of Shuruppak, to build a large boat to preserve the various lifeforms. A terrible storm rocks the huge boat for 7 days and 7 nights, and then Utu (the Sun god) appears. After the flood is over the animals leave the ship and the Gods give Ziusudra eternal life for "preserving the animals and the seed of mankind". There are several other flood myths with many similarities to the Sumerian account like the story of the Hindu king Manu in the Matsya Purana; and most famously the Genesis flood narrative in the Bible. There have been various theories to explain these flood myths including a hypothesis that a meteor crashed into the Indian Ocean around 3000-2800 BC generating a mega-tsunami that flooded coastal lands.

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10 Major Achievements of the Mesopotamian Civilization

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The term Mesopotamia comes from ancient Greek root words "meso", meaning "middle"; and "potamos" meaning "river". It broadly refers to the lands between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. The region includes most of modern day Iraq; Kuwait; and parts of northern Saudi Arabia, western Iran, eastern Syria and south-eastern Turkey.