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Pope Stephen II. and Pepin the Short (754)

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Pope Stephen II. and Pepin the Short (754)

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Pope Stephen II travelled to Paris asking for protection from Pepin the Short against the attack of the Lombard's. Pope Stephen II crowned and appointed Pepin as the first Frankish king. Pepin and his armies successfully defended Rome against the Lombard's (Middleton, J. 2004). In 756 Pepin gave the Pope land in Raveena, Italy which became known as the 'Donation of Pepin' (Middleton, J. 2004). Pepin had two sons, one of which being Charlemagne who became king of the Franks and Emperor of the West (768-814), (Middleton, J. 2004).

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Pope Stephen II asking Pepin the Short for help

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Constantine the Great and Pope Sylvester I.

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According to the World History Encyclopedia, the Donation of Constantine was said to be written between c. 751-756. The donation was a large portion of land which was conquered from the Lombard's (Mark, J. 2019). This ‘medieval forgery’ recounts Roman emperor, Constantine the Great being converted to Christianity, cured of leprosy by Pope Sylvester I which then lead the Emperor to give his land and power to the pope, with the pope then returning it. The Donation is said to have been given to coerce Pepin the Short, King of the Franks to give the land won in the battle of the Lombard's to the church (Mark, J. 2019).

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Carolingian Dynasty - Holy Roman Empire (714-987)

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Carolingian Dynasty - Holy Roman Empire (714-987)

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Pepin the Short was the founder of the Carolingian dynasty. Pepin was succeeded by his two sons Charles & Carolman. After the death of Carolman, Charles continued to invade surrounding territories with his dominating army and ruled for more than 40 years (Middleton, J. 2004). Charles was crowned Emperor of the Romans and after his death in 814 was known as Charles the Great, or Charlemagne (Middleton, J. 2004). The Frankish kingdom was most successful under Charlemagne, known as 'one of the greatest rulers of the Middle Ages' (Middleton, J. 2004, pg. 151), a close relationship with the Roman Church and papacy was firmly established.

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The Investiture Controversy / Investiture Dispute began between Pope Gregory VII vs King Henry IV around the appointment of bishops and religious positions.  Larger issues also included clerical celibacy, general reforms of the church, excommunication, the validity of ordinations and sacraments (Webb, J.R. 2017). The conflict continued beyond their deaths and continued to create political consequences. (Griffith, M. 2021). This papal-imperial conflict lasted from 1076-1122. Eventually settled in 1122 by the Concordat of Worms (Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, and Pope Callixtus II), helped to rebuild the relationship between the Church and the Empire (Griffith, M. 2021).

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Black Death Plague and The Church(1347-1352)

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Black Death Plague and The Church(1347-1352)

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The Black Death plague in the 14th century came while England and France had been at war for more than 100 years. (Archambeau, N. 2022). Penance, being a private sacrament meant travelling to one's parish priest. Priests were not protected from the plague and were not often replaced meaning sacraments could not happen. Mases, after death became popular with people leaving money in their wills - hoping through this ceremony their sins would be forgiven and they would go to heaven (Archambeau, N. 2022). People turned to other way to be forgiven of their sins as penance was not always accessible, leading to movements such as the Flagellant's.

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The Flagellants were religious followers who believed that God would show mercy on them if they punished themselves. Groups of people (200-300) would travel from town to town, form large circles and whip themselves. First appearing in 1348 the movement spread from Eastern Europe to Hungary, Poland, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands (Fowler, D. 2022). Flagellants followed very strict rules, whipping themselves 3 times a day (8 hours) over 33 days. In October 1349 Pope Clement VI excommunicated many Flagellants proclaiming they were not following the rules of the church. By 1350 many had disappeared (Fowler, D. 2022).

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For the first time in history, there were two Roman Catholic Popes appointed. This is known as the Western Schism or Papal Schism. On 8 April 1378 Pope Urban VI was appointed. Showing signs of being suspicious, prone to violent outburst and reformist - many cardinals regretted their decision and then appointed Pope Clement VII on 20 September 1378 (5 months later) who established himself in Avignon (Rollo-Koster, J. 2022). Bishops who lived in Rome and Avignon both claimed to be the true Pope. In an effort to resolve the issues, in 1409 they appointed another - however, the existing two popes refused to resign. (Rollo-Koster, J. 2022).  The papacy lost dignity and authority during this time (Rollo-Koster, J. 2022).

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William was born in s small village near London called Ockham in the late 1280s. He finished his degree in theology around 1320 (unable to graduate due to internal backlogs) Ockham never taught as a Master and is know as the ‘Inceptor’ (Klocker, H. 1991). For many years after studying he was writing and in 1324 he was summoned to Avignon to respond to charges against his writings. Ockham fled in 1328 to Munich and joined Ludwig to fight against papal power relating to secular state and evangelical poverty. Ockham was excommunicated in 1328 and appealed to Rome in 1347 for reconciliation but died before receiving it (Klocker, H. 1991).

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Archambeau, N. (2022). Penance and plague: How the Black  Death changed one of Christianity’s most important rituals. The Conversation, Penance and plague: How the Black Death changed one of Christianity's most important rituals (theconversation.com). Accessed 4/8/22.

Black Death Plague. [Photograph]. 1347 Black Death France - Bing images. Accessed 3/8/22

Charlemagne Biography – Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline. [Photograph]. Charlemagne - Bing images. Accessed 4/8/22

Donation of Constantine. Encyclopedia Britannica. [Photograph].  Donation of Constantine | document | Britannica. Accessed 3/8/22.

Flagellant Movement. [Photograph].  Flagellants • The Black Death • History in NumbersAccessed3/8/22.

Fowler, D. (2022). Flagellants and The Black Death. In History in Numbers. Flagellants • The Black Death • History in Numbers. Accessed 4/8/2022.

Griffith, M. (2021). Investiture Controversy in World History Encyclopedia. Investiture Controversy – World History Encyclopedia. Accessed 3/8/22.

Investiture Controversy Sources.  [Photograph]. the investiture controversy - Bing images . Accessed 4/8/22.

Klocker, Harry. (1991). William of Ockham and the Divine Freedom, Marquette University Press. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/csuau/detail.action?docID=3017005.

Mark, J. (2019). Donation of Constantine in World History Encyclopedia. Donation of Constantine – World History Encyclopedia Accessed 3/8/22.

Middleton, John. (2004). World Monarchies and Dynasties, Taylor & Francis Group. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/csuau/detail.action?docID=3569202.

Pope Stephen 11 asking Pepin the Short for his help against the Lombard's. [Photograph]. Bridgeman Education (csu.edu.au). Accessed 3/4/22

Rollo-Koster, J. (2022). Avignon during the Schism. In The Great Western Schism, 1378-1417: Performing Legitimacy, Performing Unity (pp.293-356). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The Great Schism timeline. [Photograph]. the western schism 1378 - Bing images. Accessed 4/8/22.

Webb, J.R. (2017). Sources for the Investiture Controversy. Investiture Controversy Sources (bridgew.edu). Accessed 3/8/22.

William flees and the Pope & the Razor is Sharpened. [Photograph]. William of Ockham - Bing images. Accessed 3/8/22.