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1. The steps
A. Obedience and punishment
B. Self-interest
C. Interpersonal accord and conformity
D. Authority
E. Social contract
2. It is still relevant because thats how kids are raised
3. Google

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - Jacob Richards

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - Jacob Richards

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American psychologist, Lawrence Kohlberg, formulated a theory regarding the stages of moral development during the growth of a human. He hypothesized that there were three main stages of moral development, being preconventional, conventional, and post conventional. Preconventional morality is found in children and is shaped by adults and consequences of actions with no personal code. Conventional morality is the acceptance of societal principles and the integration of social systems into morality. Postconventional morality is generally found in older people and is the understanding of universal ethics. Users of postconventional morality value dignity, the preservation of life, and their individual values. In order to justify his hypothesis, he conducted many experiments. Kohlberg found that people's moralities did in fact change as they grew. However, the experiments conducted were not enough to support a large scale conclusion about morality. For instance, some of the experiments included dilemmas that would be unfamiliar to children such as ones involving marriage. Also the experiment only included males who have been shown to have moralities differing from women.

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Freud's Structural Model of Personality - Leah Berger

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Freud's Structural Model of Personality - Leah Berger

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1) Freud proposed that there are 3 different components of the mind. The id is "the component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impulses." It is what drives humans to engage in harmful behaviors that bring pleasure to the person at the time. The superego is representative of "our sense of morality and oughts." It is what causes humans to strive to be better, and causes humans to feel guilty if they 'do the wrong thing.' Finally, the ego is "the largely conscious controller or decision-maker of personality." It is the intermediary between the two extremes of the id and superego, and allows us to make decisions.

2) Most of Freud's theories have been irrelevant to many people nowadays, but most of his ideas are still important. Understanding the human mind is very hard to do, but many people think that Freud's studies, although biased, have a good root idea.

3) I didn't have the time to deep-dive into the hard evidence that exists relating to Freud's theory, but the main ideas that Freud conveyed were based not on hard facts, but on his own personal ideas and biases. However, his theories were extremely relevant.

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development Soha Tejani

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development Soha Tejani

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stage one- obedience and punishment
we make moral judgments based on obedience and punishment. So you see your friend in a fight and you want to step in and help but you are afraid of getting punished by your teacher. now you have to find a way to help but stay out of trouble.

Stage two - Self-interest
at stage two you are motivated by self-interest. your friend decides to intervene and help "Tom". they know they might get punished, but they also know that they could become a victim someday. If they help Tom now, he might help them in the future. your friend is asking themself - What’s in it for me?

Stage 3 interpersonal accord and conformity
At stage three, interpersonal accord and conformity guide our moral judgments. "Betty" sees the fight and wants to intervene but when she realizes that all the others are just watching, she decides not to get involved. She wants others to see that she is a perfect student who is conforming to the ethics of the community. She asks herself - What do others think of me?

Stage four - maintaining social order and  authority
At stage four we value authority and want to maintain social order. When the teacher sees the group fighting he immediately steps in and shouts “Stop, fighting at school is against the rules!”. He feels that above all it is important to follow the rules, otherwise, chaos breaks out and that it is his job to uphold the rules that sustain a tidy society. The teacher at that moment asks himself- How can I maintain law and order?

Stage 5 social contract
At stage five, we understand rules as a social contract as opposed to a strict order.
matt who watches from the side is conflicted about her emotions. to him rules only make sense if they have a good outcome. while the school does forbid fighting she thinks maybe they needed to learn their lesson. She asks herself: Does a rule truly serve all members of the community?

Stage 6 universal ethical principal
At stage six, we are guided by universal ethical principles. All those involved now have to face the principle. He first explains the school rules, and why they exist. He then clarifies that rules are valid only if they are grounded in justice. The commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust rules. The headmaster’s highest moral principle is compassion. He believes that all people should learn to understand each other’s viewpoints and that they don’t feel alone with their feelings. He asks: What are the abstract ethical principles that serve my understanding of justice?

it is still a very relevant theory about how people process thing and perspectives

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Freud's structural model of personality - Coco Brody

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Freud's structural model of personality - Coco Brody

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Components:
1.) Id. The id is comprised of human's primitive urges, and is completely unconscious. The id is driven by the "pleasure principle" which is the desire for immediate gratification from things like smoking, alcohol, sex, and other "fun" but potentially wasteful activities.
2.) Superego. The superego is a stark contrast to the id, and it is comprised of our morality, also mostly unconscious. The superego makes decisions about what "good people" do, and if we betray those thoughts, we feel guilty due to the superego.
3.) Ego. The ego is a balance between the superego and id, and is mainly conscious. The ego is a decision maker and the function is based off the "reality principle" which is the understanding that we must delay our primitive urges until an appropriate time.

Relevance:
This theory is still relatively relevant today, with the basic components of human personality staying true throughout time. However, new science has proved that personality is not controlled by one specific part of the brain, so the ideas of id, superego, and ego are more skeptical.

Evidence:
Most Freudian psychology is highly debated, and there is little proof that these components of personality are actual functions in the brain, however this theory is one of the less controversial ones (cough cough psychosexual development)

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Derin Colakoglu

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Derin Colakoglu

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1. There are 4 stages,
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years old), Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old), Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old), and Formal Operational Stage (12+ years old)
2. Yes. His theory of intellectual or cognitive development, published in 1936, is still used today in some branches of education and psychology. It focuses on children, from birth through adolescence, and characterizes different stages of development.
3. Many education programs are built around Piaget's theory, and this shows that the theory is effective

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Freud's Structural Model of Personality: Lexi Kees

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Freud's Structural Model of Personality: Lexi Kees

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Freud proposed that the mind is divided into three components: id, ego, and superego, and interactions and judgements were determined by personality.
The theory proposes a specific network of relationships between various levels of personality. These include the levels of emotion, defense, diagnosis, and intrapsychic forces, as well as dreams and nightmares.
I personal believe that this theory is still relevant today! Every day, our brains make judgements. Id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.

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Kohlberg’s stages of moral development- Tucker Happel

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Kohlberg’s stages of moral development- Tucker Happel

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3 distinct levels to his 6 developmental stages,   pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
Pre-conventional
1. Fine if you don’t get caught
2. If it feels good, do it
Conventional
3. Do it for me
4. Do your duty
Post-conventional
5. Consensus of thoughtful men
6. What is everybody did it

The relevancy of this theory is shown by the tests and studies based on it, and the fact that he is one of the most talked about figures in psychological textbooks.

Dissenting opinions say it idealizes justice and should be regarded as domains, not stages

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development -Elise

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development -Elise

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1.
a. preconventional
b. conventional
c. postconventional
2. It may not be as relevant today since the study was found to have flaws, but it is an important theory for development.
3. The selection of the sample refutes the claim of the theory since the sample was all-male and therefore only reflects a man's morality. Along with this the study was very heavily dependent on a person's ability to react to artificial situations, since one might respond differently to artificial situations versus real situations it also refutes the claim of the theory.  Along with this many say he had a poorly designed research set up since he interviewed many boys of different ages to see while it would have been better to interview the same boys for many years. While this happened he another researcher did continue to interview the boys and found it to be true.

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 Freud's Structural Model of Personality- KB

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 Freud's Structural Model of Personality- KB

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1. Sigmund Freud looked at the iceberg as a metaphor on understanding the mind. The tip is the visable part which your conscious(perceptions, memories) region. The middle part  that is submerged but able to see is the preconscious region(: moments that are no longer available in the present but that can be brought to consciousness). The Bulk of iceberg is the unconscious region(keeps content that can be unacceptable for the person.)
2. Many people say that this is still important today for understanding the human mind and is a important cotributor.
3. Researches have found that these are important and benefit to understanding the deeper Ideas of the brain and are important.

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1)
Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment
-How can i avoid punishment?

Stage 2. Self-Interest
-What's in it for me?

Stage 3. Interpersonal Accord and Conformity
-What do others think of me?

Stage 4. Authority and Maintaining Social Order
-How can I maintain law and order?

Stage 5. Social Contract
-Does a rule truly serve all members of a community?

Stage 6. Universal Ethical Principles
-What are the abstract ethical principles that serve my understandings of justice?

2) I think this theory is relevant especially now that a lot of laws and amendments are going to be under questioning. The study needs to be redone with more diversity though.

3) The evidence that supports this theory is that even just seeing how i think, i can understand that people approach actions with societal effects very differently.

-Chloe Chiang

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

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1)
1 - Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years old) (learn through diff experiences, basic actions)
2 - Preoperational stage (2–7 years old) (emergence of language, begin to learn words and pictures
3 - Concrete operational stage (7–11 years old) (think logically, concept of conversation)
4 - Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood) (increase in logic, think abstractly)
2) No. He was criticized for overestimated those in their adolescence and underestimated infants.
3)
SUPPORT - His early work with Binet's intelligence tests led Piaget to conclude that children think differently than adults. The Stanford-Binet test is a examination meant to gauge intelligence through five factors of cognitive ability.
REF - The physical nature of Piaget's theory fails to explain how children understand abstract words that don't necessarily relate to an immediately physical object. A criticism levelled by the likes of Vygotsky, chastises Piaget for his inattention to culturally specific influences on cognitive development.

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development -CP

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development -CP

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1. Kohlberg interviewed a sample of 58 people as they grew. He gave them a series of dilemmas followed by questions. He found their answers changed each time.
2. It may not be relevant at all. The theory is biased, the scenarios are artificial and hypothetical, and the conclusion isn't really supported by the evidence
3. Even during the time the study was conducted, often when people reached the final set of stages, they would often go back on to the previous set of stages when given a different scenario.

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1. Kohlberg interviewed a sample of 58 people as they grew. He gave them a series of dilemmas followed by questions. He found their answers changed each time.
2. It may not be relevant at all. The theory is biased, the scenarios are artificial and hypothetical, and the conclusion isn't really supported by the evidence
3. What evidence exists that either supports or refutes the claims of each theory?  Even during the time the study was conducted, often when people reached the final set of stages, they would often go back on to the previous set of stages when given a different scenario.

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Erikson Stages of Psychosocial Development- Lara

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Erikson Stages of Psychosocial Development- Lara

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The stages that make up his theory are as follows:

1: Trust vs. Mistrust

2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

3: Initiative vs. Guilt

4: Industry vs. Inferiority

5: Identity vs. Confusion

6: Intimacy vs. Isolation

7: Generativity vs. Stagnation

8: Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's theory is still relevant today, given the increasing pressures on family life and relationships, as well as the pursuit of personal development and fulfillment in life, the theory is even more relevant today.

Researchers have found evidence supporting Erikson's ideas about identity and have further identified different sub-stages of identity formation. According to some research, people who develop strong personal identities during adolescence are more capable of forming intimate relationships during early adulthood. However, other research indicates that identity formation and development continue well into adulthood.