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DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM

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DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM

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The autonomous nervous system is composed of
(I)sympathetic division/Adrenergic also know as thoracolumbar. this division responds to the fight, fright, and flight activities.
pharmacology for health professionals pg61

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DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM

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DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM

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(II)Parasympathetic/cholinergic division also know as craniosacral division. The response here are rest and digest activities.

pharmacology for health professionals pg61

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NEUROTRANSMITTER FOR THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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NEUROTRANSMITTER FOR THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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The location
preganglionic neurons uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, whereas at the postganglionic location, neurons utilize norepinephrine
(ppt lecture note unit 1 pg7)

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The same neurotransmitter is found at the preganglionic and postganglionic (location) nerve ending is acetylcholine
(ppt lecture note unit 2pg2)

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EFFECT FROM SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION ON ORGANS

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EFFECT FROM SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION ON ORGANS

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Structure | Sympathetic
Eye(Pupil) | Dilation
Nasal Mucosa | Mucus reduction
Salivary gland | Saliva reduction
Heart | Rate Increased
Gastrointestinal
Tract | Decreased Motility
Liver | Conversion of
glycogen to
glucose increased
Kidney | Decreased urine
Bladder | Contraction of sphincter

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PARASYMPATHETIC EFFECTS ON DIFFERENT BODY ORGAN

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PARASYMPATHETIC EFFECTS ON DIFFERENT BODY ORGAN

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Structure | Parasympathetic
Eye(Pupil) | Constriction
Nasal Mucosa | Mucus increased
Salivary gland | Saliva increased
Heart | Rate decreased
Gastrointestinal Tract | Increased Motility
Liver | glycogen synthesis
Kidney | Increased urine
Bladder | Relaxation of sphincter

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Muscarinic:

located on cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands.
Nicotinic 1 (Nn):

at ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves.
Nicotinic 2 (Nm):

somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle.

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Alpha 1; found on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, arteries and veins
Alpha 2;located on the Central nervous system i.e. midbrain, hippocampus, hypothalamus
Beta 1; Located on the heart.
Beta 2;Located on the smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, arteries, skeletal muscle

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DRUG CLASSIFICATION FOR PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION WITH ITS INTERACTING RECEPTORS AND MODE OF ACTION

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DRUG CLASSIFICATION FOR PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION WITH ITS INTERACTING RECEPTORS AND MODE OF ACTION

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Direct –Acting Cholinergic Agonists

This drugs work by directly stimulating/binding to the muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division.

Indirect –Acting Cholinergic Agonists

this is done by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse

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DRUG CLASSIFICATION FOR SYMPATHETIC DIVISION WITH ITS INTERACTING RECEPTORS AND MODE OF ACTION

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DRUG CLASSIFICATION FOR SYMPATHETIC DIVISION WITH ITS INTERACTING RECEPTORS AND MODE OF ACTION

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Alpha 1-Adrenergic Agonist
Are found predominantly on smooth muscle membranes of arteries, veins, and sphincters of the urinary and gastrointestinal tract. When stimulated, they produce contraction in places they cause vasoconstriction of most blood vessels In fight or flight, vasoconstriction diverts blood away from organs that are not involved in the fight or flight reaction. This provides more blood for organs—like the heart and skeletal muscle—that are involved in the fight or flight reaction.

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs or Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptors drug
binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them.

relaxation of smooth muscle.

vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases Blood Pressure

relaxes smooth muscle of ureters and increases urine flow.

Beta -1 Adrenergic Agonists
Low dose-stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow.

Moderate dose-stimulates  beta 1 receptors-heart, increases force of contraction and cardiac output.

High dose- stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction à increase in blood pressure.

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
stimulates beta 2 receptors, they cause smooth muscle relaxation. β 2 adrenergic agonists' effects on smooth muscle cause dilation of bronchial passages

Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
Selective Beta-1 Blockers
is an adrenergic antagonist which blocks the beta-2 adrenergic receptors of cells, with either high specificity (an antagonist which is selective for β 2 adrenoceptors) like.
Non-selective Beta Blockers
Beta adrenergic blocking agents prevent stimulation of the beta adrenergic receptors at the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system and therefore decrease the activity of the heart(drugs.com)

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PARASYMPATHETIC DRUG CLASS,GENERIC AND BRAND NAME

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PARASYMPATHETIC DRUG CLASS,GENERIC AND BRAND NAME

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Drug class,    Generic name,    Brand name
Direct –Acting Cholinergic Agonists, pilocarpine, PILOCAR®
Indirect –Acting Cholinergic Agonists, neostigmine PROSTIGMIN®
Anticholinergics, dicyclomine BENTYL®

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SYSMPATHETIC DRUG CLASSIFICATION WITH DRUG EXAMPLES

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SYSMPATHETIC DRUG CLASSIFICATION WITH DRUG EXAMPLES

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DRUG CLASS, GENERIC NAME, BRAND NAME
Alpha-1 agonist, epinephrine injection, EPIPEN ® 2 PAK
Alpha-1 blocker, Tamsulosin, FLOMAX®
Beta -1 Adrenergic Agonists, dobutamine, KARDIA®
Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists, Terbutaline, BRETHINE®
Selective Beta-1 Blockers, Atenolol, TENORMIN®
Non selective blockers,. Nadolol, CORGARD®